https://wiki.tripsit.me/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Essential_Oils
Essential Oils - Revision history
2026-05-02T08:10:42Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
MediaWiki 1.44.0
https://wiki.tripsit.me/index.php?title=Essential_Oils&diff=4177&oldid=prev
GrimReaper at 07:37, 11 March 2015
2015-03-11T07:37:41Z
<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 02:37, 11 March 2015</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l812">Line 812:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 812:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></tr></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></tr></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></table></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></table></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Ethnobotanical]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<!-- diff cache key tripsit-mediawiki_:diff:1.41:old-508:rev-4177:php=table -->
</table>
GrimReaper
https://wiki.tripsit.me/index.php?title=Essential_Oils&diff=508&oldid=prev
66.130.115.121: Created page with "<table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td valign="top" width="50%"><strong>Ot..."
2013-02-02T20:27:47Z
<p>Created page with "<table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td valign="top" width="50%"><strong>Ot..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div><table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="50%"><strong>Other Names</strong><br />
<br />
Aroma, atherische ole, atherischal, essence, essenz,<br />
<br />
etherisches aI, volatile oil<br />
<br />
Essential oils are complex mixtures of carbohydrates,<br />
<br />
alcohols, ketones, acids and esters, ethers,<br />
<br />
aldehydes, and sulfur compounds that are volatile<br />
<br />
and evaporate at low temperatures. Essential oils<br />
<br />
can exhibit tremendous variation in their composition.<br />
<br />
Each specific mixture produces its own<br />
<br />
characteristic scent. For the most part, essential<br />
<br />
oils are distilled from raw drugs or stock plants<br />
<br />
through a variety of techniques. Essential oils are<br />
<br />
used medicinally in what has become known as<br />
<br />
aromatherapy. This healing system was founded by<br />
<br />
Rene-Maurice Gattefosse (1881-1950) and is<br />
<br />
gaining increasing recognition throughout the<br />
<br />
world (Carle 1993; Henglein 1985; Kraus 1990;<br />
<br />
Strassmann 1991).<br />
<br />
Many psychoactive plants contain essential oils.<br />
<br />
They are sometimes the only active constituents,<br />
<br />
while sometimes they occur only in trace amounts.<br />
<br />
Several components are present in the essential oils<br />
<br />
of most plants that have unequivocal psychoactive<br />
<br />
effects.<br />
<br />
<strong>Eugenol</strong><br />
<br />
Eugenol is known to be stimulating, anesthetic,<br />
<br />
and psychoactive (Sensch et al. 1993; Toda et al.<br />
<br />
1994). High concentrations of eugenol occur in<br />
<br />
the essential oil of clove (Syzygium aromaticum).<br />
<br />
<strong>Myristicin</strong><br />
<br />
Myristicin is regarded as the hallucinogenic<br />
<br />
component of many essential oils (Wulf et al.<br />
<br />
1978,271). Myristicin is present in dill (Anethum),<br />
<br />
lovage (Levisticum officinale), parsnips (Pastinaca<br />
<br />
sp.), and parsley (Petroselinum crispum). The<br />
<br />
essential oil of the Australian Zieria species<br />
<br />
(Rutaceae) contains up to 23.40/0 myristicin. It is<br />
<br />
thought that myristicin is metabolized into an<br />
<br />
amphetamine derivative (MDA) (cf. Myristica<br />
<br />
fragrans).<br />
<br />
<strong>Safrole</strong><br />
<br />
Safrole is found in cloves (Syzygium aromaticum)<br />
<br />
and in the sassafras tree (Sassafras albidum).<br />
<br />
Safrole is one of the most important precursors for<br />
<br />
the synthesis of MDMA and other similar<br />
<br />
substances (MMDA, MDE, MDA). The halogen<br />
<br />
derivatives of safrole, the closely related piperonal<br />
<br />
and isosafrole, are also suitable for this purpose<br />
<br />
(Yourspigs 1995). In the body, safrole is thought to<br />
<br />
be metabolized into amphetamine derivatives.<br />
<br />
<strong>Thujone</strong><br />
<br />
In nature, thujone exists in two forms: O'.-thujone<br />
<br />
and p-thujone. The common tansy (Tanacetum<br />
<br />
vulgare), whose name is derived from the Greek<br />
<br />
word athanaton ("immortal"), is very rich in<br />
<br />
thujone (= tanacetone; cf. Semmler 1900). According<br />
<br />
to myth, Ganymede became immortal because<br />
<br />
he had eaten tansy (Albert-Puleo 1978,65).<br />
<br />
Clary sage (muscatel sage) (Salvia sclarea 1.)<br />
<br />
has a high thujone content. During the nineteenth<br />
<br />
century, this plant was used in England instead of<br />
<br />
hops (Humulus lupulus) to produce a more potent<br />
<br />
type of beer. Other plants that contain thujone<br />
<br />
(Artemisia absinthium, Artemisia vulgaris) were<br />
<br />
used for the same purpose (Albert-Puleo 1978,69).<br />
