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Dissociatives

2018-06-04T00:51:00Z

Sleep:

[[File:Ketaminedxomxepcp.png|200px|thumb|right]]
'''Dissociatives''' are a class of [[hallucinogen]] which reduce or block signals to the conscious mind from other parts of the brain. In comparison to [[psychedelics]] and [[deliriants]], they are a very new class of hallucinogen, with the first classical dissociative being synthesized in 1926 (PCP). They offer a trip that is characterised by dissociation and bizarre feelings of detachment from reality, with anaesthetic-like effects and dream-like states.

This guide is in reference to all of the classical Dissociatives, or more specifically, [[Ketamine]], [[MXE]], [[DXM]], [[PCP]] and [[3-MeO-PCP]]. This list excludes [[Nitrous Oxide]], which feels completely atypical in comparison.

It’s worth noting that Dissociatives can be addictive and bad for your health with regular long-term usage, so you’ll need to do some independent research before trying these. Although these hallucinations are completely different to anything found with psychedelics, they should not be underestimated, and allow you to go equally as "deep" in a completely different mental landscape. However, they are not nearly as powerful when it comes to introspection and resolving personal problems.

All of the classical Dissociatives are pharmacologically categorised as [[NMDA receptor]] antagonists, which are a class of anaesthetics that work to antagonise, or inhibit the action of, the N-methyl d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). The NMDA receptor is a receptor that allows for the transfer of electrical signals between neurones in the brain and in the spinal column. These receptors are located at the end of dendrites on a neurone cell. The dendrites send messages to other neurones through these, but when a drug that blocks the NMDA activity is taken, they are partially or entirely blocked, decreasing the brain's ability to transfer information across itself. Disconnecting the neurones and causing feelings of extreme dissociation or detachment, leading to hallucinatory states. Causing states of moderate to extreme dissociation in the user as the subconscious brain begins to fill in these sensory gaps with entirely imagined hallucinations and dreamlike states.

==Common Dissociatives==

* [[Ketamine]]
* [[DXM]]
* [[MXE]]
* [[PCP]]
* [[Nitrous]]
* [[Diphenidine]]
* [[Diethyl Ether]]

==Effects==

===Dissociation and detachment===
[[File:RWY72.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
Feelings of detachment are the most noticeable component of a dissociative trip. Which is entirely triggered by the blocking of NMDA receptors.

At lower states of dissociation, this essentially feels like an obvious but still difficult to pinpoint feeling of detachment from the external environment and body. The greatest analogy to depict this is that if we look at the world through a window during our day to day lives when a person becomes dissociated they are standing increasingly further back from this window proportionally to the dosage consumed. Creating a feeling of being mentally withdrawn from the environment, allowing people to look at their lives from an almost third-person perspective and analyse it without bias, surprisingly resulting in an enjoyable state of deep introspection and a profound drunkenness. These states are often described by people as:
[[File:OtakQ.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
*Feeling generally separate from the external world.
*Feeling physically and mentally autonomous.
*Feeling as though life is being watched through a screen.
*Feeling as though life is a film or a dream.
*Feeling as though you are physically further from the external world.
*Feeling as though you are looking through somebody else’s eyes.

States of dissociation and detachment increase proportionally to dosage until they become completely detached from the external environment and eventually their own bodies causing them to slip into the famous dissociative hole.

A process which can be broken down into three distinct levels of increasing intensity.

1. '''Partial detachment'''

Feelings of surrealness and general detachment from the external environment. As described in detail above.
detachment from the environment.

As the detachment increases the environment becomes physically further away in distance and increasingly disconnected from a person's sensory perception. Blurred vision sets in while anaesthetic like effects and tactile numbness begin to take place. At this point, motor control and balance become moderately to completely suppressed in a way that is proportional to dosage. In terms of sound, the hearing also seems to become muffled and distant.

2. '''Detachment from body'''

Complete disconnection from the body. It is here where the tripper finds themselves out of their body has slipped into a what can only be described as a hallucinatory hole or an empty void.

3. '''Detachment from mind and sense of self'''

The final level of dissociation and detachment is a complete disconnection from a person's mind and sense of self-resulting in ego death. Giving the profound experience that there is no longer an “I” experiencing the intensity of the trip anymore, there is just the trip as it is and by itself.

In terms of the thought patterns and general mental processes, dissociative ego death is very similar to its psychedelic equivalent in a number of ways. Characterised by an extreme loss or failure of a person’s short-term memory. This means that a person who is experiencing ego death cannot hold onto the memory of where they are and what they are doing for more than a second or two, instantly forgetting everything as soon as it happens to them. Long-term memory, however, seems to remain mostly intact, with people usually capable of remembering things like who they are and what they are unless they are experiencing ego death at a, particularly high level.

===Double vision===
[[File:Tumblr_mfv8dhHwqV1r7wwr6o1_1280.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
As a person begins to become disconnected and detached from their external environment. The visual field not only becomes blurred and indistinct but completely doubled onto itself as well. This feels as if you are seeing out of both of your eyes at once with the two images no longer being spliced and merged together into a unified whole. Forcing people to close one of their eyes if they want to perform any task which requires fine vision or reading.

===Perspective distortions===
[[File:Aliceinwonderlandsyndrome.png|200px|thumb|right]]
Another very common mental component of a classic dissociative trip is one of a profound shift in perspective; this generally consists of drastic changes in the size and distance attributed either to a person’s body or their external environment.

