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Diterpenes - Revision history
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GrimReaper
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2013-01-13T18:27:25Z
<p>Created page with " <table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td valign="top" width="50%"><strong>..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div><br />
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<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="50%"><strong>Other Names</strong><br />
<br />
Diterpene, diterpenes, diterpenoids, diterpenos<br />
<br />
Diterpenes are not alkaloids but non-nitrogenous<br />
<br />
natural substances composed of four isoprene<br />
<br />
groups. They are related to the monoterpenes and<br />
<br />
sesquiterpenes and belong to the terpene group.<br />
<br />
Diterpenes occur in numerous plants and several<br />
<br />
essential oils.<br />
<br />
Some diterpenes regulate plant growth. Termites,<br />
<br />
sponges (Spongia spongens 1.), and coelenterates<br />
<br />
contain bioactive diterpenes that have<br />
<br />
inhibiting effects upon certain bacteria (Buchbauer<br />
<br />
et al. 1990, 28). There are even sweet-tasting<br />
<br />
diterpenes, such as the natural sweetening agents<br />
<br />
in Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Hemsl., the leaves of<br />
<br />
which are used to sweeten mate (cf. Ilex<br />
<br />
paraguariensis) .<br />
<br />
The first psychoactive diterpene to be<br />
<br />
discovered was salvinorin A. It is very likely that<br />
<br />
there are other psychoactive diterpenes that have not yet been isolated, pharmacologically tested, or<br />
<br />
chemically described. Some psychoactive alkaloids<br />
<br />
are diterpene derivatives. Aconitine, the primary<br />
<br />
active constituent in monkshood (cf. Aconitum<br />
<br />
ferox, Aconitum napellus), is a diterpene alkaloid.<br />
<br />
Diterpene alkaloids also occur in Delphinium and<br />
<br />
Spiraea.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="53%"><strong> Diterpenes in Psychoactive Plants</strong><br />
<br />
(from Buchbauer et al. 1990; Rein 1979; supplemented)<br />
<table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><strong>Stock </strong><strong>Plant</strong></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><strong>Distribution</strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Coleus blumei</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">bicyclic diterpenes</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Coleus </em>spp.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">forskolin, labdanes, coleones</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Crocus sativus</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">crocetine (as glycoside)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Helichrysum </em>spp. (cf. <em>Helichrysum foetidum)</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">various</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Jatropha grossidentata</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">jatrophone</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Lagochilus inebrians</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">lagochiline (diterpene alcohol)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Leonotis leonurus</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">various</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Leonurus sibiricus</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">various</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Nicotiana sylvestris </em>Spegazz.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">2,7, Il-duvatrien-4,6-diol</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Nicotiana tabacum</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">labdanes or duvanes</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Nicotiana tomentosiformis </em>Goodspeed</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">labdanes</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Nicotiana </em>spp.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Petunia patagonica </em>(Spegazz.) Millan</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">various</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">(cf. <em>Petunia violacea)</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">&nbsp;</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Piper auritum</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>trans-phytol</em></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Salvia divinorum</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">salvinorin A, salvinorin B (clerodanes)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Scoparia dulcis</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">labdanediterpenes</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Taxus baccata </em>1. (cf. witches' ointments)</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">taxines, taxol</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Taxus brevifolia </em>Nutt.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">taxines</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Taxus canadensis </em>Marsh.</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">taxines</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Taxus cuspidata </em>Sieb. et Zucco</td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">taxines</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td valign="top" width="319"><em>Taxus wallichiana</em></td><br />
<td valign="top" width="319">taxines</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
</table><br />
<strong>Literature</strong><br />
<br />
See also the entries for Coleus blumei, Salvia<br />
<br />
divinorum, and salvinorin A.<br />
<br />
Buchbauer, Gerhard, Helmut Spreizer, and Gabriele<br />
<br />
Kiener. 1991. Biologische Wirkungen von<br />
<br />
Diterpenen. Pharmazie in unserer Zeit 19 (1):<br />
<br />
28-37.<br />
<br />
Reid, W. W. 1979. The diterpenes of the Nicotiana<br />
<br />
species and N. tabacum cultivars. In The biology<br />
<br />
and taxonomy of the Solanaceae, ed. J. G. Hawkes,<br />
<br />
R. N. Lester, and A. Skelding, 273-78. London:<br />
<br />
Academic Press.</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
</table></div>
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