View source for DXM

[[File:Dxm_gelcap.jpg|350px|right]]

'''DXM''' (also known as 'DM' or 'Dextromethorphan') is an over-the-counter antitussive (cough treatment) which when taken at doses exceeding the recommended therapeutic range becomes a powerful [[Dissociatives|dissociative]] drug which also has some psychedelic properties.

While DXM can be used safely it is not an inherently safe drug. Repeated use within a short period of time, combination with certain types of drugs, certain genetic factors and the prevalence of other active ingredients which become harmful at needed doses found in many brands of cough medication make for a chemical which must be used with caution.

The high is not for everyone; it is said to loosely follow the rule of thirds: one third hates it, one third doesn't care, and one third like it. 

DXM manifests its effects in a series of plateaus, with dose determining which plateau (and subsequently which effects) one will experience. Lower dose plateaus can be well suited to relaxation, light social interaction and listening to music, however higher doses result in a more encompassing dissociative experience which does not lend itself to attentive presence. At high doses your mind becomes as big as the universe. Strong experiences of detachment, depersonalization, and out-of-body experiences are commonly experienced with DXM at higher doses. These all-encompassing states are startling and uncomfortable for some.

DXM does not typically show up in normal drug tests however it can produce false positive results for PCP and/or Opioids in extended or specialized drug tests. Proper occasional use should not produce these false-positive results after a couple days have passed.



== Different Forms ==

DXM is widely available in over-the-counter cough treatments which appear in different forms including gelcaps, lozenges and syrups. DXM is also less commonly found in a more pure form, either extracted or bought directly from a chemical manufacturer.

While there are some products available which contain only DXM as active medical ingredients it is common to find products which contain DXM but also contain enough of another active ingredient to pose a serious risk to the user's health.

===Extracted===

The ideal source of DXM would be an extraction, but that requires time and a chemical procedure which most people are not equipped to do. It's not a complicated process however it does carry some risks in itself. There is a technique known as the 'Agent Lemon extraction'.

===Syrup===

Cough syrup is the most common source for DXM users. While there are many brand name and no-name syrups which only contain DXM as an active ingredient there are many active and "inactive" ingredients commonly found in cough syrups which can cause negative effects ranging in severity. See [[DXM#HarmReduction|Harm Reduction]] for more information.

Some say the high produced from syrup is mostly sedating. You may feel sluggish when using it to get high on DXM, possibly as a result of other ingredients found in syrup however because of the even dispersion of DXM throughout the syrup it is said to produce a more 'solid' trip.

===Gel Caps===

DXM Gelcaps such as RobitussinDM Gelcaps or other no-name brand products containing only DXM encased in a gelcap are often the preferred source for DXM users. For most users gelcaps which contain only DXM produce a more clear headed high in lower doses. Most users experience fewer side effects from gelcaps than from syrup however some users report an upset stomach from the gelcaps, indicating that some users may have a sensitivity to the edible plastics used to make the gelcaps.


===Lozenges===

There are also sore-throat and cough medications containing DXM which exist in the form of a hard-candy like lozenge. These sometimes contain only DXM, however most brands of DXM lozenges also contain analgesics such as acetaminophen or benzocaine. Some brands such as '''Cordicin Cough and Cold''' (also known as '''CCC''') have a variety of products, most of which contain other active ingredients such as antihistamines or CPM (Chlorpheniramine Maleate) and may have one or two products which contain only DXM.

WARNING: Cordicin Cough & Cold is one of the most commonly used sources of DXM, and also one of the most dangerous. Nearly every single CCC product contains other active ingredients such as CPM, which can cause severe and life-threatening symptoms including seizures, shortness of breath or troubled breathing, weakness, loss of consciousness, severe dryness of the mouth, nose or throat, bleeding from the skin, mouth, eyes, rectum and vagina, and possibly death.

https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/dxm/dxm_info2.shtml

As always when using lozenges always choose a product which only has DXM in it.


===Delsym===

Delsym is brand with many formulations which contain Dextromethorphan Polistrex.

This is an extended release form of DXM which produced a longer lasting trip with weaker effects. It is said to be impossible to reach the third plateau using DXM which may be preferable for this reason to beginners or users who would prefer a longer and weaker trip.

== Dosage ==

'''DXM doses are affected by weight'''. See [http://taimapedia.org/images/4/46/DXMDosingChart.png this chart] for easy dosing.
Dosage refers to DXM HBR. HBR and Polistirex doses vary significantly due to polistirex slow absorbsion rate. (1mg of DXM polistirex is equivalent to about 6mg DXM HBR)

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 100-200mg
|-
| Common || 200-400mg
|-
| Strong || 300-600mg
|-
| Heavy || 600-1500mg
|-
| Risk of death || 2.2g+
|}

== Duration ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Total || 6-8 hours
|}

=== Redosing ===

Redosing is not advised.

It's better to know how much you've taken at the start of the trip, rather than guestimate how much you're on as you keep dosing. The effects will start to come in waves and may not be pleasant. If you feel the need, it's recommended to take a high initial dose and a lower dose 1-2 hours in.