Feelings of suddenly having an impossibly giant or tiny body are very common and can be quite an incredible experience. This feeling is already known by the scientific literature as “Alice in Wonderland Syndrome”. It is known as a temporary condition often associated with migraines, brain tumours, and of course the use of psychoactive drugs. With dissociatives at least it can also be more specifically attributed to the room around you or certain body parts. For example feelings of having a huge head or tiny limbs are quite common. This specific mental component has limitless potential in terms of size and the feeling of being simultaneously huge and tiny or having a body that feels larger than the entire universe is not unheard of.

Perspective distortions can also affect distance, making specific objects or the entire external environment seem physically closer or further away.
Another common manifestation of this effect changes in noise volume, making sounds seem extremely quiet or extremely loud.

===Scenery slicing===
[[File:slice.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
Scenery slicing is a fairly uncommon visual but appears across multiple people and regularly enough to make it worth mentioning. This effect usually happens spontaneously with no obvious trigger and makes the external environment appear as if it has been cut remarkably cleanly into separate slices with a razor blade Which then slides across each other in separate directions causing the visual field to split apart into sections.

===Closed eye visuals===
[[File:Vusr5.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
Visuals are an effect triggered by Dissociatives that can be described as the sensation of a person’s field of closed-eye vision being partially or completely encompassed by shifting geometric patterns, shapes, structures and colour. Whilst LSD and Mushrooms merely display visuals on a veil in front of your visual field with no sense of particular size attributed them. Dissociatives take you directly into the centre of them as if they are surrounding you. They also have a sense of physical size attributed to them.

Dissociative visuals are more simplistic and less intricate than psychedelic visuals. They tend to be darker and slower in terms of how fast they change, only displaying themselves when the tripper has their eyes closed. Simply put, the visuals are more solid and realistic than psychedelic visuals with an actual sense of physical size and 3-Dimensional depth but never quite as detailed or complex.

===Spaces and holes===
The spaces and holes encountered on Dissociatives are something that is experienced once the detachment has reached level 3. When you have finally become completely disconnected from your physical body. Causing you to undergo an out of body experience and be pulled into a place that feels as if it is outside of reality.

A place that is commonly referenced to by the dissociative community as a hole. With drug-specific manifestations of this state being known as “the K-hole” for Ketamine and the “M-hole” for MXE. Commonly described as a complete loss of bodily awareness and sensations of floating or falling through a dark and infinite void over great physical distances. Often done on what feels like some sort of invisible rail. A feeling that is interpreted by many people as flying through space or the night sky. With many trippers stating that they feel as though their perceptions are located so deep inside the mind that the real world seems so distant that it might as well not exist.

In terms of its appearance, a typical dissociative hole is usually completely dark with occasional clouds of slow-moving amorphous colour clouds in the background. At their lowest level they are completely empty, but as dosage is increased they are accompanied by and filled with a wide variety of elaborate and complex structures which are described in detail below.

===Hallucinatory structures===
[[File:SI6XZ.png|200px|thumb|right]]
Dissociative induced hallucinatory structures are the only feature found within what would otherwise be completely empty spaces and holes. They can generally be described as 3-Dimensional and monolithic shapes or structures of infinite variety and size that float above, below or in front of you as they gradually zoom, rotate or pan into focus and become unveiled before your eyes at a slow pace. These structures can take any static comprehensible shape possible but can commonly be experienced as vast and giant pillars, columns, blocks, teardrops, wheels and pyramids. Often fractal in nature and capable of being manifested in any variety of colours but usually following darker themes and tones. In terms of the materials that they appear to be comprised of and the complexity of detail in which they are perceived in, dissociative structures can be broken into 4 basic levels.

'''1. 2-Dimensional Structures'''

The most basic level of structural complexity confines it’s geometry to strictly 2-Dimensional shapes. These shapes are usually very flat and dark in their colour and often “felt” instead of seen in a way that cannot be described adequately to the uninitiated. In terms of their size, these structures take up the entirety of a person's visual field but do not appear to have any particular size attributed to them.

'''2. Partially defined 3-Dimensional Structures'''

Above this, the structures become better defined and 3-Dimensional in shape with basic detail in their lighting and shadow. Appearing to be made of semi-transparent condensed colour or solidified shimmering visuals that are seen as ill-defined, soft and out of focus around their edges. In terms of size, these structures appear to be extremely large, stretching out across hundreds and hundreds of metres.

'''3. Fully defined 3-Dimensional Structures'''

Once hallucinatory structures reach their third level of complexity they become fully defined in their shape, edges, lighting, shadow and detail. Often appearing to be made of solid and dense realistic materials such as stone and metal. They are capable of being thousands of miles across themselves and extremely complex in form.

'''4. Self-transforming mechanistic structural universes'''
[[File:WZah0.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
As dosage increases, the detail continues to complexity proportionally until the sensation of seeing the entire universe condensed into an infinitely vast and intricate self-transforming machine structure becomes present. Accompanied by the sudden realization that you are the structure that you are staring down upon and that the structure is also you. In terms of its appearance, this state is extremely hard to describe. The structure can take any form but usually appears to be consistently shaped machine-like structures or clouds that are infinite in size and felt at every point of detail across themselves. This is immediately interpreted through some sort of innate instinct as “the universe” or at least, “everything” by everybody who undergoes the experience.

Structures typically last anywhere from 30 seconds to several minutes before the person slips back into reality or into the presence of another structure. There are three different methods through which these hallucinatory structures are shifted between.

*'''Structural Transformations''' - structures can switch between each other by morphing around you in a static, comprehensible way. Something that usually unfolds in front of you in a rather slow, step by step morphing process.
*'''Structural Panning''' - structures can switch between each other by remaining completely static in their shape but simply panning out of view until they are no longer within your field of vision. It’s from here that another structure usually comes into view from behind your physical body within a few seconds to a couple of minutes. Allowing the cycle of continuous spontaneous structures to go on undisturbed.
*'''Travelling over great distances''' - The third method of transitioning is experienced when the structures appear to be stuck in place whilst you are floating silently between them over what feels like a huge and physical distance. This is often done on an invisible rail through the vast and infinite dissociative hole. A feeling that is interpreted by many people as flying through space or the night sky.

