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<td valign="top" width="50%"><strong>Other Names</strong>
 
Benzoylecgoninmethylester, cocain, cocaIn, cocaina,
 
d-cocain, erythroxylin, kokain, methylbenzoylecgonine,
 
methylbenzylekgonin, (±)-methyl- [3J3benzoyloxy-
 
2a( 1aH,5aH)-tropancarboxylate], 0benzoyl-
 
[(- )-ekgonin] -methylester, 3-benzoyloxy8-
 
methyl-8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-2-carboxylicacidmethylester,
 
3J3 -benzoyloxy-2J3 -tropancarboxylicacid-
 
methylester
 
<strong>Street Names</strong>
 
Autobahn, blow, C, candy, charlie, coca, coca pura
 
(Spanish, "pure coca»), coco, coke, cousin, donuts,
 
doppelter espresso, flake, koks, la blanca, lady
 
snow, la rubiecita, line, linie, mama coca, nasenpuder,
 
nose candy, peach, perica, puro (Spanish,
 
"pure»), schnee, schneewittchen, schniefe, schnupfschnee,
 
sniff, snow, snowwhite, strasse, strasschen,
 
Ziggy's stardust
 
Empirical formula: C17H21N04
 
Substance type: coca alkaloid
 
The cocaine molecule is structurally related to
 
tropine and other tropane alkaloids (Roth and
 
Fenner 1988, 311*). Today, cocaine is the most
 
consumed psychoactive plant constituent in the
 
world. Pure cocaine (as a base) is not water soluble
 
but can be dissolved in alcohol, chloroform,
 
turpentine oil, olive oil, or acetone. Cocaine salts
 
are water soluble.
 
<strong>
 
History</strong>
 
In 1860, the German chemist Albert Niemann first
 
isolated cocaine from the leaves of the Peruvian
 
coca bush (Erythroxylum coca). The German
 
pharmacist Friedrich Gaedeke (1855) may have
 
represented the alkaloid before this. By around
 
1870, cocaine was being used as an agent of
 
pleasure, and it was employed at this time to treat
 
alcohol and morphine withdrawal as well as
 
melancholy. The ophthalmologist Karl Koller, a
 
friend of Sigmund Freud, introduced cocaine as a
 
local anesthetic for eye surgery in 1884. Hermann
 
Goring's use of cocaine was famous, and Adolf
 
Hitler, who also used other stimulants (cf. strychnine),
 
is thought to have consumed cocaine as well
 
(Phillips and Wynne 1980, 112).
 
Later, other substances derived from cocaine,
 
including eucaine, procaine (= Novocaine), tetracaine
 
(= Pantocaine) (1930), lidocaine (= Xylocaine)
 
(1944), mepivacaine (= Scandicaine) (1957),
 
prilocain (= Xylonest) (1960), bupivacaine (1963),
 
and etidocain (= Duranest) (1972), were also used
 
as local anesthetics (Busch and Rummel 1990;
 
Schneider 1993, 19*). Holocaine was also regarded
 
as a substitute.
 
The goal of chemists and pharmacologists to
 
carve out the effective core of the cocaine
 
molecule and retain the desirable and remove
 
the undesirable effects was achieved in an
 
exemplary manner with the synthesis of procaine
 
(1905). (Busch and Rummel 1990, 490)
 
In 1923, Willstadter and his coworkers worked
 
out the complete synthesis of cocaine. The precursors
 
are succindialdehyde, methylamine, and
 
mono-methyl-J3-keto-glutarate. However, this synthesis
 
has never achieved pharmaceutical importance.
 
Practically speaking, all of the cocaine used
 
in the pharmaceutical industry is derived from the
 
coca plant. In 1976,410 kg of cocaine were legally
 
extracted for this purpose (Taschner and Richtberg
 
1982,64).
 
