Diazepam - Revision history

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2015-06-26T10:36:27Z

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	Diazepam (Also known as Diastat; Valium; Zetran) is a benzodiazepine that is commonly used to treat a large range of conditions from anxiety to Meniere’s Disease. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative, skeletal muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties. It is also one of the most commonly used drugs to taper off of other benzodiazepines/Alcohol withdrawal.		Diazepam (Also known as Diastat; Valium; Zetran) is a [[Benzodiazepines\|benzodiazepine]] that is commonly used to treat a large range of conditions from anxiety to Meniere’s Disease. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative, skeletal muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties. It is also one of the most commonly used drugs to taper off of other [[Benzodiazepines\|benzodiazepines]]/[[Alcohol]] withdrawal.


	= History =		= History =

	Diazepam was the second benzodiazpine (The first of which was Librium) invented by Dr. Leo ~~sternbach~~ of Hoffmann-La Roche at the company’s Nutley, New Jersey, facility. It was released in 1963 as an improved version of Librium, it became incredibly popular.		Diazepam was the second [[Benzodiazepines\|benzodiazpine]] (The first of which was Librium) invented by Dr. Leo Sternbach of Hoffmann-La Roche at the company’s Nutley, New Jersey, facility. It was released in 1963 as an improved version of Librium, it became incredibly popular.
	Diazepam was the top-selling pharmaceutical in the United States from 1969 to 1982, with peak sales in 1978 of 2.3 billion tablets.		Diazepam was the top-selling pharmaceutical in the United States from 1969 to 1982, with peak sales in 1978 of 2.3 billion tablets.

	= Formulations =		= Formulations =
	It is available in instant release ~~forumlations~~ of 2mg, 5mg, and 10mg tablets.		It is available in instant release formulations of 2mg, 5mg, and 10mg tablets.

	It is also available in an oral solution of 5mg/5ml (1mg/ml)		It is also available in an oral solution of 5mg/5ml (1mg/ml)
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	= Harm Reduction =		= Harm Reduction =
	When on high doses of benzodiazepines, users are likely to black out and potentially hurt themselves through a variety of adventures. If you are using it as a sleep aid, it's recommended to continue doing what you're doing until you begin to feel drowsy, then go to bed.		When on high doses of [[Benzodiazepines\|benzodiazepines]], users are likely to black out and potentially hurt themselves through a variety of adventures. If you are using it as a sleep aid, it's recommended to continue doing what you're doing until you begin to feel drowsy, then go to bed.
	Some users report Diazepam(and benzodiazepines in general) to lead to compulsive redosing, trying to find a “high” which is where a fair amount of the point above comes from. To avoid this keep doses low and be wary of reduced inhibitions while under the influence of Diazepam.		Some users report Diazepam (and [[Benzodiazepines\|benzodiazepines]] in general) to lead to compulsive redosing, trying to find a “high” which is where a fair amount of the point above comes from. To avoid this keep doses low and be wary of reduced inhibitions while under the influence of Diazepam.
	== Interactions ==		== Interactions ==
	As with other depressants, ~~Alprazolam~~ should not be combined with any other CNS depressants (such as [[Alcohol]]), at the risk of respiratory depression, which can lead to death.		As with other depressants, Diazepam should not be combined with any other CNS depressants (such as [[Alcohol]]), at the risk of respiratory depression, which can lead to death.

	See the [[Drug combinations]] chart for more information.		See the [[Drug combinations]] chart for more information.

Sleep at 09:02, 26 June 2015

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	[[Category:Drugs]]		[[Category:Drugs]]

	[[Category:~~Depressants~~]]		[[Category:Depressant]]

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	[[Category:Drugs]]		[[Category:Drugs]]

			[[Category:Depressants]]

GrimReaper at 10:54, 11 March 2015

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	Classified as a Class C drug.		Classified as a Class C drug.

			[[Category:Chemicals]]

			[[Category:Drugs]]

Sleep: Things.

2015-01-16T06:14:05Z

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123.234.345.456 at 22:36, 29 January 2013

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	Substance type: benzodiazepine		Substance type: benzodiazepine

			== General info ==

	Diazepam, better known as Valium, was originally synthesized in the laboratory and introduced as a therapeutic drug (psychopharmaca, tranquilizer) in the 1960s. The substance produces sedative, euphoric, and especially anxiolytic (anxietyreducing) effects (Henningfield 1988, 17,35*). During the investigation of diazepam's pharmacology, it was discovered that the human nervous system has a special receptor for this molecule, known as the benzodiazepine receptor or the [3H] -diazepam receptor. Luk et al. (1983) found three isoflans in the urine of cattle that may possibly dock (as neurotransmitters) in the benzodiazepine receptor. It is known that the kavapyrones (cf. Piper methysticum) bind to the [3H] -diazepam receptor.		Diazepam, better known as Valium, was originally synthesized in the laboratory and introduced as a therapeutic drug (psychopharmaca, tranquilizer) in the 1960s. The substance produces sedative, euphoric, and especially anxiolytic (anxietyreducing) effects (Henningfield 1988, 17,35*). During the investigation of diazepam's pharmacology, it was discovered that the human nervous system has a special receptor for this molecule, known as the benzodiazepine receptor or the [3H] -diazepam receptor. Luk et al. (1983) found three isoflans in the urine of cattle that may possibly dock (as neurotransmitters) in the benzodiazepine receptor. It is known that the kavapyrones (cf. Piper methysticum) bind to the [3H] -diazepam receptor.