===Hallucinatory states===
Hallucinations and scenarios are only possible during very high dose trips and an intensely realistic component of the Dissociative experience. They could be anything but generally fall under common archetypes such as contact with autonomous entities, imagined landscapes, alternate dimensions, replayed memories and situations that seem so unlike anything previously experienced that they are in all probability, untranslatable into English. Starting out by following a feeling of detachment from the hallucination itself, for example watching autonomous people and entities going about their daily business oblivious to your existence, playing out as if it were a film. At higher doses of hallucinatory states they become increasingly involved, accessing distant memories from your past is also completely possible. Replayed memories can feel like weeks and weeks of real-time hallucinations and are perfect in every detail.

In comparison to psychedelics, they are more solid and not made of a closed eye visual based material. The solidity and detachment from these scenarios are what separates them in my opinion from any entity contact or hallucinations experienced on drugs such as Mushrooms or LSD.

==Harm Reduction==

*Driving or operating machinery under the influence of dissociatives is strongly discouraged. Your spatial awareness is extremely limited, even when mildly intoxicated.
*On higher does coordination is imparted to the point that any movement should be as limited as possible. A safe environment without hazards is recommended (such as a bed). Most of the damage imparted by dissociatives are through users hurting themselves while attempting to move around while impaired.
*Nausea can happen on many dissociatives, usually directly after dosing - usually only if there are stomach contents. It is best to not eat for 3-4 hours before dosing.
*Dissociatives may be neurotoxic.<ref>http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.2660263</ref> Moderation is advised.
*Some dissociatives (such as ketamine) are known to have negative impacts on bladder health.<ref>http://www.hkmj.org/article_pdfs/hkm1002p6.pdf</ref>, and it is suspected in others.
*If using a new substance having a sober person available may limit the fallout from unexpected effects.
*Doctors usually prescribe Ativan (Lorazepam/Benzodiazepine) and Haldol (anti-psychotic) to treat overdoses.
*As always, contact emergency professionals if you think you are a danger to yourself or others.
* Excessive use or overdose of dissociatives has been known to cause muscle breakdown (or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis rhabdomyolysis]), which is a potentially fatal condition.

===Interactions===

It is generally unwise to mix CNS depressants, such as benzodiazepines or alcohol, as it increases the risk of an overdose through respiratory depression. Certain dissociatives also carry particular constraints in terms of interactions. See the [[Drug combinations]] chart for more information.

===Research Chemicals===

The dangers of research chemical dissociatives inherit many of the potential dangers of the more traditional dissociatives including overdose mania, muscle degradation etc and as with most well-established dissociatives, most of the new RCs carry a heavy risk of addiction. However, due to the new and unresearched nature of these drugs, the thresholds at which these negative effects occur is relatively unknown. [[MXE]] was created with the express intent of reducing the risk of urinary tract damage through higher potency, users with a high tolerance to the drug will take large amounts of material to experience effects, and there is no information about how it differs from other dissociatives with respect to such damage.

As with some more well-established dissociatives, there is often a wide range of isomer configurations which lead to inconsistencies in effects from one batch to another.

It is fairly common practice for vendors to misrepresent their product in various ways. There have been batches of RC dissos released which have been found to contain chemicals left-over from the manufacturer. There have also been many anecdotes reporting incidents of batches being sold with other active cuts. Since these drugs are all very new there have been very few actual laboratory analysis reports on the exact content of various RC dissos, and as such, there is a fair bit of speculation and misinformation circulating about all RCs. Furthermore, vendors and manufacturers have been known to make exaggerated claims that have never been actually proven (for example, the theory that MXE will be less physically destructive than its cousin [[Ketamine]] originated from one of the first vendors to carry the product)

Consider the case of Methoxyphenidine, which was named as such and abbreviated as 'MXP' specifically to be marketed as an MXE replacement, where in reality MXP is closer to PCP than it is to MXE in chemical structure and effects.

See the [[Research Chemicals]] page for more information.

==Links==
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative

==References==

<references />

[[Category:Drug class]]

Hallucinogens

2018-06-04T00:48:09Z

Sleep:

[[File:Lsdpatterns.png|thumb|500px|An example of visual patterning experienced on LSD]]

There are a variety of visual effects caused by hallucinogens, which have only recently started to be categorised and described. Many of these effects are traditionally thought of as being solely the result of [[Psychedelics|Psychedelic]] use, however as part of the larger group of hallucinogens, which also include [[Deliriants]] and [[Dissociatives]], the effects described occur as components of the 'Psychedelic Experience,' which may also be triggered by non-psychedelics.

===Enhancement of Vision===
Enhancement of vision is an effect most consistently reported form of psychedelic hallucination, occurring even at smaller doses and regardless of the manner of visual stimuli. It can be generally defined as an overall increase in the level of visual input attributed to the external environment of a person experiences.

====Increased Visual Acuity====
Visual acuity is defined by the medical literature as acuteness or clearness of vision, which is dependent on the sharpness of the retinal focus within the eye and the sensitivity of the interpretative faculty of the brain.

The most commonly reported form of hallucination is a sharp increase in visual acuity which can be described as a newfound ability to comprehend the entire visual field at once, including the peripheral vision. Instead of just being able to perceive the small area that a person's eye is currently focused on, which is the case normally. This results in the level of visual detail attributed to external the environment heightening to the point where the edges of objects become extremely well defined, sometimes making it appear as if all of the air has been pumped out of the room - leaving the environment extremely well-focused, clear and defined.