=== Predosing ===

One should make sure there is only DXM in the product they are taking. Grapefruit juice can potentiate dxm due to intactions with cytochrome P450.<ref>http://medicine.iupui.edu/clinpharm/ddis/2d6references/#dextromethorphanSub</ref>

== Effects ==

=== Positive ===

* Euphoria, mood lift
* Increased giggling and laughing
* Dissociation of mind from body (positive when sought)
* Creative dream-like experiences
* Increased tactile sensation
* Some users report empathy and forgiveness towards other people

=== Neutral ===

* Pupil dilation
* Visual stop motion effect (flanging or strobing)
* Visual and aural (auditory) hallucinations
* Decreased sexual functioning (difficulty achieving orgasm)
* Confusion, disorientation
* Skin sensitivity, alters tactile (touch) and skin sensations
* Robotic, zombie-like walking, "robo-walk"
* Discoordination, reduced agility
* Loss of appetite
* Involuntary flexing of muscles
* Feelings of merging with adjacent objects like a couch or bed (with higher doses)

=== Negative ===

* Vomiting
* Dizzyness
* Body itching
* Rash, red blotchy skin
* Diarrhea
* Fever
* Tachycardia (racing, pounding heart)
* Some users report feeling disconnected, isolated from others

=== After-Effects ===

* Some users report hangover or depression that might last up to a few days.

=== Robo-Walk ===

The robo-walk feels like all of the muscles in your body are activated at once. You can still walk but forget about running or balance. Imagine the large muscles in your body all tensing up at once, so to walk you don't try to move your leg, you try and relax it in the way you want to go. Detailed coordination such as running, jumping, or maneuvering around furniture becomes much harder if not impossible. However, when you hit the third you really wouldn't want to be moving around anyway. The best thing to do is get a good pair of headphones, turn off the lights, close your eyes and let your mind wander.

== Plateaus ==

There are two kind of trips: Sub third and beyond second plateau. If you take a first or second plateau dose, it's totally possible to socialize. Lower plateau doses are relatively easy to hide compared to higher plateau doses. Since you're dissociating yourself, you can remove yourself from awkward social situations or chaotic events. It would also be fun to chill in your room and play a video game and listen to music. The music will get better and you'll get more spacey. If you take a third or fourth plateau dose, it's recommend to trip alone, as it's not a social drug at this dose. The best way to enjoy it is to lay back and listen to music with your eyes closed. If you've ever meditated, you know how your mind can wander without your control. On DXM, you have a tendency to 'unlock' hidden memories. So the best thing is to let your mind take you where it wants to go. It usually knows whats best.

Choosing your destination plateau will depend a lot on what other drugs you've done and how comfortable you are with your mind. 

There are four 'stages' to DXM trips called '''plateaus'''. The first two are very similar, and the last two are similar. 

=== First Plateau ===

Feels a bit 'off'. Perhaps like you're a bit buzzed from alcohol or a big hit off a bong.

First Plateau dose: 1-2mg/lb.

=== Second Plateau ===

You feel like your stoned. Your consciousness feels like it's distancing itself from reality, like it's taking a 'step back' into yourself. The second is supposed to be fun, it's introducing you to the idea that reality is a dream. Music is awesome to listen to and you can walk outside and perhaps hallucinate a small-mild amount. You can socialize with friends and they might take you for sober, or you could say you're slightly drunk.

Second Plateau dose: 2-5mg/lb.

'''Hold on!'''

Most people stop their DXM journey here, as the final two are not really 'fun' but 'enlightening'. We don't recommend crossing this threshold until you're ready to move on from games of the mind to exercises of the consciousness. Enjoy the 2nd plat as long as you can because right now it's more of a fun experience and there is no going back once you've been here. It's like once you see what's behind the curtain, you can't enjoy the show. 
Not to say that its not enjoyable, but it looses it's fun charm.

'''CEV's'''

Inside your mind is an entirely new universe to explore. You think of water and an ocean appears. You create universes and live lifetimes inside your mind. 
That's what the higher plateaus do.

=== Third Plateau ===

This is where you start tripping. You cannot ignore the feeling inside of you. At this point its no longer a social drug and should be done by yourself or with a sitter. This is most akin to an acid trip: it feels very distorted and lasts a couple hours. The third plateau isn't 'party-mode' or even 'socialize-mode'. Its more like 'alone-and-tripping-mode'.

Third Plateau dose: 5-7.5mg/lb.

=== Fourth Plateau ===

This is the deep meditative state. Few people enjoy going this far, as all you can really do (or want to do) is sit, listen to music, close your eyes, and become god. You can create universes in your mind just by thinking of them.

Fourth Plateau dose: 7.5-10mg/lb.


== Harm Reduction ==

See [[Dissociatives#Harm_Reduction|Dissociative Harm Reduction]] for general information.

=== Dangerous Ingredients Commonly Used in DXM Products ===

Many products which contain DXM also contain other medication or otherwise non-medically-active ingredients that can cause serious harm in the doses found in DXM containing products. If a user intends to use an OTC cough medication in order to get high on DXM they almost always will have to consume a dangerous quantity of other dangerous ingredients if they are present in the medication. For this reason it is strongly recommended to find a source which contains /only/ DXM.