<strong>Production and Use</strong>
 
An analysis of thirteen South American Erythroxylum
 
species found that cocaine is present only
 
in Erythroxylum coca and Erythroxylum novogranatense
 
(Holmstedt et al. 1977). Hair analysis of
 
Egyptian mummies has revealed the presence of
 
ecgonin, the first metabolite of cocaine, which indicates
 
that the ancient Egyptians either consumed
 
cocaine or an unknown African plant that metabolizes
 
to ecgonin (Balabanova et al. 1992*).
 
The coca plantations that are the source of
 
cocaine are known as cocales. Bolivian huanaco
 
leaves (Erythroxylum coca var. coca) are preferred for
 
cocaine production because they are the highest
 
yielding. With good chemicals and chemists, it is
 
possible to produce 1 kg of pure cocaine from 100
 
kg of coca leaves. In the early 1980s, some 100 tons
 
ofpure cocaine were exported from Colombia alone.
 
The entire process of cocaine production, as
 
well as the smuggling routes, the cartels, and everything
 
from the connections between politicians
 
and the cartels to the consumption of cocaine
 
even by politicians in the White House, has been
 
documented in countless reports on the radio and
 
television and in magazines and well-researched
 
books (Morales 1989). It is difficult to escape the
 
impression that the cocaine saga is one of the bestknown
 
stories of our times but one that is officially
 
ignored. Our leaders still act as though the
 
Mafia is using the white powder to corrupt and
 
dominate the world. In reality, the chief benefactors
 
of the billion-dollar business are the banks
 
and the countless politicians and law-enforcement
 
personnel involved in the trade (Sauloy and Le
 
Bonniec 1994).
 
The snuffing of crystallized cocaine appears to
 
have been discovered in North America at the
 
beginning of the twentieth century and spread
 
from there. Shortly after 1900, pure cocaine was
 
being ingested together with betel and lime in
 
India, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and Java. The use of
 
cocaine as an athletic doping agent began in the
 
1940s (Fiihner 1943, 195*). Little has changed
 
since that time. Cocaine dealers still find some of
 
their best customers in the soccer stars of the
 
German first league and sports heroes in the
 
United States.
 
Basuko is dried cocaine base (an intermediate
 
step in the production of the pure alkaloid).
 
Sucito, or joints made of basuko, have been
 
smoked in Colombia since about 1930 (Siegel
 
1982b, 274). Cocaine is usually produced as a
 
hydrochloride but sometimes also as an oxalate or
 
hypochloride (HCL). Street cocaine is almost
 
exclusively cocaine HCL. Most of the illicit cocaine
 
available in Europe is only about 30% pure, as the
 
expensive pure drug is usually "cut:' The substances
 
that are most commonly used to "cut"
 
cocaine are:
 
• Inactive additives: milk sugar (lactose), grape
 
sugar (glucose), baking powder, talc (talcum),
 
borax, cornstarch, innositol, mannitol
 
• Active additives: speed (amphetamine, fenetyllin,
 
ritalin) and "freeze" (novocaine, benzocaine),
 
PCP ("angel dust"), methedrine,
 
pemoline, yohimbine, lidocaine, procaine,
 
tetracaine, caffeine, quinine, heroin (Taschner
 
and Richtberg 1982,65; Voigt 1982,84)
 
<strong>Dosage</strong>
 
A «line" of cocaine typically contains between 20
 
and 100 mg of cocaine, depending on the purity of
 
the substance and the consumer's preference.
 
Many users consume between 2 and 3 g in a day or
 
night. It is said that «the first line of the day is the
 
best."
 
<strong>Ritual Use</strong>
 
Cocaine has been called the champagne of drugs,
 
the drug of high society, the drug of the rich, et
 
cetera, and. it is certainly most often associated
 
with the wealthier classes. As a result, consumption
 
of the drug has taken on a strong social
 
character. Cocaine is rarely used by one person
 
alone. When it is taken with others, the consumption
 
follows a rather well-defined ritual. The person
 
providing the costly substance lays out several
 
lines (preferably on a mirror), then takes a
 
currency note (often of high value) and rolls it up.
 
