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<table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="50%"><strong>Other Names</strong><br />
<br />
Mescalin, meskalin, mezcalin, mezkalin, 3,4,5-trimethoxy-<br />
<br />
benzolmethanamine, 3,4,S-trimethoxyf3-<br />
<br />
phenethylamine, 3,4,5-trimethoxyethyl- phenylamine,<br />
<br />
TMPFA, 2-(3,4,S-trimethoxy-phenyl)ethylamine<br />
<br />
Empirical formula: CllH17N03<br />
<br />
Substance type: lophophora alkaloid, f3-phenethylamine<br />
<br />
Mescaline was first isolated in 1886 from "mescal<br />
<br />
buttons;' the aboveground parts of the peyote<br />
<br />
cactus (Lophophora williamsii), and was named<br />
<br />
after them. Mescaline is the most thoroughly<br />
<br />
studied of all psychoactive plant constituents. In<br />
<br />
the period between 1886 and 1950, more than one<br />
<br />
hundred mescaline research studies were published<br />
<br />
in the German language alone (Passie<br />
<br />
1994). This alkaloid was found to be a component<br />
<br />
of numerous cacti (see the table on page 847). And<br />
<br />
it is possible that mescaline is produced from<br />
<br />
dopamine in vitro (Paul et al. 1969; Rosenberg et<br />
<br />
al. 1969).<br />
<br />
Arthur Heffter was the first person to initially<br />
<br />
test an isolated plant constituent on himself (Heffter<br />
<br />
1894). The classic Heffter dosage consisted of 150<br />
<br />
mg mescaline hydrochloride (HCL). A psychedelic<br />
<br />
dosage is now considered to be 178 to 256 mg of<br />
<br />
mescaline HCL or 200 to 400 mg of mescaline<br />
<br />
sulfate. The highest measured dosage reported in<br />
<br />
the literature was 1,500 mg. Taken orally,S mg/kg<br />
<br />
of pure mescaline is regarded as a hallucinogenic<br />
<br />
dosage. In the toxicological literature, there is no<br />
<br />
known lethal dosage of mescaline when it is<br />
<br />
ingested orally (Brown and Malone 1978, 14).<br />
<br />
Western psychiatry has been aware of<br />
<br />
consciousness-altering drugs since the nineteenth<br />
<br />
century. Mescaline was the first substance to be<br />
<br />
tested and applied in psychiatry. At the time,<br />
<br />
researchers regarded the effects of mescaline on a healthy subject as inducing a state that was otherwise<br />
<br />
known only in psychopathic patients. This<br />
<br />
led to the idea of pharmacologically induced<br />
<br />
"model psychoses" (Leuner 1962*). The effects of<br />
<br />
mescaline (and also of psilocybin) were described<br />
<br />
as "intoxication, toxic ecstasy, clouding of consciousness,<br />
<br />
hallucinosis, model psychosis, drug<br />
<br />
intoxication, emphasis, daydream;' et cetera<br />
<br />
(Passie 1994). Only in recent years has there been a<br />
<br />
shift in thinking away from the model psychosis<br />
<br />
concept and a recognition that psychedelic states<br />
<br />
and psychoses do not have a common origin<br />
<br />
(HermIe et al. 1988*, 1992*, 1993*).<br />
<br />
The predominant effects of mescaline are a<br />
<br />
"reveling of the individual senses and primarily<br />
<br />
visual orgies" (Ellis 1971, 21). The mescaline<br />
<br />
inebriation was first systematically described by<br />
<br />
Kurt Beringer in 1927. To date, there have been<br />
<br />
many encounters with the substance, and the most<br />
<br />
commonly reported experiences are ecstatic and<br />
<br />
visionary in nature:<br />
<br />
My awareness of subject and object<br />
<br />
disappeared, and I felt dissolved, rising in an<br />
<br />
orchestra of sounds. This ecstatic state was<br />
<br />
accompanied by an indescribable sensation of<br />
<br />
happiness. (Ammon and Gotte 1971,32)<br />
<br />
It has often been suggested that pure mescaline<br />
<br />
can be taken in place of Lophophora williamsii.<br />
<br />
"However, most peyote users are of the opinion<br />
<br />
that synthetic mescaline cannot be compared with<br />
<br />
the effects of peyote" (Harp 1996, 16).<br />
<br />
<strong>On the Cultural History of Mescaline</strong><br />
<br />
Aldous Huxley (1894-1963) made the psychedelic<br />
<br />
effects of mescaline famous in his two essays "The<br />
<br />
Doors of Perception" and "Heaven and Hell:'<br />
<br />
Usually the person taking mescaline will<br />
<br />
discover an inner world that is so obviously<br />
<br />
something given, so enlighteningly eternal<br />
<br />
and sacred, as the transformed outer world<br />
<br />
that I had perceived with my eyes open.<br />
<br />
(Huxley 1970,32*)<br />
<br />
It is very likely that Hermann Hesse also had<br />
<br />
contact with mescaline, and that it may have<br />
<br />
inspired his novel SteppenwolJ, one of the cult<br />
<br />
books of the hippie generation. The psychedelic<br />
<br />
rock band Steppenwolf took its name from the<br />
<br />
book, and the novel also became a motion picture<br />
<br />
starring Max von Sydow (USA 1974).<br />
<br />
Nationalgalerie, a German New Wave band,<br />
<br />
sings on its album Mescaline, "To be transformed by a trickster fairy. My lawyer advised me to take<br />
<br />
some mescaline" (Sony Records, 1995).<br />
<br />
The French novelist and artist Henri Michaux<br />
<br />
(1899-1984) studied mescaline during the 1960s<br />
<br />
and ingested it to see what effects it might have<br />
<br />
upon his creativity. Like many other FrenchJmen,<br />
<br />
however, he summarized his experience as an<br />
<br />
"accursed miracle" and scribbled his experiences of inner turmoil on paper (Michaux 1986). Today,<br />
<br />