123.234.345.456 at 22:35, 29 January 2013

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205.56.181.196 at 18:26, 13 January 2013

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	under the Controlled Substances Act.<strong></strong>		under the Controlled Substances Act.<strong></strong>

	Literature		'''Literature'''

	Flesch, Peter. 1996. SchlafstOrungen bei iilteren		Flesch, Peter. 1996. SchlafstOrungen bei iilteren

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<table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">

<tr>
<td valign="top" width="50%"><strong>Other Names</strong>

7-chlor-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1,4benzodiazepin-

2-on, sleeping pill, tranquilizer,

Valium

Substance type: benzodiazepine

Diazepam, better known as Valium, was originally

synthesized in the laboratory and introduced as a

therapeutic drug (psychopharmaca, tranquilizer)

in the 1960s. The substance produces sedative,

euphoric, and especially anxiolytic (anxietyreducing)

effects (Henningfield 1988, 17,35).

During the investigation of diazepam's

pharmacology, it was discovered that the human

nervous system has a special receptor for this

molecule, known as the benzodiazepine receptor

or the [3H] -diazepam receptor. Luk et al. (1983)

found three isoflans in the urine of cattle that may

possibly dock (as neurotransmitters) in the

benzodiazepine receptor. It is known that the

kavapyrones (cf. Piper methysticum) bind to the

[3H] -diazepam receptor. Recently, flavonoids in

the buds of the South American linden tree (Tilia

tomentosa Moench; Tiliaceae; cf. tila) were found

to bind to the benzodiazepine receptor. A

substance found in Passiflora caerulea 1. (cf.

Passiflora spp.), 5,7-dihydroxyflavone, also docks

to the same location (Viola et al. 1994).

The benzodiazepine receptor has been shown

to be present in all vertebrates, suggesting that it

appeared at a very early date in the evolution of

the nervous system and has been preserved into

the present. This indicates that it plays an

important function in the nervous system and that

there are endogenous substances that bind to it in

order to transmit certain messages (Muller 1988).

But what do these substances look like? At first

they were thought to be polypeptides, but then

traces of diazepam and desmethyldiazepam were

discovered in the brains of humans and other

animals. Because diazepam and its initial

metabolite appear in breast milk and the placenta

after the ingestion of Valium (Wessen et al. 1985),

it was first believed that the diazepam must have

been introduced into the body from outside" But

when diazepam was subsequently also found to be

present in brains that dated to a time before the

discovery of Valium synthesis, it was concluded

that diazepam was not a synthetic chemical at all

but a naturally occurring neurotransmitter in the

nervous system (Muller 1988). Thus it was

demonstrated that "Valium, the very symbol of

chemical psychopharmaca" (Zehentauer 1992,

121 ), is actually a natural substance.

Pharmacologists were surprised when subsequent

research demonstrated the presence of diazepam

and desmethyldiazepam in potatoes (Solanum

tuberosum 1.; cf. Solanum spp.) and in such diverse

grains as wheat (Triticum aestivum 1.; cf. beer),

corn/maize (Zea mays), and rice (Oryza sativa 1.;

cf. sake) (Muller 1988). Valium, in other words, is

a natural active constituent in plants. However, the

concentration in these plants is so low that a

person would likely not notice any Valium effects

even after consuming a whole sack of potatoes.

Valium is one of the most widely used sedative

drugs in modern society and is normally prescribed

for the treatment of anxiety and sleeping

disorders.498 Not surprisingly, Valium also finds

use as a recreational drug in some circles, particularly

in combination with other substances. Its

euphoric properties can be greatly affected by

alcohol, which can at times counteract the sedative

properties, resulting in powerful stimulating effects.

Valium is one of the more commonly used

psychopharmaca in the music scene. Several rock

bands, including the classic "space rock" band

Hawkwind CValium 10," 1978), have dedicated

titles to the substance.</td>
<td valign="top" width="53%"><strong>Commercial Forms and Regulations

</strong>Valium is available by prescription only. In the

United States, it is listed as a Schedule IV drug

under the Controlled Substances Act.<strong></strong>

Literature

Flesch, Peter. 1996. SchlafstOrungen bei iilteren

Patienten: Auf Benzodiazepine kann meist

verzichtet werden. Jatros Neurologie 12:6-7

(interview).

Henningsfield, Jack E. 1988. Barbiturates: Sleeping

potion or intoxicant. The Encyclopedia of

Psychoactive Drugs. London, Toronto, and New

York: Burke Publishing Company.

Luk, Kin-Chun, Lorraine Stern, Manfred Weigele,

Robert A. O'Brien, and Nena Sprit. 1983.

Isolation and identification of "diazepam-like"

compounds from bovine urine. Journal of

Natural Products 46 (6): 852-61.

Muller, Walter E. 1988. Sind Benzodiazipine 100%

Natur? Deutsche Apotheker Zeitung126 (13): 672-74.

Viola, H., C. Wolfman, M. Levi de Stein, C.

Wasowski, C. Pena, J. H. Medina, and A. C.

Paladini. 1994. Isolation of pharmacologically

active benzodiazepine receptor ligands from Tilia

tomentosa (Tiliaceae). Journal of

Psychopharmacology 44:47-53.

Wesson, Donald R, Susan Camber, Martha Harkey,

and David E. Smith. 1985. Diazepam and

desmethyldiazepam in breast milk. Journal of

Psychoactive Drugs 17 (1): 55-56.</td>
</tr>

</table>