One end of the rolled bill is placed in a nostril and
 
held with one hand, while the other hand is used
 
to press the other nostril closed. Half of one line,
 
or a small line, is then snuffed into the nostril. The
 
person then switches nostrils and snuffs the
 
remaining powder, after which the mirror is
 
passed to the next person. This circle may be
 
repeated several time, and it is customary for each
 
of several participants to prepare lines from their
 
own supply.
 
<strong>Artifacts</strong>
 
The cultural significance of cocaine in the modern
 
world cannot be overlooked. Artists, musicians,
 
and writers use it as a stimulant, while highly paid
 
computer experts, software engineers, and programmers
 
would hardly be able to keep up with
 
the demands of their jobs without their «coke."
 
Stockbrokers, financial gurus, and election staffers
 
may use cocaine until they are ready to collapse.
 
Even some of the soccer stars who jog into the
 
stadium sporting T-shirts with such incongruous
 
imprints as «Keine Macht den Drogen" C(No
 
Power to Drugs") are high as a kite on cocaine.
 
According to several estimates, the highest per
 
capita consumption of cocaine is found in Silicon
 
Valley and on Wall Street.
 
The first literary treatment of cocaine is found
 
in the Sherlock Holmes novel A Scandal in
 
Bohemia, by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, published
 
only two years after Koller's discovery (Phillips
 
and Wynne 1980, 45). In this book, the astonishing
 
abilities of this brilliant detective are attributed in
 
part to his use of cocaine. By the time of the following
 
novel, The Sign of the Four, Sherlock
 
Holmes is injecting the pure alkaloid intravenously
 
(Voigt 1982,38).
 
The most famous novel of the British writer
 
Robert Louis Stevenson, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,
 
was written in only four or six days and nightswith
 
the assistance of the magic powder, of course
 
(Springer 1989,8; Voigt 1982,38).
 
The novellas of the expressionist poet Walter
 
Rheiner (1895-1925), in which he referred to the
 
drug as «the eternal poison" and «the loved and
 
hated poison," played a great role in shaping the
 
image of demonic seduction by pharmaceutical
 
cocaine (Rheiner 1979).
 
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the
 
physician Gottfried Benn (1886-1956) wrote and
 
published numerous poems about cocaine (of
 
which he was very fond) that at the time were
 
deemed rather shocking (Benn 1982; vom Scheidt
 
1981, 401). Many other authors have also been
 
inspired by cocaine, including Georg Trakl,
 
Thomas Zweifel, Josef Maria Frank Fritz von
 
Ostini, Klaus Mann, and Jean Cocteau (Springer
 
1989).
 
Cocaine is also the subject of many novels. The
 
classic cocaine novel, Cocaine, was written by
 
Pitigrilli (= Dino Serge, 1927). The drug has often
 
been treated within its current criminal context
 
(Badekerl 1983; Fauser 1983), while other novels
 
have been written from a futuristic perspective (Boye 1986). The "coke scene" has also provided a
 
rich source of literary inspiration (McInerney
 
1984; Ellis 1986).
 
The composer Richard Strauss (1864-1949)
 
wrote his opera Arabella while under the influence
 
of cocaine (Springer 1989,8; Timmerberg 1996).494
 
Countless compositions have had cocaine as their
 
subject, including Cocaine IiI, for a mezzosoprano
 
and four female jazz singers, by the
 
contemporary composer Nancy van de Vate (CD
 
Ensemble Belcanto, Koch, 1994). From the 1920s
 
to the 1940s, the white powder fueled the work of
 
especially jazz and blues musicians, and Chick
 
Webb, Luke Jordan, and Dick Justice even gave it a
 
musical treatment ("Cocaine Blues").
 
Veritable blizzards of cocaine have passed
 
through the brains of many of rock music's greats,
 
who then set their experiences with the "fuel" to
 
music. A few examples are Country Joe McDonald
 
("Cocaine"), Black Sabbath ("Snowblind"), Little
 
Feat C'Sailin' Shoes"), the Rolling Stones ("Let It
 
Bleed"), Jackson Browne ("Cocaine"), and David
 
Bowie ("Ziggy Stardust").
 