The following is a summary of other ingredients commonly found in DXM products. 


* : Acetaminophen/Paracetamol/APAP is a painkiller commonly found in over the counter flu medication, and is used in many Tylenol and Panadol brand products.
: Acetaminophen/paracetamol/APAP is hepatoxic in high doses. This means it will damage your liver if taken in high doses. 
:: Your body can only process a certain amount of APAP at once before it the normal pathways become saturated.
:: Once the regular pathways used for metabolizing APAP have been saturated the remaining APAP gets broken down in the liver by an enzyme called
:: cytochrome P450. ::: '''When forced to break down APAP this enzyme produces toxic metabolites!''' 

The effects of an acetaminophen overdose may not be apparent for up to sixteen hours after the user has ingested the APAP! This makes APAP overdose even more dangerous because of the chance that a user might take more or not take notice after thinking they are 'in the clear'.

<u>'''Under no circumstances should anyone attempt to use any DXM product containing 'Paracetamol', also known as 'APAP' & 'Acetaminophen'!'''</u>


* '''Guaifenesin''' is an expectorant. It works by causing the lungs to produce more fluid, making it easier to cough up phlegm.
: Guaifenesin is added to  many OTC cough, cold and flu medications to help treat the 'stuffed up' feeling which often found in viruses and colds.

: Guaifenesin overdoses cause severe nausea and vomiting in most users. Some users report being able to use products which contain some guaifensin and
: other users report no negative effects from guaifenesin containing products.
: '''It is strongly recommended to avoid products which contain Guaifenesin when using DXM!'''

* '''Antihistamines''' such as '''[[DPH|Diphenhydramine]]''' are often found in sleep-aids, night-time formulations of cold medications and allergy medications.
: Antihistamines are sometimes found with DXM in night or 'PM' versions of products, and should generally be avoided when using DXM. When taken in 
: high doses antihistamines can cause dizzyness, nausea, a strong dysphoria, paranoia, delirium and hallucinations. Many antihistamines, OTC or prescription
: can also have a dangerous synergy with some of the effects produced by DXM.

* '''Food Coloring & other "Inactive" Ingredients''' 
: Many DXM products contain dyes which can cause allergic reactions in some users. Usually these dyes are not harmful in low doses however in doses which may be
: required for DXM's effects they can become problematic. '''Tartrazine (FD&C Yellow #5)''' is one of the most notable coloring ingredients to cause reactions. 

: Cough syrups usually contain one or more chemical used to make them taste sweet. 
: '''Glucose, sucrose, invert sugar, and fructose''' are commonly used sweetening agents. These sweeteners pose an obvious risk to people with blood sugar conditions 
: such as diabetes or hypoglycemia.

: Thickening agents such as '''propylene glycol''' or '''polyethylene glycol''' are found in most cough syrups. These are not toxic but may cause an upset stomach
: when consumed in large doses. 



=== Interactions ===

DXM has several potentially dangerous interactions with pharmaceutical and recreational drugs including some analgesics (painkillers), antihistamines, antidepressants and stimulants.

See [[Drug_combinations]] and [[Dissociatives#Interactions|Dissociative Interactions]] for more information.


* DXM has the potential to cause [[Serotonin Syndrome]] if mixed with other serotonergic drugs such as [[Antidepressants|antidepressants]], MAOIs, empathogens which affect serotonin release such as [[MDMA]],[[MDA]],[[Mephedrone]],etc. Serotonin Syndrome causes discomfort, excitability, irritability, and can be deadly <ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2464814/</ref> if not treated.

== Pharmacology ==

IUPAC:(4bS,8aR,9S)-3-Methoxy-11-methyl-6,7,8,8a,9,10-hexahydro-5H-9,4b-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene.

Dextromethorphan is the dextrorotartory enantiomer of levomethophan, which is the methyl ether of levophanol, both opioid analgesics.

== Pharmacodynamics == 


{| class="wikitable"
|+ Binding receptors
|-
| NMDA - 7253
|-
| SERT - 2015
|-
| NET - 110606
|-
| Sigma-1 - 23
|-
| Sigma-2 - 240
|}

== Pharmacokinectics == 

Following oral dosing, DXM is rapidly absorbed from the GI tract. Where it enters the bloodstream, and crosses the blood-brain barrier.

At therapeutic doses, DXM acts centrally (brain) as opposed to locally (Respiratory tract). It's rapidly absorbed from the GI tract into the active metabolite Dextrophan (DXO) in the liver by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2D6. 

Around one in 10 of the Caucasian population has little or no CYP2D6 enzyme activity, leading to long-lived high drug levels. 

== Images ==

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Image:Dxm1.jpg|''Robitussin brand DXM Gel Caps''
</gallery>
== Links ==

* http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/dxm/faq/dxm_faq.shtml

== References ==

<references />

[[Category:Dissociative]]
[[Category:Drugs]]