|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
|
| |
|
| <table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
| |
|
| |
| <tr>
| |
| <td valign="top" width="50%"><strong>Other Names</strong>
| |
|
| |
| Codein, codeina, codeine, codeinum, 4,5u-epoxy3-
| |
|
| |
| methoxy-17-methyl-7-morphinen-6u-ol, kodein
| |
|
| |
| Substance type: opium alkaloid
| |
|
| |
| In 1832, codeine was isolated from opium, which
| |
|
| |
| has a codeine content of 2 to 30/0 (see Papaver
| |
|
| |
| somniferum). Codeine is also biosynthesized in the
| |
|
| |
| roots of Papaver somniferum 1. cv. Marianne (Tam
| |
|
| |
| et al. 1980). It is possible that trace amounts of
| |
|
| |
| codeine can also be found in other Papaver species
| |
|
| |
| (Papaver bracteatum, Papaver decaisnei; cf. Papaver
| |
|
| |
| spp.) (Theuns et al. 1986). Codeine is also an endogenous
| |
|
| |
| neurotransmitter in humans (cf. morphine).
| |
|
| |
| A dosage of 20 to 50 mg produces "general
| |
|
| |
| mental stimulation, warmth in the head, and an
| |
|
| |
| increase in the pulse rate, as also appear after the
| |
|
| |
| consumption of alcohol" (Rompp 1950*). Codeine
| |
|
| |
| does not appear to be metabolized in the body and
| |
|
| |
| is excreted unchanged.
| |
|
| |
| Because codeine suppresses the urge to cough,
| |
|
| |
| its most important pharmaceutical use is in cough
| |
|
| |
| syrups. The dosage when codeine is used as a
| |
|
| |
| cough suppressant is 50 mg three times a day. A
| |
|
| |
| dosage of 100 to 200 mg results in sleep and
| |
|
| |
| sedation. Higher dosages elicit effects comparable
| |
|
| |
| to those of morphine. The medical literature
| |
|
| |
| contains repeated mentions of "codeine addiction."
| |
|
| |
| Codeine "addicts" are said to ingest up to 2 g
| |
|
| |
| of codeine daily (Rompp 1950, 115*). Today,
| |
|
| |
| codeine is gaining increasing medicinal importance
| |
|
| |
| as a substitution therapy for heroin addicts
| |
|
| |
| (Gerlach and Schneider 1994). The pharmaceutical
| |
|
| |
| industry synthesizes codeine primarily
| |
|
| |
| from thebaine, the main active constituent in Papaver bracteatum Lindl. (cf. Papaver spp.)
| |
|
| |
| (Morton 1977, 125*; Theuns et al. 1986).
| |
|
| |
| Codeine has acquired a certain significance in
| |
|
| |
| the music scene (jazz, rock, psychedelia), primarily
| |
|
| |
| as a substitute for heroin or morphine. Buffy
| |
|
| |
| Saint-Marie sang about the anguish of her codeine
| |
|
| |
| dependence in the song "Cod'ine" (LP It's My Way!
| |
|
| |
| Vanguard Records 1964). Quicksilver Messenger
| |
|
| |
| Service later covered the song and made it famous.
| |
|
| |
| In the 1990s, the wave band Codeine had several
| |
|
| |
| albums out through Sub Pop. Cough syrups496
| |
|
| |
| with a high codeine content were often consumed
| |
|
| |
| as inebriants at concerts, festivals, et cetera
| |
|
| |
| (usually in combination with alcohol and
| |
|
| |
| cannabis) (Bangs 1978, 158).</td>
| |
| <td valign="top" width="53%"><strong>Commercial Forms and Regulations</strong>
| |
|
| |
| Codeine is available as a pure substance and as
| |
|
| |
| codeine hydrochloride, codeine phosphate, and
| |
|
| |
| codeine phosphate hemihydrate. Codeine is on
| |
|
| |
| Schedule III in the United States. Preparations
| |
|
| |
| containing codeine (tinctures, cough syrups, et
| |
|
| |
| cetera) require a special prescription (i.e., with no
| |
|
| |
| refills allowed and/or on special prescription
| |
|
| |
| forms). But in other countries, including France,
| |
|
| |
| Spain, Nepal, and India, a prescription is still
| |
|
| |
| unnecessary and the medicine can be obtained
| |
|
| |
| over the counter from any pharmacy.
| |
|
| |
| <strong>Literature</strong>
| |
|
| |
| See also the entries for Papaver somniferum,
| |
|
| |
| morphine, and opium alkaloids.
| |
|
| |
| Bangs, Lester. 1978. Ich sah Gott und/oder Tangerine
| |
|
| |
| Dream. Rocksession 2:155-58. Reinbek: Rowohlt.
| |
|
| |
| Esser, Barbara. 1998. Vom Regen in die Traufe: Das
| |
|
| |
| Verbot des Ersatzstoffs Codein ... Focus 26 (6):
| |
|
| |
| 58-60.
| |
|
| |
| Gerlach, Ralf, and Wolfgang Schneider. 1994.
| |
|
| |
| Methadon- und Codeinensubstitution:
| |
|
| |
| Erfahrungen, Forschungsergebnisse,
| |
|
| |
| Praxiskonsequenzen. Berlin: VWB.
| |
|
| |
| Tam, W. H. John, Friedrich Constabel, and Wolfgang
| |
|
| |
| G. W. Kurz. 1980. Codeine from cell suspension cultures of Papaver somniferum. Phytochemistry
| |
|
| |
| 19:486-87.
| |
|
| |
| Theuns, Hubert G., H. Leo Theuns, and Robert J. J.
| |
|
| |
| Ch. Lousberg. 1986. Search for new natural
| |
|
| |
| sources of morphinians. Economic Botany 40 (4):
| |
|
| |
| 485-97.</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
|
| |
| </table>
| |
|
| |
| [[Category:Opioid]]
| |
| [[Category:Drugs]]
| |