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Nicotine - Revision history
2026-04-14T23:06:44Z
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GrimReaper at 10:49, 11 March 2015
2015-03-11T10:49:26Z
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GrimReaper
https://wiki.tripsit.me/index.php?title=Nicotine&diff=401&oldid=prev
205.56.181.196: Created page with " <table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td valign="top" width="50%"><strong>..."
2013-01-13T18:39:46Z
<p>Created page with " <table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td valign="top" width="50%"><strong>..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div><br />
<table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="50%"><strong>Other Names</strong><br />
<br />
Nicotin, nikotin, (-) -nikotin , 1-methyl-2(3-pyridyl)pyrrolidine,<br />
<br />
3-( 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine<br />
<br />
Substance type: pyrrolidine alkaloid, pyridine alkaloid,<br />
<br />
tobacco alkaloid<br />
<br />
Nicotine was first discovered in tobacco (Nicotiana<br />
<br />
tabacum) and was named for the genus. It<br />
<br />
occurs in numerous species of Nicotiana as well as<br />
<br />
other members of the Nightshade Family. It has<br />
<br />
also been found in club moss (Lycopodium<br />
<br />
clavatum).<br />
<br />
Nicotine is very easily absorbed through the<br />
<br />
mucous membranes and even through the skin.<br />
<br />
Consequently, plants that contain nicotine can be<br />
<br />
smoked or administered as enemas. Nicotine is<br />
<br />
broken down through oxidation, and about 100/0 is<br />
<br />
excreted unchanged. It has stimulating effects<br />
<br />
upon the central nervous system and has paralyzing<br />
<br />
effects at very high dosages (cf. cytisine). In<br />
<br />
the peripheral nervous system, nicotine behaves in<br />
<br />
a similar manner as the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.<br />
<br />
High dosages can result in sudden death<br />
<br />
due to respiratory paralysis or cardiac arrest<br />
<br />
within five minutes of ingestion (Roth et al. 1994,<br />
<br />
864*). From 40 to 60 mg represents a lethal dosage<br />
<br />
for humans (Frerichs, Arends, Zarnig, Hagers<br />
<br />
Handbuch). Diazepam can be effective as an<br />
<br />
antidote for nicotine poisoning (Roth et al. 1994,<br />
<br />
865*). Nicotine is now generally regarded as<br />
<br />
highly "addictive" (Schiffman 1981). Although it is<br />
<br />
commonly assumed that nicotine causes cancer,<br />
<br />
uncertainty has been expressed about this theory<br />
<br />
(Schievelbein 1972).<br />
<br />
Nicotine has been detected in Egyptian rnummies<br />
<br />
(New Kingdom) (Balabanova et al. 1992*).<br />
<br />
However, this discovery should not be taken as<br />
<br />
evidence that the Egyptians knew of wild tobacco<br />
<br />
(Nicotiana rustica) , as the Balabanova team in<br />
<br />
Munich has suggested, for some Old World plants<br />
<br />
also contain nicotine (see the table at right).<br />
<br />
<strong>Commercial Forms and Regulations<br />
<br />
</strong>Nicotine can be obtained in its pure form from<br />
<br />
chemical suppliers. It is subject to the laws<br />
<br />
covering the transport of dangerous substances<br />
<br />
and is classified as a Category 1 substance on the<br />
<br />
Swiss Poison List. In the United States, pure<br />
<br />
nicotine is available only with a prescription (Ott<br />
<br />
1993, 447*). In Germany, it is subject to the laws<br />
<br />
regarding dangerous substances but is not<br />
<br />
regarded as a "narcotic."</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="53%"><strong>Plants Containing Nicotine</strong><br />
<br />
(from Bock 1994,93*; Rampp 1995,2995*;<br />
<br />
Schultes and Raffauf 1991, 37*; supplemented)<br />
<table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><strong>Stock Plant</strong></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><strong>Plant Part(s)</strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">ARACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">Arum maculatum 1.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">herbage</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">(cuckoo pint)</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">ASCLEPIADACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">Asclepias syriaca 1.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">(Syrian milkweed)</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">EQUISETACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">Equisetum palustre 1.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">herbage</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">(marsh horsetail; cf.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">Equisetum arvense)</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">ERYTHROXYLACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">Erythroxylum coca</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">roots, stems</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">Erythroxylum spp.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">LEGUMINOSAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">Acacia retinodes Schlechtend.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">leaves</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">(cf. Acacia spp.)</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">Mucuna pruriens</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">leaves</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">LYCOPODIACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">Lycopodium spp. (club moss;</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">herbage</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">cf. Trichocereus pachanoi)</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">SOLANACEAE (NIGHTSHADES)</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">Cestrum spp. (cf. Cestrum ,</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">nocturnum Cestrum parqui)</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">Cyphomandra spp.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">Datura metel</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">herbage</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">Duboisia hopwoodii</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">leaves</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">Duboisia spp.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">leaves, bark</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">Nicotiana rustica</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">entire plant</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">Nicotiana tabacum</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">entire plant</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">Nicotiana spp.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
</table><br />
<strong> Literature</strong><br />
<br />
See also the entries for Nicotiana rustica, Nicotiana<br />
<br />
tabacum, and Nicotiana spp.<br />
<br />
Lee, Richard S., and Mary Price Lee. 1994. Caffeine<br />
<br />
and nicotine. New York: The Rosen Publishing<br />
<br />
Group.<br />
<br />
Schievelbein, H. 1972. Biochemischer<br />
<br />
Wirkungsmechanismus des Nikotins oder seiner<br />
<br />
Abbauprodukte hinsichtlich eines eventuellen<br />
<br />
carcinogenen, mutagenen oder teratogenen<br />
<br />
Effektes. Planta Medica 22:293-305.<br />
<br />
Shiffman, Saul. 1981. Tabakkonsum und<br />
<br />
Nikotinabhangigkeit. In Rausch und Realitiit, ed.<br />
<br />
G. Volger, 2:780-83. Cologne: RautenstrauchJoest-<br />
<br />
Museum fur Volkerkunde.</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
</table></div>
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