====Enhancement of Colour====
[[File:VIu6h.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Example of colour enhancement in a nature scene]]
Although this is one of the more basic visual effects, to be understood completely it needs to be experienced. During the onset of a trip, almost all people notice that colours start to stand out more, becoming extremely bright and vivid. Reds will seem “Redder”, Greens will seem “Greener” and all colours can become much more distinct, powerful and intense than they would be normally. A consistent way to reproduce this effect is in a natural environment, including many different colours with great detail.

====Enhanced Pattern Recognition====
[[File:UKSdk.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Colour enhancement and patterning on tree bark]]

Pattern recognition does not outright change the appearance of the external environment but is rather an effect of the level of detail is being seen in it. During even a mild trip it is common for people to suddenly notice patterns and textures that they may have never previously appreciated or paid any attention to previously. For example, when looking at a carpet, a pavement or tree bark the complexity and beauty of the texture suddenly becomes obvious.

A person’s sense of Pareidolia is also increased many times over - this is the brain's ability to recognise significant imagery (usually faces) in almost any vague stimuli. Common examples of this in day to day sober life include spotting faces in everyday objects and viewing clouds as fantastical objects. This is an innate ability of pattern recognition for human beings that is increased dramatically during a psychedelic experience. For example, every single leaf on a tree may look like many tiny green faces, the scenery may look remarkably like people or objects and clouds might appear to be easily recognizable as fantastical objects.

===Distortions===
Distortions are generally described as open eye alterations and changes in perception attributed to the external environment. They are always obviously grounded in reality and gradually increase as a person stares but are completely non-permanent, meaning that they reset to normal once a person "double takes."

====Breathing====
Breathing is a very commonplace visual that can happen to any surface or object but is usually associated with the walls of a room. This effect makes objects appear to be steadily breathing in and out, expanding and contracting in the same way a person's chest does when they slowly inhale and exhale. A fairly consistent way to reproduce this visual is to stare at a blank wall and lose focus.
[[File:Animatedmelting.gif|300px|thumb|right|An animated example of colors breathing. Click to view gif.]]

====Flowing Textures====
Flowing, shifting, rippling or moving textures on surfaces is a strong visual effect that can happen to virtually anything in a number of different styles. A classic example of this, however, could be wood grain or carpets flowing like a river in a seamless and looped animation. A consistent way to reproduce this visual is to stare at wood grain and lose focus.

====Tracers====
Tracers are the simple experience of trails being left behind moving objects such as people, birds or cars. Tracers are usually very obvious and are similar in appearance to the same sort of trails found behind moving objects in long exposure photographs. Manifesting themselves as smooth trails or multiple layers of the same repeated image which progressively fades into the background with each repetition. The trails can be exactly the same colour as the moving object that is producing it or can sometimes be a randomly selected colour of its own. Usually floating in the air for approximately 2 – 3 seconds.

The deepest or most extreme form of this occurs generally on only high doses, wherein your entire visual field becomes encompassed by tracers - giving the appearance that your visual field is smudging into a huge indistinct blur every time you simply move your eyes.

A consistent way to reproduce this visual is to move your hand in front of your face or throw an object.

====Shifting Colours====
Quite often the colours of various objects, particularly brightly coloured out of place objects, will become subject to an effect that shifts and changes the colours through a repeated cycling of hues in a sort of strange fluid motion across its surface. For example, Moss on a rock could physically shift from green to red, to blue and then back to green again in a very short space of time.

====Melting====
It is not unusual to for objects and sceneries to be completely or partially melting. They begin at lower doses as a drifting of straight edges in the visual field. At higher doses, they become impossible to ignore with the lines, textures and colour between solid objects appearing to blend and morph into one another in an extremely liquid fashion. Often until the original object becomes completely unrecognisable. It is also common for objects to appear to be melting before your eyes despite never making any actual progress at the same time. This part of the effect needs to be experienced to be understood.

====Texture repetition====
This is yet another visual effect that applies to textures. Instead of simply distorting textures or making them more interesting it seems to completely replace them with often fantastical versions of themselves. Seemingly generated through the textures suddenly beginning to repeat into themselves in a symmetrical nature, revealing new, previously unseen images and patterns. A consistent way to produce this visual is to stare at rough surfaces such as grass, tarmac and gravel.

====Depth Perception Distortions====
It is very common to experience both extreme and subtle distortions in depth perception during a psychedelic experience. This is where the depths and layers of the scenery in front of you can become exaggerated, skewed or completely mixed up. A classic example of this is the swapping of layers in a scenery. This is where objects in the background come into the foreground and objects in the foreground get pushed into the background. Another example of skewed depth perception is a complete loss of it when the different sections of a scenery both close up and far away will unify into one flat image momentarily.

An almost consistent way to reproduce this visual is by laying down under a tree and looking through the branches at the sky, consistently causing the sections of sky in between the branches to come into the foreground whilst the branches get pushed into the background.

====Scenery Slicing====
Scenery slicing is a fairly uncommon visual but appears across multiple people and regularly enough to make it worth mentioning. This effect usually happens spontaneously and makes the scenery appear as if it has been cut remarkably cleanly into separate slices with a razor blade. These separate slices can be as simple as 3 separate sections or as complex as multiple slices of a moving interlocking spiral that’s been cut into your field of vision.

===Psychedelic Visuals===
Psychedelic Visuals can be classified as visuals which encompass the visual field by fast-moving geometric forms and are manifested in a wide variety of ways. They differ from the previously described visual effects in that they generally do not build from the surrounding environment, new forms are conceived.

