Morphine - Revision history

Reality: /* Negative */

2015-05-26T08:20:08Z

Negative

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:20, 26 May 2015
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	* Urinary retention (difficulty urinating)		* Urinary retention (difficulty urinating)

			* Potential psychosis from heavy use

	== Harm Reduction ==		== Harm Reduction ==

GrimReaper at 10:51, 11 March 2015

2015-03-11T10:51:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:51, 11 March 2015
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	[[Category:Depressant]]		[[Category:Depressant]]

			[[Category:Chemicals]]

GrimReaper at 15:48, 10 March 2015

2015-03-10T15:48:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:48, 10 March 2015
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	~~= General Information =~~		'''Morphine''' is an opiate used in the treatment of severe pain. It occurs naturally in the opium poppy and has a long history of human use.

	Morphine is an opiate used in the treatment of severe pain. It occurs naturally in the opium poppy and has a long history of human use.

	Morphine does not bind well to the encephalin receptors (to which the endorphins dock) but docks at the specific morphine (m) receptors (Hazum et al. 1981). It is most likely biosynthesized in the body from dopamine (Brossi 1991). Another closely related substance, codeine, is also endogenous in humans (Cardinale et al. 1987). Morphine is the best and strongest natural painkiller known. Its efficaciousness is surpassed only by that of the synthetic morphine analogues (heroin, fentanyl). Morphine is particularly well suited for treating chronic pain, such as in cancer therapy (Amann and Zenk 1996; Melzack 1991). Endogenous morphine constitutes the body's own pain medication: Studies on rats have shown that among animals who were suffering from arthritis, morphine concentrations in the spinal cord and urine were significantly elevated. Because of this, it is assumed today that the organism produces increased amounts of morphine in certain disease states. Consequently, endogenous morphine may serve to regulate pain in the organism. Morphine exists in animal and human tissue and is excreted in significant amounts in the urine. (Amann and Zenk 1996,24)		Morphine does not bind well to the encephalin receptors (to which the endorphins dock) but docks at the specific morphine (m) receptors (Hazum et al. 1981). It is most likely biosynthesized in the body from dopamine (Brossi 1991). Another closely related substance, codeine, is also endogenous in humans (Cardinale et al. 1987). Morphine is the best and strongest natural painkiller known. Its efficaciousness is surpassed only by that of the synthetic morphine analogues (heroin, fentanyl). Morphine is particularly well suited for treating chronic pain, such as in cancer therapy (Amann and Zenk 1996; Melzack 1991). Endogenous morphine constitutes the body's own pain medication: Studies on rats have shown that among animals who were suffering from arthritis, morphine concentrations in the spinal cord and urine were significantly elevated. Because of this, it is assumed today that the organism produces increased amounts of morphine in certain disease states. Consequently, endogenous morphine may serve to regulate pain in the organism. Morphine exists in animal and human tissue and is excreted in significant amounts in the urine. (Amann and Zenk 1996,24)
Line 13:		Line 11:
	During the Golden Twenties, the use of morphine in Berlin society circles was depicted in numerous pictures and illustrations (e.g., by Paul Kamm) that appeared in magazines. These illustrations played a great role in creating the stereotype of the "Morphinist" (cf. Papaver somniferum), who also became the object of literary treatments (Bulgaka 1971; Mac From 1931). Even the life story of the man who first discovered the substance, Friedrich Wilhelm Sertiirner, became the subject of a novel (Schumann-Ingolstadt n.d.). Heroin, a derivative of morphine, has also inspired a rich body of literature. One of the first of this was the novel Heroin, by Rudolf Brunngraber (1952*), which dealt with the role of heroin in Egypt during the Golden Twenties. Morphine was and still is a popular inebriant in the music scene (particularly that of jazz and rock). "Sister Morphine," a song by the Rolling Stones (Sticky Fingers, Virgin Records, 1971), is arguably the most famous hymn to the drug. Morphine, a crossover band that mixes elements of cool jazz and modern rock, took its name from the alkaloid, and one of its albums is titled Cure for Pain (Rykodisc, 1993).		During the Golden Twenties, the use of morphine in Berlin society circles was depicted in numerous pictures and illustrations (e.g., by Paul Kamm) that appeared in magazines. These illustrations played a great role in creating the stereotype of the "Morphinist" (cf. Papaver somniferum), who also became the object of literary treatments (Bulgaka 1971; Mac From 1931). Even the life story of the man who first discovered the substance, Friedrich Wilhelm Sertiirner, became the subject of a novel (Schumann-Ingolstadt n.d.). Heroin, a derivative of morphine, has also inspired a rich body of literature. One of the first of this was the novel Heroin, by Rudolf Brunngraber (1952*), which dealt with the role of heroin in Egypt during the Golden Twenties. Morphine was and still is a popular inebriant in the music scene (particularly that of jazz and rock). "Sister Morphine," a song by the Rolling Stones (Sticky Fingers, Virgin Records, 1971), is arguably the most famous hymn to the drug. Morphine, a crossover band that mixes elements of cool jazz and modern rock, took its name from the alkaloid, and one of its albums is titled Cure for Pain (Rykodisc, 1993).

