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Opium Alkaloids - Revision history
2026-04-14T23:21:58Z
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2015-03-11T10:49:06Z
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GrimReaper
https://wiki.tripsit.me/index.php?title=Opium_Alkaloids&diff=403&oldid=prev
205.56.181.196: Created page with " <table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td valign="top" width="50%"><strong>..."
2013-01-13T18:41:54Z
<p>Created page with " <table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td valign="top" width="50%"><strong>..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div><br />
<table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="50%"><strong>Other Names</strong><br />
<br />
Opiate, opiates, opium compounds<br />
<br />
The study of opium and the isolation of its constituents<br />
<br />
ranks among the most important achievements<br />
<br />
in the history of pharmacology (cf. Papaver<br />
<br />
somniferum). In ancient times, opium was already<br />
<br />
known as the best of all analgesics (cf. soporific<br />
<br />
sponge). The isolation of morphine from opium<br />
<br />
revolutionized pain therapy in Europe. No other<br />
<br />
component of opium has a comparably powerful<br />
<br />
effect. The potency of morphine would not be<br />
<br />
exceeded until heroin (diacetylmorphine) was<br />
<br />
synthesized (Snyder 1989). Subsequent pharmacological<br />
<br />
research has led to the creation of<br />
<br />
numerous morphine analogs (fentanyls), some of<br />
<br />
which are as much as 7,500 times more potent<br />
<br />
than morphine (Sahihi 1995,31 ff.*).<br />
<br />
The opium alkaloids codeine and morphine<br />
<br />
have become culturally significant as psychoactive<br />
<br />
substances. Papaverine is used in medicine as a<br />
<br />
treatment for impotence.<br />
<br />
Some opium alkaloids are also found in other<br />
<br />
Papaver species (Papaver spp.), although these<br />
<br />
species usually contain only traces of these substances<br />
<br />
(Khanna and Sharma 1977; Ktippers et al.<br />
<br />
1976; Phillipson et al. 1973; Phillipson et al. 1976).<br />
<br />
Aporphines, whose structures are analogous to<br />
<br />
those of the opium alkaloids, occur in Papaver<br />
<br />
fugax Poir. [syn. Papaver caucasicum M.-B., Papaver<br />
<br />
floribundum Desf.] and Nymphaea ampla. Other<br />
<br />
substances related to the opium alkaloids are<br />
<br />
present in Argemone mexicana, Eschscholzia californica,<br />
<br />
Nuphar lutea, and Papaver spp.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="53%"><strong>Literature</strong><br />
<br />
See also the entries for Argemone mexicana, Papaver<br />
<br />
somniferum, Papaver spp., codeine, morphine, and<br />
<br />
papaverine.<br />
<br />
Khanna, P., and G. 1. Sharma. 1977. Production of<br />
<br />
opium alkaloids from in vitro tissue culture of<br />
<br />
Papaver rhoeas 1. Indian Journal ofExperimental<br />
<br />
Biology 15:951-52.<br />
<br />
Krikorian, A. D., and M. C. Ledbetter. 1975. Some<br />
<br />
observations on the cultivation of opium poppy<br />
<br />
(Papaver somniferum 1.) for its latex. Botanical<br />
<br />
Review 41:30-103.<br />
<br />
Ktippers, F. J. E. M., C. A. Salmink, M. Bastart, and<br />
<br />
M. Paris. 1976. Alkaloids of Papaver bracteatum:<br />
<br />
Presence of codeine, neopine and alpinine.<br />
<br />
Phytochemistry 15:444-45.<br />
<br />
Phillipson, J. D., S. S. Handa, and S. W. EI-Dabbas.<br />
<br />
1976. N-oxides of morphine, codeine and<br />
<br />
thebaine and their occurrence in Papaver species.<br />
<br />
Phytochemistry 15:1297-1301.<br />
<br />
Phillipson, J. D., G. Sariyar, and T. Baytop. 1973.<br />
<br />
Alkaloids from Papaver fugax of Turkish origin.<br />
<br />
Phytochemistry 12:2431-34.<br />
<br />
Scully, Rock, with David Dalton. 1996. An American<br />
<br />
odyssey: Die legendare Reise von Jerry Garcia und<br />
<br />
den Grateful Dead. St.Andra-Wordern: Hannibal<br />
<br />
Verlag.<br />
<br />
Snyder, Solomon H. 1989. Brainstorming: The science<br />
<br />
and politics ofopiate research. Cambridge and<br />
<br />
London: Harvard University Press.<br />
<br />
<strong>The Constituents of Opium</strong><br />
<br />
The composition of the alkaloid mixture can<br />
<br />
vary greatly, depending upon the strain of poppy,<br />
<br />
the location of cultivation, and the processing<br />
<br />
technique (Krikorian and Ledbetter 1975).<br />
<br />
<strong>1. Isocholine derivates</strong><br />
<table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">codamine*</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><strong> </strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">cryptopine*</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">gnoscopine*</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">hydrocotarnine*</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">laudanindine (= tritopine)*</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">dl-Iaudanine*</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">laudanosine*</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">norlaudanosine*</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">narceine (= narceinum)</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">0.1-0.2%</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>1-</em>narcotine (= narcotine = noscapine)</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">1-11%</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">oxynarcotine*</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">papaverine</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">0.5-10%</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">protopine* (also in <em>Papaver rhoeas,</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Argemone mexicana, </em>and</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Eschscholzia californica)</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">reticuline*</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">xanthaline (= papaveraldine)*</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><strong>II. Bases that yield phenanthrene derivatives</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>when broken down</strong></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">codeine</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">0.2-4%</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">morphine</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">2.8-23%</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">neopine*</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">porphyroxine*</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">pseudomorphine*</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">thebaine (also in <em>Papaver bracteatum)</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">0.1-4%</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><strong>III. Other bases</strong></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">lanthopine*</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">meconine*</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">oripavine* (also in <em>Papaver orientale)</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">papaveramine*</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">rhoeadine*</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">Alkaloids marked with * are present in only trace<br />
<br />
amounts.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
</table><br />
&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
</table></div>
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