Visuals can be described as the sensation of a person’s field of open and closed eye vision being partially or completely encompassed by fast-moving kaleidoscopic and indescribably complex geometric patterns, form constants, shapes, fractals, structures and colour. Common descriptions of visuals are generally along the lines of the geometry being fractal representations of repeating forms, embedded within each other. This geometry commonly includes vast and intricate form constants that among many other things, take the style of webs, grids, checkerboards, spirals and funnels in a huge variety of colours.

Fractals are an extremely common feature of psychedelic visuals. They are a concept which exists within mathematics and can be described as complex patterns that repeat infinitely into themselves allowing for the same self-similar image to be found no matter how far you zoom into any part of the image.

Psychedelic visuals generally never stand still at any point and are extremely fast changing in terms of their shape and style of themselves. This happens whilst they are naturally drifting laterally or radially across the visual field to create overlapping webs of many arising and decaying geometric patterns, all of which are visible within a single perceptual frame.

When experienced, visuals somehow have a deep sense of profoundness and importance attributed to them and feel as if they are perfectly fitting geometric representations of your current mind state. There are 5 different levels of psychedelic visuals, each one increasingly dramatic and incomprehensible.

'''Visual Noise''' – This is the most basic level of CEV’s and can be experienced in a completely sober state. It can be described as the random light and dark red regions that can be seen under the eyelids.

'''Light / Dark Flashes''' – This level is also easily obtainable without psychedelics and usually appears as regions of fleeting dark/light flashes of colour.

'''Patterns, Motion and Colour''' – Complex indescribable shapes and patterns begin to show themselves. Reaching a level of detail that is brightly coloured and very fractal-like. Only manifest themselves when a person is closing their eyes at first but eventually becoming laid across your field of vision as a flat translucent veil in front of your eyes.

'''3D Geometry''' – Visuals will become fully three dimensional and sprawled out across the surfaces, walls, objects and furniture of your environment instead of displaying themselves across a simple flat veil.

'''Overriding Physical Perception''' – CEV’s have become so intense, vivid and bright that they have begun to block out and replace the external world - the environment begins to be replaced by visuals, with objects and scenery transforming into sprawling masses of geometry. As this increases the environment eventually becomes completely replaced. Giving the sensation that you are breaking through into another reality.

'''Perceived oneness with the universe''' - The final and most profound level of visuals occurs when the environment has been completely replaced with visuals. As they reach their highest possible level, the mind feels as if every point of the brain has become completely interconnected with every other point. Leaving the tripper under the literal sensation of experiencing everything within the universe all at once. Something that can be described as an infinite sea of geometry, concepts and fractals that are always perceived to contain within it, all of the existence, all that there ever was and all that there ever will be. A vast ocean of mind that is not just seen in front of the eyes but physically felt through each of the senses in an incomprehensible level of detail across every point of itself. The experience is immediately perceived to be the “entire universe”, or at least “everything”.

At its lower levels, visuals will fluctuate wildly, pulling trippers in and out of the room in a fashion that many find extremely disorientating. Instead of remaining constant and static it is triggered by the experience of a concept. For example, if somebody were to say the word “internet” to a person who is currently in this state, they would see the mind's concept of the internet immediately manifested in a perfectly fitting geometric form. A form that quickly branches out from itself like some sort of ineffable spider diagram, enveloping the concepts which you associate with the internet and then branching out to include the concepts you associate with those. This spreads out exponentially and within 2 - 3 seconds, quickly grows in a sudden flash to include every single stored concept within the entire universe. Completely disconnecting the tripper from their external environment before re-stacking them back into the room, until something triggers the process again, usually immediately. Snapping trippers in and out of the room repeatedly as the process is triggered continuously. It can to a certain extent, however, be held at bay through continuous physical movement, stopping the process from branching out into everything by not giving it the time it needs to lock onto a concept.

As dosage is increased however the process becomes easier and easier to trigger whilst extending in length and duration. Eventually resulting in a stable state of complete disconnection from the external environment and a lasting sense of oneness with the universe.

== Hallucinatory states ==
The third sensory effect is perhaps the most profound subjective sensory effect that the psychedelic experience has to offer. Hallucinatory states are the fourth and final category of psychedelic hallucination. They are extremely varied in their intensity but eventually become full-on 3D scenarios that feel completely realistic.

====Imagery====
Hallucinatory states, begin at lower doses as imagery embedded within the visuals. Which can be described as spontaneous moving or still scenes, objects, people, animals, concepts, places or anything you could possibly imagine. They are often formed out of visuals themselves and are displayed in varying levels of detail ranging from “cartoonish” in nature to completely realistic, rarely holding form for more than a few seconds before fading or shifting into another image.

On certain psychedelics, the imagery is manifested as an exact visual representation of whatever you are currently thinking about in your mind's eye, turning abstract ideas into a concrete image and completely limitless in its abilities. An experience which is also found by some people during hypnagogia (the state between awake and sleep) and is known by the scientific community as “auto-symbolism”.

====Transformations====
Psychedelic transformations are essentially open eye imagery. They are progressive in nature, which means they form by arising from patterns or objects, and then over a period of seconds drift, smooth, or lock into an entirely new appearance of still or animated objects, people, animals, concepts, places or anything you could possibly imagine. Usually enhanced by the separate visual effect of enhanced pattern recognition. Causing vague stimuli which already look vaguely like abstract concepts thanks to our inbuilt sense of pareidolia to transform into extremely detailed versions of what they were already perceived as.

The process of smoothing or locking which transformations seem to be fuelled by requires some minimal amount of focus and concentration to sustain. Losing concentration for an instant can cause the image to fade away or shift into another image. Holding the eyes still will increase the intensity of progressive transformation.