	= Dosage =		== Dosage ==

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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	\|}		\|}

	= Duration =		== Duration ==

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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	\|}		\|}

	= Effects =		== Effects ==

	== Positive ==		=== Positive ===

	* Euphoria		* Euphoria
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	* Overall feeling of contentedness		* Overall feeling of contentedness

	== Neutral ==		=== Neutral ===

	* Itching		* Itching

	== Negative ==		=== Negative ===

	* Nausea		* Nausea
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	* Urinary retention (difficulty urinating)		* Urinary retention (difficulty urinating)

	= Harm Reduction =		== Harm Reduction ==

	* Do not mix with alcohol, benzodiazapines, or other CNS depressants		* Do not mix with alcohol, benzodiazapines, or other CNS depressants

Reality at 14:30, 16 July 2014

2014-07-16T14:30:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:30, 16 July 2014
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	Morphine is an opiate used in the treatment of severe pain. It occurs naturally in the opium poppy and has a long history of human use.		Morphine is an opiate used in the treatment of severe pain. It occurs naturally in the opium poppy and has a long history of human use.

	Morphine does not bind well to the encephalin receptors (to which the endorphins dock) but docks at the specific morphine (m) receptors (Hazum et al. 1981). It is most likely biosynthesized in the body from dopamine (Brossi 1991). Another closely related substance, codeine, is also endogenous in humans (Cardinale et al. 1987). Morphine is the best and strongest natural painkiller known. Its efficaciousness is surpassed only by that of the synthetic morphine ~~analogs~~ (heroin, fentanyl). Morphine is particularly well suited for treating chronic pain, such as in cancer therapy (Amann and Zenk 1996; Melzack 1991). Endogenous morphine constitutes the body's own pain medication: Studies on rats have shown that among animals who were suffering from arthritis, morphine concentrations in the spinal cord and urine were significantly elevated. Because of this, it is assumed today that the organism produces increased amounts of morphine in certain disease states. Consequently, endogenous morphine may serve to regulate pain in the organism. Morphine exists in animal and human tissue and is excreted in significant amounts in the urine. (Amann and Zenk 1996,24)		Morphine does not bind well to the encephalin receptors (to which the endorphins dock) but docks at the specific morphine (m) receptors (Hazum et al. 1981). It is most likely biosynthesized in the body from dopamine (Brossi 1991). Another closely related substance, codeine, is also endogenous in humans (Cardinale et al. 1987). Morphine is the best and strongest natural painkiller known. Its efficaciousness is surpassed only by that of the synthetic morphine analogues (heroin, fentanyl). Morphine is particularly well suited for treating chronic pain, such as in cancer therapy (Amann and Zenk 1996; Melzack 1991). Endogenous morphine constitutes the body's own pain medication: Studies on rats have shown that among animals who were suffering from arthritis, morphine concentrations in the spinal cord and urine were significantly elevated. Because of this, it is assumed today that the organism produces increased amounts of morphine in certain disease states. Consequently, endogenous morphine may serve to regulate pain in the organism. Morphine exists in animal and human tissue and is excreted in significant amounts in the urine. (Amann and Zenk 1996,24)