<br />
Thujone kills the common roundworm Ascaris<br />
<br />
lumbricoides (Albert-Puleo 1978, 65). The pharmacological<br />
<br />
effects of thujone are very similar to<br />
<br />
those ofTHC (cf. Artemisia absinthium).<br />
<br />
<strong>Udall</strong><br />
<br />
It has often been reported that ud oil, the essential<br />
<br />
oil in lignum aloe or aloe wood (Aquillaria<br />
<br />
agallocha Roxb. [syn. Aquillaria malaccensis Lam.] ;<br />
<br />
Thymeleaceae), can induce psychoactive effects:<br />
<br />
As an incense or aromatic oil, it is used to treat<br />
<br />
mental and psychological disturbances as well<br />
<br />
as emotional instability, particularly in cases<br />
<br />
when this has been produced by negative<br />
<br />
mental energies. Our experience indicates that<br />
<br />
aloe wood has unusually relaxing and moodenhancing<br />
<br />
properties. It produces a state of<br />
<br />
trance and introspection and lifts the mind to<br />
<br />
higher plains of perception. It facilitates the<br />
<br />
attainment of high levels in meditation. For<br />
<br />
this reason, it should not necessarily be used<br />
<br />
prior to a work-filled day in which concentration<br />
<br />
and quick reactions are required.<br />
<br />
(Ashisha and Mahahradanatha 1994, 10)<br />
<br />
Sufis utilize the precious lignum aloe or<br />
<br />
distilled ud oil (essence) for advanced. stages of<br />
<br />
Islamic mysticism:<br />
<br />
One could say that only those individuals<br />
<br />
whose minds are more highly developed experience the benefits of ud. In fact, it is only<br />
<br />
used to treat imbalances during the last three<br />
<br />
states of mental development. (Moinuddin<br />
<br />
Chishti 1991, 118*)<br />
<br />
Aromatic lignum aloe (lignum aquillariae resinatum)<br />
<br />
contains p-methoxycinnamic acid, agarotetrol,<br />
<br />
and the sesquiterpenoids agarol, agarospilrole,<br />
<br />
0:- and 13-agarofurane, dihydroagarofurane, 4-hydrodioxydihydroagarofurane,<br />
<br />
and oxo-nor-agarofuran,<br />
<br />
among other constituents.<br />
<br />
<strong>Plants Containing Psychoactive Essential Oils</strong><br />
<br />
(from Albert-Puleo 1978; Bock 1994*; supplemented)<br />
<table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"><br />
<tbody><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><strong>Stock </strong><strong>Plant</strong></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><strong>Distribution</strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">ANNONACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Cananga odorata </em>(Lam.) Hook. f. et Thoms.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">safrole, eugenol</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">APIACEAE (= UMBELLIFERAE)</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Anethum graveolens</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">anethol, myristicin, and others</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Coriandrum sativum </em>L.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">coriandrol</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Foeniculum vulgare </em>Mill. ssp. <em>vulgare</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>trans-anethol</em></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Levisticum officinale </em>Koch</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">myristicin and others</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Pastinaca sativa </em>L.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">myristicin and others</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Petroselinum crispum</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">apiollmyristicin</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">apiol race</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">apiol (58-80% )</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">myristicin race</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">myristicin (49-770/0)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">ssp. <em>tuberosum</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">apiol</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">ARACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Acorus calamus</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">safrole, asarone (not in all strains), eugenol</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Acorus gramineus</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">safrole, eugenol, and others</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">ARISTOLOCHIACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Asarum europaeum </em>L.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">asarone</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">BURSERACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Commiphora </em>spp. (myrrh)</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">eugenol and others</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">CANELLACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Canella winterana </em>(1.) Gaertn.