====Hallucinations====
As these states of imagery become increasingly elaborate (proportional to dosage), they eventually become all-encompassing fully-fledged 3D hallucinations. These could be anything but generally fall under common archetypes such as induced mystical states, contact with autonomous entities, imagined landscapes, spirit dimensions and situations that seem so unlike anything previously experienced that they are in all probability untranslatable into English. Hallucinations often feel extremely mystical, spiritual and religious in nature regardless of the trippers theistic beliefs and it’s not uncommon for people to report that high-level psychedelic hallucinations feel infinitely “more real” than anything the person has previously experienced.

Contact with autonomous entities are very common, these entities generally appear to be the inhabitants of a perceived independent reality. They are expectant of your appearance and enjoy interacting with them in various ways. The behaviour of a typical entity is one of a loving kind intelligence that simply wants to show you as much of their hyperdimensional space, bestowing specific pieces of knowledge upon you as quickly as possible before you begin to come down or slip into another hallucination. This is often done by directly manipulating what you can see and view; intentionally propelling trippers in different directions at disorienting speeds, forcing them to view or pass directly through macro and microscopic scale settings, including: planetary systems, galaxies, quasars, natural environments, space habitats, technological utopias, neurons, DNA, mitochondria, trilobites, cephalopods, bryozoa, and artificial self-replicating machines. Once the comedown inevitably begins to happen they are genuinely saddened by your disappearance, often wave goodbye and encourage you to visit more often.

Entities can literally take any form but common subconscious archetypes are definitely present and contact with bodiless super intelligent Humanoids, Aliens, Elves, Giant Spheres, Insectoids, Beings of Light, Plants and Robotic Machines are common.

These creatures and entities are comprised of a non-physical psychedelic visual based material. Communicating with trippers via a combination of telepathy, visual linguistics, mathematics and morphing coloured structures of different textures. This complex visual language is capable of expressing pure meaning in a way that our current system of small mouth noises will never be able to become close to matching.

Lower levels of simple entity contact can be described as a sensed presence of “The Other” that is clearly there but unable to fully manifest itself and communicate with you due to too low of a dosage.

===Miscellaneous, unique and rare visual effects===
The psychedelic experience is still a subjective experience and not by any means confined and limited to these visual components. As occasionally, just occasionally rare and one time only visual effects seep their way into the trips. These effects can be anything and usually occur at higher doses. Unique visual effects are completely personal to you and something that nobody else on the planet has ever seen before or will ever likely get to experience again.

[[Category:Guides]]

Drug combinations

2018-05-20T20:15:13Z

Sleep: Cannabis me is quite forgetful.

'''WARNING! For educational purposes: We do not endorse any of these combinations. This page will always be 'work in progress'. It is extremely important to be safe at all times! See below the graphic for important information regarding specific combinations.'''

[[File:Combo_2.png|1000px|center]]

== Overview ==
This chart is meant as a quick reference guide and additional research MUST always be done. If you use this chart or information on your site you must link to the full summaries and display this message.

If you want to give us some feedback/recommendation/comment on the chart, you can contact us:

[http://chat.tripsit.me/?nick=AskContent?#content Join #content channel on IRC]

We have a printed combo chart [https://www.reagent-tests.uk/product/tripsit-drug-combo-chart/ available here.] We also offer a tool to generate a custom sized version of the chart [https://github.com/TripSit/combogen that fits your need via a Github application] which you can then take to your local printing place. If you chose to print your own we request that you please [https://tripsit.me/donate/ donate] to help us cover running cost and develop new useful tools.
Do note if you wish to edit the chart to your fitting please get in contact with us first via the email below.
Printing and reselling the posters is not permitted without explicit written permission via email.

Email: '''content@tripsit.me'''.

== Categorisations ==

''Low Risk & Synergy'' - These drugs work together to cause an effect greater than the sum of its parts, and they aren't likely to cause an adverse or undesirable reaction when used carefully. Additional research should always be done before combining drugs.

''Low Risk & No Synergy'' - Effects are just additive. The combination is unlikely to cause any adverse or undesirable reaction beyond those that might ordinarily be expected from these drugs.

''Caution'' - These combinations are not usually physically harmful, but may produce undesirable effects, such as physical discomfort or overstimulation. Extreme use may cause physical health issues. Synergistic effects may be unpredictable. Care should be taken when choosing to use this combination.

''Unsafe'' - There is considerable risk of physical harm when taking these combinations, they should be avoided where possible.

''Dangerous'' - These combinations are considered extremely harmful and should always be avoided. Reactions to these drugs taken in combination are highly unpredictable and have a potential to cause death.

== Chart versions ==

'''[https://wiki.tripsit.me/images/3/3f/TripSitDrugComboChart-Spanish.png Spanish]'''

'''[https://wiki.tripsit.me/images/d/d4/TripSitDrugComboChart-German.png German]'''

'''[http://wiki.tripsit.me/images/0/0c/Drug-combinations-fr.png French]'''

'''[https://wiki.tripsit.me/images/9/9e/TripSitDrugComboChart-Esperanto.png Esperanto]'''

'''Portuguese''' (Needs Translation)

'''Polish''' (Needs Translation)

== Specific Combinations ==
===cannabis & lsd===

Status: Caution

Note: Cannabis has an unexpectedly strong and somewhat unpredictable synergy with psychedelics.

===amphetamines & lsd===

Status: Caution

Note: Stimulants increase anxiety levels and the risk of thought loops which can lead to negative experiences

===cocaine & lsd===

Status: Caution

Note: Stimulants increase anxiety levels and the risk of thought loops which can lead to negative experiences

===tramadol & lsd===

Status: Unsafe

Note: Tramadol is well known to lower seizure threshold and psychedelics also cause occasional seizures.