	About 30 mg orally represents an effective dosage. Habitual morphine users may use as much as 1 g per day (Hirschfeld and Linsert 1930,255*): It is known that opium eaters experience a significant increase in sexual functions during the initial period of opium consumption. During opium inebriation, erotic images appear and may even include extraordinary sexual fantasies. The effects of morphine are similar, where an increase in sexual excitability was observed following several weeks of taking 0.03 to 0.06 g per day. (Max Marcuse, 1923, Handworterbuch der Sexualwissenschaft [Handbook of Sexual Sciences] ) When used for sedation, in anesthesia, and for calming and antispasmodic purposes, pharmaceutical preparations of morphine hydrochloride and atropine sulfate or morphine hydrochloride and scopolamine hydrobromide are used-the final reminders of the recipes for the former soporific sponges.		About 30 mg orally represents an effective dosage. Habitual morphine users may use as much as 1 g per day (Hirschfeld and Linsert 1930,255*): It is known that opium eaters experience a significant increase in sexual functions during the initial period of opium consumption. During opium inebriation, erotic images appear and may even include extraordinary sexual fantasies. The effects of morphine are similar, where an increase in sexual excitability was observed following several weeks of taking 0.03 to 0.06 g per day. (Max Marcuse, 1923, Handworterbuch der Sexualwissenschaft [Handbook of Sexual Sciences] ) When used for sedation, in anesthesia, and for calming and antispasmodic purposes, pharmaceutical preparations of morphine hydrochloride and atropine sulfate or morphine hydrochloride and scopolamine hydrobromide are used-the final reminders of the recipes for the former soporific sponges.
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	= Dosage =		= Dosage =

	== Oral ==		{\| class="wikitable"
			\|+ Oral
	Light: 10mg		\|-
			\| Light \|\| 10mg
	Common: 15-20mg		\|-
			\| Common \|\| 15-20mg
	Strong~~: 30~~+mg		\|-
			\| Strong \|\| 30mg+
			\|}

	= Duration =		= Duration =

	== Oral ==		{\| class="wikitable"
			\|+ Oral
	IR ~~Onset:~~ 10-30 minutes		\|-
			\| Onset (IR) \|\| 10-30 minutes
	ER ~~Onset:~~ 40-80 minutes		\|-
			\| Onset (ER) \|\| 40-80 minutes
	Total ~~Duration:~~ 4-6 hours		\|-
			\| Total \|\| 4-6 hours
	~~== Insufflated ==~~		\|}

	~~Onset: 10-30 minutes~~

	~~Total Duration: 4-5 hours~~

	~~== Rectal ==~~

	~~Onset: 10-30 minutes~~

	~~Total Duration: 3-4 hours~~

	=~~= Intravenous/Instramuscular ==~~		{\| class="wikitable"
			\|+ Insufflated
			\|-
			\| Onset \|\| 10-30 minutes
			\|-
			\| Total \|\| 4-5 hours
			\|}

	Onset~~: Near immediate~~		{\| class="wikitable"
			\|+ Rectal
			\|-
			\| Onset \|\| 10-30 minutes
			\|-
			\| Total \|\| 3-4 hours
			\|}

	Total ~~Duration:~~ 2-4 hours.		{\| class="wikitable"
			\|+ Intravenous & Intramuscular
			\|-
			\| Onset \|\| Nearly immediate
			\|-
			\| Total \|\| 2-4 hours
			\|}