The "hippie" band known as the Grateful Dead
 
sang about the white powder in their song
 
"Truckin'," one of their few hits to make it onto the
 
charts. Eric Clapton's interpretation of J. J. Cale's
 
song "Cocaine" became a worldwide success and
 
has been played millions of times over. The reggae
 
artist Dillinger released an album named Cocaine.
 
The drug also left its mark on the German music
 
scene, influencing or even appearing in the music
 
of Hannes Wader, Konstantin Wecker, Abi Ofarim,
 
and T'MA a.k.a. Falco ("Mutter, der Mann mit
 
dem Koks ist da" ["Mother, the Man with the Coke
 
Is Here"]; BMG Records 1995).
 
Cocaine has been the subject of at least one
 
theater work: The American playwright Pendleton
 
King wrote a piece entitled Cocaine that was
 
produced for the stage in 1917 (Phillips and
 
Wynne 1980,93 ff.).
 
<strong>Medicinal Use</strong>
 
The medicinal applications of cocaine were
 
discovered only a short time after the isolation of
 
the molecule itself. Cocaine was initially used for
 
local anesthesia495 in ophthalmology and dentistry,
 
and infiltration anesthesia was developed just
 
a few years later (Custer 1898). Because analogs
 
(e.g., procaine) were developed that produce
 
specific effects with no psychoactive side effects,
 
cocaine is rarely used as an anesthetic today.</td>
<td valign="top" width="53%"><strong>Pharmacology and Effects</strong>
 
Cocaine stimulates the central nervous system,
 
especially the autonomic (sympathetic) system,
 
where it inhibits the reuptake of the neurotransmitters
 
noradrenaline, dopamine, and
 
serotonin and increases the time in which they
 
remain in the synaptic cleft. Cocaine has a powerful effect upon the peripheral nervous
 
system, which explains its efficaciousness as a local
 
anesthetic. It has strong stimulant and vasoconstricting
 
properties. Very high dosages of cocaine
 
are said to be able to induce hallucinations, an
 
effect that is frequently noted in the neurological
 
literature (Pulvirenti and Koob 1996,49) as well as
 
in prose and poetry (Rheiner 1979, 27).
 
Hallucinations (of nonexistent people, images,
 
flickering lights) often occur during nights in
 
which dosages of 2 to 3 g have been taken. For
 
many people, cocaine also dispels fear. It stimu1ates
 
a need for alcoholic beverages at the same
 
time that it strongly suppresses the effects of
 
alcohol. A similar dynamic applies to nicotine.
 
In a certain sense, there is something unsatisfying
 
about the effects of cocaine. A person may
 
sense that satisfaction could be achieved if the
 
effects could possibly be increased. However, using
 
more cocaine does not produce an enhancement
 
of its effects.
 
Just as coca was and is employed in South
 
America as an aphrodisiac, cocaine has a similar
 
use in the West. Cocaine's reputation as an aphrodisiac
 
can be traced back to Sigmund Freud (1884)
 
and has been repeatedly confirmed in the
 
pharmacological literature:
 
At a high level of intoxication, central
 
excitation sets in with characteristic shivering,
 
an initial state of euphoria that turns into
 
delirium and hallucinations. For women, the
 
stimulation ... not infrequently has an erotic
 
character and has resulted in later accusations
 
of sexual misconduct against the operating
 
physician. (Fiihner 1943, 196*)
 
Some psychiatrists believe that cocaine stimulates
 
the "sexual center" of the brain (Siegel
 
1982a). For many users, cocaine is inevitably
 
associated with sexuality (MacDonald et al. 1988;
 
Phillips and Wynne 1980,221).
 
Cocaine relaxes and opens the sphincter
 
muscles, which makes anal penetration easier as
 
well as substantially more pleasurable. However,
 
cocaine (much like ephedrine) often has an
 
adverse effect on erectile function and consequently
 
leads to temporary impotence (cf. Siegel
 
1982a).
 