===cannabis & mushrooms===

Status: Caution

Note: Cannabis has an unexpectedly strong and somewhat unpredictable synergy with psychedelics.

===amphetamines & mushrooms===

Status: Caution

Note: Stimulants increase anxiety levels and the risk of thought loops which can lead to negative experiences

===cocaine & mushrooms===

Status: Caution

Note: Stimulants increase anxiety levels and the risk of thought loops which can lead to negative experiences

===tramadol & mushrooms===

Status: Unsafe

Note: Tramadol is well known to lower seizure threshold and psychedelics also cause occasional seizures.

===cannabis & dmt===

Status: Caution

Note: Cannabis has an unexpectedly strong and somewhat unpredictable synergy with psychedelics.

===amphetamines & dmt===

Status: Caution

Note: Stimulants increase anxiety levels and the risk of thought loops which can lead to negative experiences

===cocaine & dmt===

Status: Caution

Note: Stimulants increase anxiety levels and the risk of thought loops which can lead to negative experiences

===tramadol & dmt===

Status: Unsafe

Note: Tramadol is well known to lower seizure threshold and psychedelics also cause occasional seizures.

===5-meo-xxt & mescaline===

Status: Caution

Note: The 5-MeO class of tryptamines can be unpredictable in their interactions

===cannabis & mescaline===

Status: Caution

Note: Cannabis has an unexpectedly strong and somewhat unpredictable synergy with psychedelics.

===amphetamines & mescaline===

Status: Caution

Note: The focus and anxiety caused by stimulants is magnified by psychedelics and results in an increased risk of thought loops

===cocaine & mescaline===

Status: Caution

Note: The focus and anxiety caused by stimulants is magnified by psychedelics and results in an increased risk of thought loops

===caffeine & mescaline===

Status: Low Risk & No Synergy

Note: High doses of caffeine are uncomfortable and this will be magnified by psychedelics

===tramadol & mescaline===

Status: Unsafe

Note: This combination can cause seizures due to the lowering of the threshold by tramadol and the potential of mescaline to cause seziures.

===5-meo-xxt & dox===

Status: Caution

Note: The 5-MeO class of tryptamines can be unpredictable in their interactions, particularly increasing the risk of unpleasant physical side effects.

===cannabis & dox===

Status: Caution

Note: Cannabis has an unexpectedly strong and somewhat unpredictable synergy with psychedelics.

===ketamine & dox===

Status: Low Risk & Synergy

Note: Ketamine and psychedelics tend to potentiate each other - go slowly.

===mxe & dox===

Status: Caution

Note: As an NMDA antagonist MXE potentiates DOx which can be unpleasantly intense

===dxm & dox===

Status: Unsafe

Note: The DOx class as psychedelic stimulants have the potential to mask the effects of DXM and could lead to redosing to an unsafe level. DXM can also potentiate DOx resulting in an unpleasantly intense experience.

===pcp & dox===

Status: Unsafe

Note: Details of this combination are not well understood but PCP generally interacts in an unpredictable manner.

===amphetamines & dox===

Status: Unsafe

Note: The combined stimulating effects of the two can lead to an uncomfortable body-load, while the focusing effects of amphetamine can easily lead to thought loops. Coming down from amphetamines while the DOx is still active can be quite anxiogenic.

===mdma & dox===

Status: Caution

Note: The combined stimulating effects of the two can be uncomfortable. Coming down on the MDMA while the DOx is still active can be quite anxiogenic.

===cocaine & dox===

Status: Unsafe

Note: The combined stimulating effects of the two can lead to an uncomfortable body-load, while the focusing effects of cocaine can easily lead to thought loops. Coming down from cocaine while the DOx is still active can be quite anxiogenic

===caffeine & dox===

Status: Caution

Note: High doses of caffeine may cause anxiety which is less manageable when tripping, and since both are stimulating it may cause some physical discomfort.

===alcohol & dox===

Status: Low Risk & Decrease

Note: Drinking on stimulants is risky because the sedative effects of the alcohol are reduced, and these are what the body uses to gauge drunkenness. This typically leads to excessive drinking with greatly reduced inhibitions, high risk of liver damage and increased dehydration. They will also allow you to drink past a point where you might normally pass out, increasing the risk.

===opioids & dox===

Status: Low Risk & No Synergy

Note: No unexpected interactions.

===tramadol & dox===

Status: Unsafe

Note: Tramadol is well known to lower seizure threshold and psychedelics also cause occasional seizures.

===maois & dox===

Status: Caution

Note: MAO-B inhibitors can increase the potency and duration of phenethylamines unpredictably

===5-meo-xxt & nbomes===

Status: Caution

Note: The 5-MeO class of tryptamines can be unpredictable in their interactions and the NBOMes are known to be unpredictable even alone. This combination is best avoided

===cannabis & nbomes===

Status: Caution

Note: Cannabis has an unexpectedly strong and somewhat unpredictable synergy with psychedelics.

===mxe & nbomes===

Status: Caution

Note: As an NMDA antagonist MXE potentiates NBOMes which can be unpleasantly intense

===amphetamines & nbomes===

Status: Unsafe

Note: Amphetamines and NBOMes both provide considerable stimulation. When combined they can result in tachycardia, hypertension, vasoconstriction and in extreme cases heart failure. The anxiogenic and focusing effects of stimulants are also not good in combination with psychedelics as they can lead to unpleasant thought loops. NBOMes are known to cause seizures and stimulants can increase this risk.

===cocaine & nbomes===

Status: Unsafe

Note: Cocaine and NBOMes both provide considerable stimulation. When combined they can result in severe vasoconstriction, tachycardia, hypertension, and in extreme cases heart failure.