	= Effects =		= Effects =

GrimReaper at 20:45, 25 May 2014

2014-05-25T20:45:18Z

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 = General Information =
-Other Names: 4,5a-epoxy-17-methyl-7-morphinen-3,6a-diol, morfina, morphin, morphinium, morphium
-Substance type: opium alkaloid
+Morphine is an opiate used in the treatment of severe pain. It occurs naturally in the opium poppy and has a long history of human use.
 == History ==
-About 30 mg orally represents an effective dosage. Habitual morphine users may use as much as 1 g per day (Hirschfeld and Linsert 1930,255*): It is known that opium eaters experience a significant increase in sexual functions during the initial period of opium consumption. During opium inebriation, erotic images appear and may even include extraordinary sexual fantasies.... The effects of morphine are similar, where an increase in sexual excitability was observed following several weeks of taking 0.03 to 0.06 g per day. (Max Marcuse, 1923, Handworterbuch der Sexualwissenschaft [Handbook of Sexual Sciences] ) When used for sedation, in anesthesia, and for calming and antispasmodic purposes, pharmaceutical preparations of morphine hydrochloride and atropine sulfate or morphine hydrochloride and scopolamine hydrobromide are used-the final reminders of the recipes for the former soporific sponges. During the Golden Twenties, the use of morphine in Berlin society circles was depicted in numerous pictures and illustrations (e.g., by Paul Kamm) that appeared in magazines. These illustrations played a great role in creating the stereotype of the "Morphinist" (cf. Papaver somniferum), who also became the object of literary treatments (Bulgaka 1971; Mac From 1931). Even the life story of the man who first discovered the substance,
+Sometime around 1803 and 1804, Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner (1783-1841), a pharmacist's assistant, first isolated morphine as the "sleep-inducing principle" in opium (cf. Papaver somniferum, opium alkaloids). This achievement was the most important "quantum leap" in the history of pharmacology and represents the beginning of the true chemical investigation of plants. Today, the Serturner Medal is still awarded for exceptional work in pharmaceutics. Morphine may also be present in Papaver decaisnei Hochst., Papaver dubium 1. [syn. Papaver modestum Jordan, Papaver obtusifolium Desf.], and Papaver hybridum 1. (Slavik and Slavikova 1980). Whether morphine occurs in Argemone mexicana and other Papaver species (Papaver spp.) is doubtful, while the idea that hops (Humulus lupulus) contains morphine is a figment of someone's imagination. Tiny traces of the substance have been found in hay and lettuce (cf. Lactuca virosa) (Amann and Zenk 1996, 19). Morphine has also been detected in the skin of Bufo marinus toads (cf. bufotenine) (Amann and Zenk 1996, 18). Since the time when morphine was first detected in breast milk, cow's milk, and human cerebrospinal fluid, it has been known that it is a natural endogenous neurotransmitter in higher vertebrates, including humans (Amann and Zenk 1996; Cardinale et al. 1987; Hazum et al. 1981).
-Friedrich Wilhelm Sertiirner, became the subject of a novel (Schumann-Ingolstadt n.d.). Heroin, a derivative of morphine, has also inspired a rich body of literature. One of the first of this was the novel Heroin, by Rudolf Brunngraber (1952*), which dealt with the role of heroin in Egypt during the Golden Twenties. Morphine was and still is a popular inebriant in the music scene (particularly that of jazz and rock). "Sister Morphine," a song by the Rolling Stones (Sticky Fingers, Virgin Records, 1971), is arguably the most famous hymn to the drug. Morphine, a crossover band that mixes elements of cool jazz and modern rock, took its name from the alkaloid, and one of its albums is titled Cure for Pain (Rykodisc, 1993).
+* Do not drive or operate heavy machinery
 [[Category:Drugs]]

GrimReaper at 13:19, 20 May 2014

2014-05-20T13:19:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:19, 20 May 2014
Line 9:		Line 9:

	Friedrich Wilhelm Sertiirner, became the subject of a novel (Schumann-Ingolstadt n.d.). Heroin, a derivative of morphine, has also inspired a rich body of literature. One of the first of this was the novel Heroin, by Rudolf Brunngraber (1952*), which dealt with the role of heroin in Egypt during the Golden Twenties. Morphine was and still is a popular inebriant in the music scene (particularly that of jazz and rock). "Sister Morphine," a song by the Rolling Stones (Sticky Fingers, Virgin Records, 1971), is arguably the most famous hymn to the drug. Morphine, a crossover band that mixes elements of cool jazz and modern rock, took its name from the alkaloid, and one of its albums is titled Cure for Pain (Rykodisc, 1993).		Friedrich Wilhelm Sertiirner, became the subject of a novel (Schumann-Ingolstadt n.d.). Heroin, a derivative of morphine, has also inspired a rich body of literature. One of the first of this was the novel Heroin, by Rudolf Brunngraber (1952*), which dealt with the role of heroin in Egypt during the Golden Twenties. Morphine was and still is a popular inebriant in the music scene (particularly that of jazz and rock). "Sister Morphine," a song by the Rolling Stones (Sticky Fingers, Virgin Records, 1971), is arguably the most famous hymn to the drug. Morphine, a crossover band that mixes elements of cool jazz and modern rock, took its name from the alkaloid, and one of its albums is titled Cure for Pain (Rykodisc, 1993).

			[[Category:Drugs]]

			[[Category:Opioid]]

			[[Category:Depressant]]

GrimReaper at 11:23, 20 May 2014

2014-05-20T11:23:31Z

Show changes

205.56.181.196 at 18:36, 13 January 2013

2013-01-13T18:36:33Z

Show changes

205.56.181.196: Created page with "

..."
2013-01-13T18:34:18Z

Created page with " <table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td valign="top" width="50%">..."

New page

<table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">

<tr>
<td valign="top" width="50%">Other Names

4,5a-epoxy-17-methyl-7-morphinen-3,6a-diol,

morfina, morphin, morphinium, morphium

Substance type: opium alkaloid

Sometime around 1803 and 1804, Friedrich

Wilhelm Adam Serturner (1783-1841), a

pharmacist's assistant, first isolated morphine as

the "sleep-inducing principle" in opium (cf.

Papaver somniferum, opium alkaloids). This

achievement was the most important "quantum

leap" in the history of pharmacology and represents the beginning of the true chemical investigation

of plants. Today, the Serturner Medal is still

awarded for exceptional work in pharmaceutics.

Morphine may also be present in Papaver

decaisnei Hochst., Papaver dubium 1. [syn. Papaver

modestum Jordan, Papaver obtusifolium Desf.],

and Papaver hybridum 1. (Slavik and Slavikova

1980). Whether morphine occurs in Argemone

mexicana and other Papaver species (Papaver

spp.) is doubtful, while the idea that hops (Humulus

lupulus) contains morphine is a figment of

someone's imagination. Tiny traces of the

substance have been found in hay and lettuce (cf.

Lactuca virosa) (Amann and Zenk 1996, 19).

Morphine has also been detected in the skin of Bufo marinus toads (cf. bufotenine) (Amann and

Zenk 1996, 18).

Since the time when morphine was first

detected in breast milk, cow's milk, and human

cerebrospinal fluid, it has been known that it is a

natural endogenous neurotransmitter in higher

vertebrates, including humans (Amann and Zenk

1996; Cardinale et al. 1987; Hazum et al. 1981).

Morphine does not bind well to the encephalin

receptors (to which the endorphins dock) but

docks at the specific morphine (m) receptors

(Hazum et al. 1981). It is most likely biosynthesized

in the body from dopamine (Brossi 1991).

Another closely related substance, codeine, is also

endogenous in humans (Cardinale et al. 1987).

Morphine is the best and strongest natural

painkiller known. Its efficaciousness is surpassed

only by that of the synthetic morphine analogs

(heroin, fentanyl). Morphine is particularly well

suited for treating chronic pain, such as in cancer

therapy (Amann and Zenk 1996; Melzack 1991).

Endogenous morphine constitutes the body's own

pain medication:

Studies on rats have shown that among

animals who were suffering from arthritis,

morphine concentrations in the spinal cord

and urine were significantly elevated. Because

of this, it is assumed today that the organism

produces increased amounts of morphine in

certain disease states. Consequently, endogenous

morphine may serve to regulate pain

in the organism. Morphine exists in animal

and human tissue and is excreted in significant

amounts in the urine. (Amann and Zenk

1996,24)

About 30 mg orally represents an effective

dosage. Habitual morphine users may use as much

as 1 g per day (Hirschfeld and Linsert 1930,255):

It is known that opium eaters experience a

significant increase in sexual functions during

the initial period of opium consumption.