these "drawings" are still reproduced in publications<br />
<br />
as an example of the "psychosis-like"<br />
<br />
effects of mescaline.<br />
<br />
&nbsp;</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="53%"><strong>Cacti Containing Mescaline</strong><br />
<br />
(from Doetsch et al. 1980; La Barre 1979; Mata and McLaughlin 1982*; Shulgin 1995*; Lundstrom<br />
<br />
1971; Pardanini et al. 1978; Ott 1993*; Turner and Heyman 1960)<br />
<table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><strong>Species</strong></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><strong>Occurrence</strong></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><strong>Use</strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Gymnocalycium gibbosum </em>(Haw.) Pfeiffer</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Argentina</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Gymnocalycium leeanum </em>(Hook.) Br. et R.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Argentina, Uruguay</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Islaya minor </em>Backeb.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">southern Peru</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Lophophora diffusa </em>(Croizat) Bravo</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Mexico</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">peyote substitute</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">[syn. <em>Lophophora echinata]</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Lophophora jourdaniana </em>[nom. nud.]</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Lophophora williamsii </em>(Lem.) Coult.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Mexico</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">entheogen</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">[syn. <em>Lophophora fricii </em>Habermann]</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Myrtillocactus geometrizans </em>(Mart.) Cons.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Mexico</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Opuntia acanthocarpa </em>Engelm. et Bigel.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Opuntia basilaria </em>Engelm. et Bigel.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Opuntia cylindrica </em>(Lam.) S.-D.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Chile</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">inebriant502</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Opuntia echinocarpa </em>Engelm. et Bigel.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Opuntia ficus-indica </em>(L.) Mill.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Mexico, Egypt503</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">food</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Opuntia imbricata </em>(Haw.) DC.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Arizona</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Opuntia spinosior </em>(Engelm.) Tourney</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Arizona</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Pelecyphora aselliformis </em>Ehrenb.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Mexico</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">peyote substitute</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Pereskia corrugata </em>Cutak</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Florida</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Pereskia tampicana </em>Web.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Mexico</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Pereskiopsis scandens </em>Br. et R.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Yucatan</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Polaskia chende </em>(Gossel.) Gibs.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">California</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Polaskia </em>sp.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">California</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Pterocereus gaumeri </em>(Br. et R.) Mac-Doug. et Mir.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">California</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Pterocereus </em>sp.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">California</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Stenocereus beneckei </em>(Ehrenb.) Buxbaum</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">California</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Stenocereus eruca </em>(Brand.) Gibs. et Horak</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Baja California</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Stenocereus stellatus </em>(Pfeiffer) Rice</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">California</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Stenocereus treleasei </em>(Br. et R.) Backeb.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">California</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Stenocereus </em>sp.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Stetsonia coryne </em>(SD.) Br. et R.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Argentina</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Trichocereus bridgesii </em>(SD.) Br. et R.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Peru, Bolivia</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">entheogen</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Trichocereus cuscoensis </em>Br. et R.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Peru</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Trichocereus fulvinanus </em>Ritt.