The addictive potential of cocaine has been the
 
subject of much debate. This issue does not appear
 
to be oriented toward the user as much as it
 
reflects the current legal situation. In recent years,
 
there have been efforts to develop a vaccination
 
against "cocaine addiction." Of course, the
 
research in this area is conducted on rats (Hellwig
 
1996). The effect of cocaine on the brain is also an
 
object of much research, since studies that
 
confirm the adverse effects of cocaine are likely to
 
receive financial support from the government. Studies that do not have a political agenda are the
 
exception rather than the rule (Volkow and Swann
 
1990).
 
People who use cocaine frequently suffer from
 
a runny nose ("coke sniffles") the following day.
 
Users may counteract this undesirable and
 
unpleasant aftereffect by rinsing their nose with a
 
saline solution (e.g., with medicinal salts). Many
 
users rub vitamin E oil in their nose, a practice
 
said to regenerate the highly irritated mucous
 
membranes in the nose (Voigt 1982,72). Although
 
cocaine can be very helpful in dealing with an
 
acute attack of hay fever, chronic use can actually
 
contribute to the condition.
 
<strong>Crack or Free-Base Cocaine</strong>
 
In the German press, crack has been portrayed as
 
"death for a few dollars," "the devil's drug from the
 
U.S.A.;' et cetera. The general idea seems to be that
 
"cocaine was a miracle, but crack, crack was better
 
than sex" or "cocaine was purgatory-but crack is
 
hell" (in Wiener 6 [1986]: 65,66).
 
Crack, which is also known as base, free base,
 
baseball, rocks, Roxanne, and supercoke, is
 
nothing more than smokeable free-base cocaine
 
(Siegel 1982b). In other words, crack is cocaine in
 
the form of a free base (Pulvirenti and Koob 1996,
 
48). It can be obtained from an aqueous solution
 
of cocaine hydrochloride to which an alkaline
 
substance (such as sodium carbonate) is added.
 
The cocaine salt is transformed into the pure base,
 
or, in other words, the pure substance. It can then
 
be purified with ether, causing the cocaine to
 
crystallize out. Crack is usually "smoked" (i.e.,
 
vaporized and inhaled) in glass pipes. A typical
 
dosage ranges from 0.05 to 0.1 g. The effect is very
 
similar to that of snuffed cocaine but is much
 
more intense:
 
Although crack is a derivative of cocaine, there
 
is little comparison between the mild and
 
mostly stimulating cocaine inebriation and
 
the effects of the short-term crack high, which
 
can literally bowl one over. Whereas cocaine
 
produces a euphoric sensation of great concentration
 
and razor-sharp intelligence for
 
about 20 to 60 minutes, crack lasts for only
 
three to five minutes while giving the consumer
 
an incredibly strong kick with regard to
 
physical sensations as well as the euphoria of
 
absolute omnipotence. Of course, this has
 
resulted in many myths, including one that
 
crack is particularly pure. (Sahihi 1995,37*)
 
Ethnologists have begun using the field
 
methods typical of the discipline to study the
 
"crack phenomenon;' which appears to be a
 
typically American product (Holden 1989).
 
"Crack life" is a reflection of the problems in
 
American society and reveals deep social fissures and cultural anomalies. For users, the "crack way"
 
is an important form of identity formation. Crack
 
is frequently found together with prostitution, as
 
"addicts" may accept it as a form of payment for
 
sexual services (Carlson and Siegal 1991).
 
On the street, the following substances may be
 
used as substitutes for cocaine or crack in times of
 
shortage: procaine, caffeine, benzocaine, phenylpropanolamine,
 
lidocaine, and ephedrine (Siegel
 
1980).
 
<strong>Commercial Forms and Regulations</strong>
 
Cocaine hydrochloride is available through the
 
pharmacy trade. The German Drug Law lists
 
cocaine as a "narcotic drug in which trafficking is
 
allowed but which may not be prescribed"
 
(Korner 1994, 42). In the United States, the Controlled
 
Substances Act classifies cocaine as a
 
Schedule II substance.
 
<strong>Literature</strong>
 
See also the entries for Erythroxylum coca,
 
Erythroxylum novogranatense, atropine, and
 
tropane alkaloids.
 