During opium inebriation, erotic images

appear and may even include extraordinary

sexual fantasies.... The effects of morphine

are similar, where an increase in sexual

excitability was observed following several

weeks of taking 0.03 to 0.06 g per day. (Max

Marcuse, 1923, Handworterbuch der Sexualwissenschaft

[Handbook of Sexual Sciences] )

When used for sedation, in anesthesia, and for

calming and antispasmodic purposes, pharmaceutical

preparations of morphine hydrochloride and

atropine sulfate or morphine hydrochloride and scopolamine

hydrobromide are used-the final

reminders of the recipes for the former soporific

sponges.

During the Golden Twenties, the use of morphine

in Berlin society circles was depicted in

numerous pictures and illustrations (e.g., by Paul

Kamm) that appeared in magazines. These illustrations

played a great role in creating the stereotype

of the "Morphinist" (cf. Papaver somniferum),

who also became the object of literary treatments

(Bulgaka 1971; Mac From 1931). Even the life

story of the man who first discovered the substance,

Friedrich Wilhelm Sertiirner, became the

subject of a novel (Schumann-Ingolstadt n.d.).

Heroin, a derivative of morphine, has also inspired

a rich body of literature. One of the first of this

was the novel Heroin, by Rudolf Brunngraber

(1952), which dealt with the role of heroin in

Egypt during the Golden Twenties.

Morphine was and still is a popular inebriant

in the music scene (particularly that of jazz and

rock). "Sister Morphine," a song by the Rolling

Stones (Sticky Fingers, Virgin Records, 1971), is

arguably the most famous hymn to the drug.

Morphine, a crossover band that mixes elements

of cool jazz and modern rock, took its name from

the alkaloid, and one of its albums is titled Cure for

Pain (Rykodisc, 1993).</td>
<td valign="top" width="53%">Cacti Containing Mescaline

(from Doetsch et al. 1980; La Barre 1979; Mata and McLaughlin 1982; Shulgin 1995; Lundstrom

1971; Pardanini et al. 1978; Ott 1993*; Turner and Heyman 1960)
<table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">

<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Species</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Occurrence</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Use</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Gymnocalycium gibbosum (Haw.) Pfeiffer</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Argentina</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Gymnocalycium leeanum (Hook.) Br. et R.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Argentina, Uruguay</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Islaya minor Backeb.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">southern Peru</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Lophophora diffusa (Croizat) Bravo</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Mexico</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">peyote substitute</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">[syn. Lophophora echinata]</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Lophophora jourdaniana [nom. nud.]</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Lophophora williamsii (Lem.) Coult.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Mexico</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">entheogen</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">[syn. Lophophora fricii Habermann]</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Myrtillocactus geometrizans (Mart.) Cons.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Mexico</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Opuntia acanthocarpa Engelm. et Bigel.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Opuntia basilaria Engelm. et Bigel.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Opuntia cylindrica (Lam.) S.-D.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Chile</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">inebriant502</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Opuntia echinocarpa Engelm. et Bigel.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Mexico, Egypt503</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">food</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Opuntia imbricata (Haw.) DC.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Arizona</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Opuntia spinosior (Engelm.) Tourney</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Arizona</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Pelecyphora aselliformis Ehrenb.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Mexico</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">peyote substitute</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Pereskia corrugata Cutak</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Florida</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Pereskia tampicana Web.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Mexico</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Pereskiopsis scandens Br. et R.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Yucatan</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Polaskia chende (Gossel.) Gibs.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">California</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Polaskia sp.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">California</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Pterocereus gaumeri (Br. et R.) Mac-Doug. et Mir.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">California</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Pterocereus sp.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">California</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Stenocereus beneckei (Ehrenb.) Buxbaum</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">California</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Stenocereus eruca (Brand.) Gibs. et Horak</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Baja California</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Stenocereus stellatus (Pfeiffer) Rice</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">California</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Stenocereus treleasei (Br. et R.) Backeb.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">California</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Stenocereus sp.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Stetsonia coryne (SD.) Br. et R.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Argentina</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Trichocereus bridgesii (SD.) Br. et R.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Peru, Bolivia</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">entheogen</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Trichocereus cuscoensis Br. et R.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Peru</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Trichocereus fulvinanus Ritt.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Chile</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Trichocereus macrogonus (SD.) Ricc.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Peru</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Trichocereus pachanoi Br. et R.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Peru, Ecuador</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">entheogen</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Trichocereus peruvianus Br. et R.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Peru</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">entheogen</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Trichocereus spachianus (Lem.) Rice.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Indiana (cultivated)</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Trichocereus strigosus (SD.) Br. et R.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Argentina</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Trichocereus taquimbalensis Card.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Peru</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Trichocereus terscheckii (Parm.) Br. et R.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Peru, northwestern</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Trichocereus validus (Monv.) Backbg.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Argentina</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">Trichocereus werdermannianus Backbg.</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">Peru, Bolivia</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"> </td>
</tr>