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">eugenol</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">CANNABACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Humulus lupulus4</em><em>99</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">CISTACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Cistus ladaniferus </em>1.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">eugenol, ledol</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">COMPOSITAE (= ASTERACEAE)</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Achillea millefolium </em>1.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">thujone and others</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Artemisia absinthium</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">f3-thujone</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Artemisia mexicana</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">f3-thujone</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Artemisia tilesii </em>Ledeb.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">thujone, isothujone</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Artemisia tridentata </em>ssp. <em>vasyana </em>(Rydb.) Beetle</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">thujone, isothujone</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Artemisia vulgaris </em>1.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">f3-thujone</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Artemisia </em>spp.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">f3-thujone and others</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Salvia officinalis </em>1.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">a-thujone</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Salvia sclarea </em>1.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">a-thujone</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Tanacetum vulgare </em>L.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">f3-thujone</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">CUPRESSACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Juniperus recurva</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">limonene (23.6%), a-thujone</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Juniperus sabina </em>1.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">thujone and others</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Thuja occidentalis </em>1.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">a-thujone, thujone isomers, thujone acid</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Thuja orientalis </em>1.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">a-thujone, thujone isomers, thujone acid</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Thuja plicata </em>D. Don</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">a-thujone, thujone isomers, thujone acid</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">CURCUBITACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Monodora myristica</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">myristicin, safrole, and others</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">ERICACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Ledum groenlandicum </em>Oed.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">ledol</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Ledum palustre</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">ledol</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">ILLICIACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Illicium verum </em>Hook. f.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">anethol, safrole</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">IRIDACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Crocus sativus</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">?</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">LAMIACEAE (LABIATAE)</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Hyssopus officinalis </em>1.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">thujone</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Mentha aquatica </em>1.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">limonene, caryophyllene) a-thujone</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Mentha pulegium</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">pulegon (80-940/0)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Orthodon </em>sp.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">myristicin</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Thymusspp.</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">thymol, thujone</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">LAURACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Cinnamomum camphora</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">safrole, eugenol</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Cinnamomum glanduliferum</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">myristicin</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Cinnamomum verum </em>Presl.