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Chile</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Trichocereus macrogonus </em>(SD.) Ricc.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Peru</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Trichocereus pachanoi </em>Br. et R.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Peru, Ecuador</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">entheogen</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Trichocereus peruvianus </em>Br. et R.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Peru</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">entheogen</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Trichocereus spachianus </em>(Lem.) Rice.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Indiana (cultivated)</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Trichocereus strigosus </em>(SD.) Br. et R.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Argentina</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Trichocereus taquimbalensis </em>Card.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Peru</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Trichocereus terscheckii </em>(Parm.) Br. et R.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Peru, northwestern</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Trichocereus validus </em>(Monv.) Backbg.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Argentina</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="213"><em>Trichocereus werdermannianus </em>Backbg.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">Peru, Bolivia</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="213">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
</table><br />
<strong>Commercial Forms and Regulations<br />
<br />
</strong>Mescaline is available primarily as a hydrochloride<br />
<br />
or sulfate. In Germany, it is considered a "narcotic in which trafficking is prohibited." In the United<br />
<br />
States, the Controlled Substances Act lists mescaline<br />
<br />
as a Schedule I substance (Korner 1994,38*).<br />
<br />
<strong><br />
<br />
Literature</strong><br />
<br />
See also the entries for Lophophora williamsii,<br />
<br />
Trichocereus pachanoi, Trichocereus spp., and ~phenethylamines.<br />
<br />
Ammon, Gunter, and Jurgen Gotte. 1971. Ergebnisse<br />
<br />
fruher Meskalin-Forschung. In<br />
<br />
BewuBtseinserweiternde Drogen aus<br />
<br />
psychoanalytischer Sicht, special issue,<br />
<br />
Dynamische Psychiatrie, 23-45.<br />
<br />
Beringer, Kurt. 1927. Der Meskalinrausch. Berlin:<br />
<br />
Springer. Repr. 1969.<br />
<br />
Blofeld, John. 1966. A high yogic experience achieved<br />
<br />
with meskalin. Psychedelic Review 7:27-32.<br />
<br />
Doetsch, P. W., J. M. Cassidy, and J. L. McLaughlin.<br />
<br />
1980. Cactus alkaloids. XL: Identification of<br />
<br />
mescaline and other phenethylamines in Pereskia,<br />
<br />
Pereskiopsis and Islaya by use of fluorescamine<br />
<br />
conjugates. Journal ofChromotography 189:79.<br />
<br />
Ellis, Havelock. 1971. Zum Phanomen der MeskalinIntoxikation,<br />
<br />
Bemerkungen zum Problem der<br />
<br />
Meskalin-Intoxikation. In<br />
<br />
BewuBtseinserweiternde Drogen aus<br />
<br />
psychoanalytischer Sicht, special issue,<br />
<br />
Dynamische Psychiatrie, 17-22.<br />
<br />
Frederking, W. 1954. Meskalin in der Psychotherapie.<br />
<br />
Medizinischer Monatsspiegel, 3:5-7.<br />
<br />
Harf, Jurgen C. 1996. Meskalin und Peyote. Grow!<br />
<br />
6/96: 15-16.<br />
<br />
Heffter, Arthur. 1894. aber zwei Kakteenalkaloide.<br />
<br />
Berichte der deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft<br />
<br />
27:2975.<br />
<br />
Kluver) Heinrich. 1926. Mescal vision and eidetic<br />
<br />
vision. American Journal ofPsych0 logy 37:502-15.<br />
<br />
---. 1969. Mescal and mechanisms of<br />
<br />
hallucinations. Chicago: The University of<br />
<br />
Chicago Press.<br />
<br />
La Barre, Weston. 1979. Peyotl and mescaline.<br />
<br />
Journal ofPsychedelic Drugs 11 (1-2): 33-39.<br />
<br />
Lundstrom, Jan. 1971. Biosynthetic studies on<br />
<br />
mescaline and related cactus alkaloids. Acta<br />
<br />
Pharm. Suecica 8:275-302.<br />
<br />
Michaux, Henri. 1986. Unseliges Wunder: Das<br />
<br />
Meskalin. Munich and Vienna: Carl Hanser.<br />
<br />
Pardanani, J. H., B. N. Meyer, and J. L. McLaughlin.<br />
<br />
1978. Cactus alkaloids. XXXVII. Mescaline and<br />
<br />
related compounds from Opuntia spinosior.<br />
<br />
Lloydia 41 (3): 286-88.<br />
<br />
Passie, Torsten. 1994. Ausrichtungen, Methoden und<br />
<br />
Ergebnisse fruher Meskalinforschungen im<br />
<br />
deutschsprachigen Raum (bis 1950). In Jahrbuch<br />
<br />
des Europiiischen Collegiums fur<br />
<br />
Bewufltseinsstudien (1993/1994), 103-11. Berlin:<br />
<br />
VWB.<br />
<br />
Paul., A.G., H. Rosenberg, and K. L. Khanna. 1969.<br />
<br />
The roles of 3,4,5-trihydroxy-~-phenethylamine<br />
<br />
and 3,4-dimethoxy-~-phenethylaminein their<br />
<br />
biosynthesis of mescaline. Lloydia 32 (1): 36-39.<br />
<br />
Rosenberg, H., K. L. Khanna, M. Takido, and A. G.<br />
<br />
Paul. 1969. The biosynthesis of mescaline in<br />
<br />
Lophophora williamsii. Lloydia 32 (3): 334-38.<br />
<br />
Turner, W. J., and J. J. Heyman. 1960. The presence of<br />
<br />
mescaline in Opuntia cylindrica. Journal of<br />
<br />
Organic Chemistry 25:2250.<br />
<br />
Wallraff, Gunter. 1968. Meskalin-Ein Selbstversuch.<br />
<br />
Berlin: Verlag Peter-Paul Zahl.</td><br />
</tr></div>
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