Ashley, Richard. 1975. Cocaine: Its history, use and
 
effects. New York: St. Martin's Press.
 
Aurep, B. von. 1880. Dber die physiologische
 
Wirkung des CocaYn. Archiv fur Physiologie
 
21:38-77.
 
Badekerl, Klaus. 1983. Ein Kilo Schnee von Gestern.
 
Munich and Zurich: Piper.
 
Benn, Gottfried. 1982. Gedichte, in der Fassung der
 
Erstdrucke. Frankfurt/M.: Fischer.
 
Boye, Karin. 1986. Kallocain: Roman aus dem 21.
 
Jahrhundert. Kiel: Neuer Malik Verlag.
 
Biisch, H. P., and W. Rummel. 1990.
 
Lokalanasthetika, Lokalanasthesie. In Allgemeine
 
und spezielle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (5th
 
ed.), ed. W. Forth, D. Heuschler, and W. Rummel,
 
490-96. Mannheim, Vienna, and Zurich: B. 1.
 
Wissenschaftsverlag.
 
Carlson, Robert G., and Harvey A. Siegal. 1991. The
 
crack life: An ethnographic overview of crack use
 
and sexual behavior among African-Americans
 
in a Midwest metropolitan city. Journal of
 
Psychoactive Drugs 23 (1): 11-20.
 
Crowley, Aleister. 1973. Cocaine. San Francisco:
 
And/Or Press.
 
Custer, Julius, Jr. 1898. Cocain und
 
Infiltrationanasthesie. Basel: Benno Schwabe.
 
Ellis, Bret Easton. 1987. Less Than Zero. New York:
 
Random House.
 
Fauser, Jorg. 1983. Der Schneemann. Reinbek:
 
Rowohlt.
 
Fischer 5., A. Raskin, and E. Uhlenhuth, eds. 1987.
 
Cocaine: Clinical and biobehavioral aspects. New
 
York: Oxford University Press.
 
Freud, Sigmund. 1884. Uher Coca. Centralblatt fur
 
die gesamte Therapie 2:289-314. Repr. in
 
Taschner and Richtberg 1982,206-31 (see
 
below).
 
---. 1885. Dber die Allgemeinwirkung des
 
Cocains. Medizinisch-chirurgisches Centralblatt
 
20:374-75.
 
---.1887. Bemerkungen tiber Cocainsucht und
 
Cocainfurcht, mit Beziehung auf einen Vortrag
 
von W. A. Hammonds. Wiener medizinische
 
Wochenschrift 37:927-32.
 
---.1996. Schriften uber Kokain. Frankfurt/M.:
 
Fischer. (Orig. pub. 1884.)
 
Gay, George R. 1981. You've corne a long way, baby!
 
Coke time for the new American lady of the
 
eighties. Journal ofPsychoactive Drugs 13 (4):
 
297-318.
 
Gottlieb, Adam. 1979. The pleasures ofcocaine. San
 
Francisco: And/Or Press.
 
Grinspoon, Lester, and James B. Bakalar. 1985.
 
Cocaine: A drug and its social evolution. Rev. ed.
 
New York: Basic Books.
 
Hartmann, Walter. 1990. Informationsreihe Drogen:
 
Kokain. Markt Erlbach: Raymond Martin Verlag.
 
Hellwig, Bettina. 1996. Impfung gegen Cocain?
 
Deutsche Apotheker-Zeitung 136 (4): 46/270.
 
Holden, Constance. 1989. Streetwise crack research.
 
Science 246:1376-81.
 
Holmstedt, Bo, Eva Jaatmaa, Kurt Leander, and
 
Timothy Plowman. 1977. Determination
 
of cocaine in some South American species of
 
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Phytochemistry 16:1753-55.
 
Kennedy, J. 1985. Coca exotics: The illustrated story of
 
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Koller, Carl [= Karl]. 1884. Dber die Verwendung des
 
CocaYn zur Anasthetisierung am Auge. Wiener
 
medizinische Wochenschrift 34: 1276-1278,
 
1309-1l.
 