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">eugenol, cinnamic aldehyde</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Laurus nobilis</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">eugenol and others</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Ocotea cymbarum </em>H.B.K.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">safrole (90-930/0)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Sassafras albidum</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">safrole (80-900/0)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Umbellularia californica </em>(H. et A.) Nutt.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">umbellulone, safrole</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">MAGNOLIACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Magnolia virginiana</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">safrole and others</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">MONIMIACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Atherosperma moschatum</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">methyleugenol (600/0) safrole (100/0)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Doryphora sassafras </em>Endl.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">safrole</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">MYOPORACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Eremophila longifolia </em>(R. Br.) Muell.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">methyleugenol</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">MYRISTICACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Myristica fragrans</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">myristicin) safrole</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">MYRTACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Backhousia myrtifolia </em>Hook.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">methyleugenol</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Pimenta dioica </em>(1.) Men.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">eugenol and others</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Syzygium aromaticum </em>(1.) Men. et Perry</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">eugenol) acetyleugenol</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">OLEACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>]asminum officinale </em>1. (cf. <em>]asminum spp.)</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">eugenol and others</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">PINACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Cedrus atlantica </em>(Endl.) Manetti</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">thujone and others</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">PIPERACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Macropiper excelsum </em>(Forster) Miq.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">myristicin) elemicine</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Piper amalago </em>1.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">safrole</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Piper auritum</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">safrole (700/0)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Piper betle</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">eugenol) isoeugenol</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Piper elongatum</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">apiol) asarone</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Piper sanctum </em>Schl.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">safrole</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Piperspp.</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">safrole and others</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">RUTACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Zieria </em>spp.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">myristicin</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">WINTERACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Tasmannia glancifolia </em>Williams</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">safrole (170/0), myristicin (5.30/0)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">ZINGIBERACEAE</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Alpinia officinarum </em>Hance</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">eugenol</td><br />
</tr><br />
</tbody><br />
</table><br />
&nbsp;</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="53%"><strong>Essential Oils as Aphrodisiacs</strong><br />
<br />
Some essential oils are attributed with aphrodisiac<br />
<br />
effects. Perfume manufacturers consider the aroma<br />
<br />
of the Mexican tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.;<br />
<br />
Agavaceae) (cf. Dressler 1953, 144*) to be aphrodisiac.<br />
<br />
The evergreen ylang-ylang tree (Cananga<br />
<br />
odorata [Lam.] Hook. f. et Thoms. [f. genuina]<br />
<br />
[syn. Canangium oderatum Baill.]), which thrives<br />
<br />
only in tropical regions, is the source of the oil of<br />
<br />
the same name. In India, ylang-ylang oil is regarded<br />
<br />
as the favorite oil for tantric rituals because it is<br />
<br />
believed to have potent aphrodisiac effects and to<br />