</table>
Commercial Forms and Regulations

Morphine is available from pharmacies in the

form of morphine hydrochloride. Although morphine

is covered by narcotics laws, it can be

obtained with a special prescription. In the United

States, morphine is a Schedule II substance.



Literature

See also the entries for Papaver somniferum and

Papaver spp.

Amann, Tobias, and Meinhart H. Zenk. 1996.

Endogenes Morphin: Schmerzmittelsynthese in

Mensch und Tier. Deutsche Apotheker Zeitung 136

(7): 17-25. (Contains a very good bibliography.)

Brossi, Arnold. 1991. Mammalian alkaloids:

Conversions of tetrahydroisoquinoline-1carboxylic

acid derived from dopamin. Planta

Medica 57 suppl. (1): 93 ff.

Bulgaka, M. 1971. Morphium Erzahlungen. Zurich:

Arche Verlag.

Cardinale, George J., Josef Donnerer, A. Donald

Finck, Joel D. Kantrowitz, Kazuhiro Oka, and

Sydney Spector. 1987. Morphine and codeine are

endogenous compounds of human cerebrospinal

fluid. Life Sciences 40:301-6.

Fairbain, J. W., S. S. Handa, E. Giirkan, and J. D.

Phillipson. 1978. In vitro conversion of morphine

to its N-oxide in Papaver somniferum latex.

Phytochemistry 172:261-62.

Ferres, H. 1926. Gefahrliche Betaubungsmittel:

Morphium und Kokain. In Bibliothek der

Unterhaltung und des Wissens, 5:136-44.

Stuttgart: Union Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft.

Hazum, Eli, Julie J. Sabatka, Kwen-Jen Chang, David

A. Brent, John W. A. Findlay, and Pedro

Cuatrecasas. 1981. Morphine in cow and human

milk: Could dietary morphine constitute a ligand

for specific morphine (m) receptors? Science

213:1010-12.

Kramer, John C. 1980. The opiates: Two centuries of

scientific study. Journal ofPsychedelic Drugs 12

(2): 89-103.

Mac From, ed. 1931. Taglich 5 Gramm MorphiumAufzeichnungen

eines Morphinisten. BerlinPankow:

A. H. Muller.

Melzack, Ronald. 1991. Morphium und schwere

chronische Schmerzen. Offprint of Spektrum der

Wissenschaft. Heidelberg: Spektrum der

Wissenschaft Verlag.

Schmitz, Rudolf. 1983. Friedrich Wilhelm A.

Serturner und die Morphinentdeckung.

Pharmazeutische Zeitung 128:1350-59.

Schuhmann-Ingolstadt, Otto. n.d. Morphium:

Lebensroman des Entdeckers. Berlin and

Frankfurt/M.: Deutscher Apothekerverlag.

Slavik. J., and 1. Slavikov<i. 1976. Occurrence of

morphin as a minor alkaloid in Papaver decaisnei

Hochst. Collection Czechoslov. Chem. Commun.

45:2706-9.</td>
</tr>

</table>