---. 1935. Nachtragliche Bemerkungen tiber die
 
ersten Anfange der Lokalanasthesie. Wiener
 
medizinische Wochenschrift 85:7.
 
---. 1941. History of cocaine as a local
 
anesthetic. Journal ofthe American Medical
 
Association 117: 1284.
 
Lindgren, J.-E. 1981. Guide to the analysis of cocaine
 
and its metabolites in biological material. Journal
 
ofEthnopharmacology 3:337-5l.
 
Lossen, W. 1865. Dber das Cocain. Liebig's Annalen
 
133:351-71.
 
MacDonald, P. T., V. Waldorf, C. Reinarman, and
 
S. Murphy. 1988. Heavy cocaine use and sexual
 
behavior. Journal ofDrug Issues 18 (3): 437-55.
 
Maier, Hans Wolfgang. 1926. Der Kokainismus.
 
Leipzig: Thieme.
 
Mcinerney, Jay. 1984. Bright Lights, Big City. New
 
York: Knopf.
 
Morales, Edmundo. 1989. Cocaine: White gold rush in
 
Peru. Tucson and London: The University of
 
Arizona Press.
 
Niemann, Albert. 1860. Dber eine neue organische
 
Base in den Cocablattern. Dissertation,
 
Gottingen University.
 
Pernice, Ludwig. 1890. Dber Cocainanaesthesie.
 
Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift 16:287.
 
Phillips, Joel 1., and Ronald D. Wynne. 1980.
 
Cocaine: The mystique and the reality. New York:
 
Avon Books.
 
Plasket, B., and E. Quillen. 1985. The white stuff. New
 
York: Dell Publishing Co.
 
Pulvirenti, Luigi, and George F. Koob. 1996. Die
 
Neurobiologie der Kokainabhangigkeit. Spektrum
 
der Wissenschaft 2:48-55. (An unethical and
 
nauseating study on animals.)
 
Rheiner, Walter. 1979. Kokain: Eine Novelle und
 
andere Prosa. Berlin and Darmstadt: Agora
 
Verlag. Repr. 2nd ed., 1982.
 
Richards, Eugene. 1994. Cocaine true, cocaine blue.
 
New York: Aperture.
 
Roles, R., M. Goldberg, and R. G. Sharrar. 1990. Risk
 
factors for syphilis: Cocaine use and prostitution.
 
American Journal ofPublic Health 80 (7): 853-57.
 
Sabbag, Robert. 1976. Snowblind: A briefcareer in the
 
cocaine trade. Indianapolis and New York: The
 
Bobbs-Merrill Co.
 
Sauloy, Mylene, and Yves Le Bonniec. 1994.
 
Tropenschnee-Kokain: Die Kartelle, ihre Banken,
 
ihre Gewinne. Ein Wirtschaftsreport. Reinbek bei
 
Hamburg: Rowohlt.
 
Siegel, Ronald K. 1978. Cocaine hallucinations.
 
American Journal ofPsychiatry 135:309-14.
 
---.1980. Cocaine substitutes. New England
 
Journal ofMedicine 302:817-18.
 
---. 1982a. Cocaine and sexual dysfunction: The
 
curse of Mama Coca. Journal ofPsychoactive
 
Drugs 14 (1-2): 71-74.
 
---. 1982b. Cocaine smoking. Journal of
 
Psychoactive Drugs 14 (4): 271-359.
 
Smith, David E., and Donald R. Wesson. 1978.
 
Cocaine. Journal ofPsychedelic Drugs 10 (4):
 
351-60.
 
Springer, Alfred, ed. 1989. Kokain: Mythos und
 
Realitiit-Eine kritisch dokumentierte Anthologie.
 
Vienna and Munich: Verlag Christian
 
Brandstatter.
 
Taschner, Karl-Ludwig, and Werner Richtberg. 1982.
 
Kokain-Report. Wiesbaden: Akademische
 
Verlagsgesellschaft.
 
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</tr>
 
</table>

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