<br />
stimulate and refine erotic sensations. Today,<br />
<br />
individuals throughout the world use ylang-ylang<br />
<br />
oil to ritualize their own eroticism (Huron 1994;<br />
<br />
Kraus 1990; Strassmann 1991). The flowers contain<br />
<br />
1.5 to 2.50/0 of an essential oil composed of linalool,<br />
<br />
safrole, eugenol, geraniol, pinene, cadinene, and<br />
<br />
sesquiterpenes. There have been frequent reports of<br />
<br />
ylang-ylang having mind-altering powers. Pharmacologically,<br />
<br />
this effect is probably due to the safrole<br />
<br />
component of the essential oil (R~itsch 1996).<br />
<br />
Above a certain concentration, safrole appears to<br />
<br />
produce psychoactive effects that are quite similar<br />
<br />
to those ofMDMA (see herbal ecstasy).<br />
<br />
<strong>Literature</strong><br />
<br />
See also the entries for Artemisia absinthium,<br />
<br />
Artemisia spp., Myristica fragrans, herbal ecstasy,<br />
<br />
and incense.<br />
<br />
Albert-Puleo, Michael. 1978. Mythobotany, pharmacology,<br />
<br />
and chemistry of thujone-containing<br />
<br />
plants and derivatives. Economic Botany 32:65-74.<br />
<br />
Ashisha, Ma Deva, and Mahahradantha. 1994.<br />
<br />
Duftkrauter und atherische Ole in der<br />
<br />
ayurvedischen Heilkunst. Tostedt: Yogini Verlag.<br />
<br />
Carle, Reinhold. 1993. Atherische Ole-Anspruch and<br />
<br />
Wirklichkeit. Stuttgart: WVG.<br />
<br />
Chandler, R. E, S. N. Hooper, and M. J. Harvey. 1982.<br />
<br />
Ethnobotany and phytochemistry of yarrow,<br />
<br />
Achillea millefolium, Compositae. Economic<br />
<br />
Botany 36 (2): 203-23.<br />
<br />
Cipolla, Carlo M. 1992. Allegro ma non troppo.<br />
<br />
Frankfurt/M.: Fischer.<br />
<br />
Dandiya, P. C., and M. K. Menon. 1963. Effects of<br />
<br />
asarone and 13-asarone on conditioned responses,<br />
<br />
fighting behaviour and convulsions. British<br />
<br />
Journal ofPharmacology 20:436-42.<br />
<br />
---. 1964. Actions of asarone on behaviour,<br />
<br />
stress hyperpyrexia and its interaction with<br />
<br />
central stimulants. Journal ofPharmacology and<br />
<br />
Experimental Therapeutics 145:42-46.<br />
<br />
Gattefosse, Rene-Maurice. 1994. Aromatherapie.<br />
<br />
Aarau: AT Verlag.<br />
<br />
Harnishfeger, Gatz. 1994. Thuja. In Hagers<br />
<br />
Handbuch der pharmazeutischcn Praxis, 5th ed.,<br />
<br />
6:955-66. Berlin: Springer.<br />
<br />
Hengelein, Martin. 1985. Die heilende Kraft der<br />
<br />
Wohlgeruche and Essenzen. Munich: Schanbergers.<br />
<br />
Hurton, Andrea. 1994. Erotik des Parfums: Geschichte<br />
<br />
und Praxis der schonen Dufte. Frankfurt/M.: Fischer.<br />
<br />
Kraus, Michael. 1991. Atherische Ole fur Korper, Geist<br />
<br />
and Seele. Gaimersheim: Simon und Wahl.<br />
<br />
Kremer, Bruno P. 1988. Duft und Aromapjlanzen.<br />
<br />
Stuttgart: Franckh-Kosmos.<br />
<br />
Laatsch, Hartmut. 1991. Wirkung von Geruch und<br />
<br />
Geschmack auf die Psyche. In Jahrbuch des<br />
<br />
Europaischen Collegiums fur Bewufitseinsstudien<br />
<br />
(1991), 119-33. Berlin: VWB.<br />
<br />
Miller, Richard Alan, and Iona Miller. 1990. Das<br />
<br />
magische Parfum. Braunschweig: Aurum.<br />
<br />
Morwyn. 1995. Witch's brew: Secrets ofscents. Arglen,<br />
<br />
Penn.: Whitford Press/Schiffer Publishing.<br />
<br />
R~itsch, Christian. 1996. Ylang-Ylang, "die Blume der<br />
<br />
Blumen." Dao 6:68.<br />
<br />
Richter, Dieter. 1984. Schlaraffenland. Cologne:<br />
<br />
Diederichs.<br />
<br />
Rimmel, Eugene. 1985. Das Buch des Parfums.<br />
<br />
Dreieich: Hesse und Becker. (Orig. pub. 1864.)<br />
<br />
Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. 1983. Das Paradies, der<br />
<br />
Geschmack und die Vernunft. Frankfurt/M.:<br />
<br />
Ullstein.<br />
<br />
Semmler, E W. 1900. Dber Tanaceton und seine<br />
<br />
Derivate. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen<br />
<br />
Gesellschaft 33:275-77<br />
<br />
Sensch, 0., W. Vierling, W. Brandt, and M. Reiter.<br />
<br />
1993. Calcium-channel blocking effect of<br />
<br />
constituents of clove oil. Planta Medica 59 suppl.:<br />
<br />
A687.<br />
<br />
Strassmann, Rene A. 1991. Duftheilkunde. Aarau: AT<br />
<br />
Verlag.<br />
<br />
Toda, Shizuo, Motoyo Ohnishi, Michio Kimura, and<br />
<br />
Tomoko Toda. 1994. Inhibitory effects of eugenol<br />
<br />
and related compounds on lipid peroxidation<br />
<br />
induced by reactive oxygen. Planta Medica<br />
<br />
60:282.<br />
<br />
Wieshammner, Rainer-Maria. 1995. Der 5. Sinn:<br />
<br />
Dufte als unheimliche Verfuhrer. Rott am Inn:<br />
<br />
F/O/L/T/Y/S Edition.<br />
<br />
Wulf, Larry W., Charles W. Nagel, and Larry Branen.<br />
<br />
1978. High-pressure liquid chromatographic<br />
<br />
separation of the naturally occurring toxicants<br />
<br />
myristicin, related aromatic ethers and falcarinol.<br />
<br />
Journal ofChromatography 161:271-78.<br />
<br />
Yourspigs, U. P. 1995. The complete book ofecstasy.<br />
<br />
2nd ed. N.p.: Synthesis Books.</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table></div>
66.130.115.121