===caffeine & nbomes===

Status: Caution

Note: Caffiene can bring out the natural stimulation from psychedelic drugs to make it uncomfortable. High doses can cause anxiety which is hard to handle while tripping

===tramadol & nbomes===

Status: Unsafe

Note: Tramadol is well known to lower seizure threshold and NBOMes have also shown a tendency to cause severe seizures

===maois & nbomes===

Status: Caution

Note: MAO-B inhibitors can increase the potency and duration of phenethylamines unpredictably

===5-meo-xxt & 2c-x===

Status: Caution

Note: The 5-MeO psychedelics can interact unpredictably to potentiate other psychedelics

===cannabis & 2c-x===

Status: Caution

Note: Cannabis has an unexpectedly strong and somewhat unpredictable synergy with psychedelics.

===amphetamines & 2c-x===

Status: Caution

Note: The anxiogenic and focusing effects of stimulants increase the chance of unpleasant thought loops. The combination is generally uneccessary because of the stimulating effects of psychedelics. Combination of the stimulating effects may be uncomfortable.

===cocaine & 2c-x===

Status: Caution

Note: The anxiogenic and focusing effects of stimulants increase the chance of unpleasant thought loops. The combination is generally unnecessary because of the stimulating effects of psychedelics. Combination of the stimulating effects may be uncomfortable.

===caffeine & 2c-x===

Status: Low Risk & No Synergy

Note: High doses of caffeine may cause anxiety which is less manageable when tripping, and since both are stimulating the combination may cause some physical discomfort.

===tramadol & 2c-x===

Status: Unsafe

Note: Tramadol is well known to lower seizure threshold and psychedelics raise the risk of seizures.

===maois & 2c-x===

Status: Caution

Note: MAO-B inhibitors can increase the potency and duration of phenethylamines unpredictably

===5-meo-xxt & 2c-t-x===

Status: Caution

Note: Both classes of compounds can be unpredictable alone

===cannabis & 2c-t-x===

Status: Caution

Note: Cannabis has an unexpectedly strong and somewhat unpredictable synergy with psychedelics.

===amphetamines & 2c-t-x===

Status: Unsafe

Note: Stimulants increase anxiety levels and the risk of thought loops which can lead to negative experiences. In extreme cases, they can result in severe vasoconstriction, tachycardia, hypertension, and in extreme cases heart failure.

===cocaine & 2c-t-x===

Status: Unsafe

Note: Cocaine and 2c-t-x both provide considerable stimulation. When combined they can result in severe vasoconstriction, tachycardia, hypertension, and in extreme cases heart failure.

===caffeine & 2c-t-x===

Status: Low Risk & No Synergy

Note: High doses of caffeine may cause anxiety which is less manageable when tripping, and since both are stimulating the combination may cause some physical discomfort.

===alcohol & 2c-t-x===

Status: Low Risk & Decrease

Note: Both these classes of compound can interact unpredictably. Caution should be exercised.

===opioids & 2c-t-x===

Status: Low Risk & No Synergy

Note: No expected interactions, some opioids have serotonin action, and could lead to Serotonin Syndrome or a seizure. These are pretty much only to Pentazocine, Methadone, Tramadol, Tapenatdol.

===maois & 2c-t-x===

Status: Caution

Note: MAO-B inhibitors can increase the potency and duration of phenethylamines unpredictably, which could be dangerous given the unpredictability of the 2C-T-x series

===cannabis & amt===

Status: Caution

Note: Cannabis has an unexpectedly strong and somewhat unpredictable synergy with psychedelics. Small amounts can reduce nausea with aMT but take care.

===caffeine & amt===

Status: Caution

Note: High doses of caffeine may cause anxiety which is less manageable when tripping, and since both are stimulating the combination may cause some physical discomfort.

===alcohol & amt===

Status: Caution

Note: aMT has a broad mechanism of action in the brain and so does alcohol so the combination can be unpredictable

===opioids & amt===

Status: Low Risk & No Synergy

Note: No unexpected interactions

===maois & amt===

Status: Dangerous

Note: aMT is an MAOI on its own. Using enzyme inhibitors can greatly reduce predictability of effects.

===mxe & 5-meo-xxt===

Status: Low Risk & Synergy

Note: Little information exists about this combination.

===dxm & 5-meo-xxt===

Status: Unsafe

Note: Little information exists about this combination.

===cannabis & 5-meo-xxt===

Status: Caution

Note: Cannabis has an unexpectedly strong and somewhat unpredictable synergy with psychedelics.

===amphetamines & 5-meo-xxt===

Status: Unsafe

Note: The anxiogenic and focusing effects of stimulants increase the chance of unpleasant thought loops. The combination is generally unnecessary because of the stimulating effects of psychedelics.

===mdma & 5-meo-xxt===

Status: Caution

Note: Some of the 5-MeO tryptamines are a bit unpredictable and should be mixed with MDMA with care

:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28677880 ; Just in case I forget.

===cocaine & 5-meo-xxt===

Status: Unsafe

Note: The anxiogenic and focusing effects of stimulants increase the chance of unpleasant thought loops. The combination is generally unnecessary because of the stimulating effects of psychedelics.

===caffeine & 5-meo-xxt===

Status: Low Risk & No Synergy

Note: High doses of caffeine may cause anxiety which is less manageable when tripping, and since both are stimulating the combination may cause some physical discomfort.

===amphetamines & cannabis===

Status: Caution

Note: Stimulants increase anxiety levels and the risk of thought loops which can lead to negative experiences

===mdma & cannabis===

Status: Low Risk & Synergy

Note: Large amounts of either or both may cause strong and somewhat unpredictable experiences, which can be as intense as psychedelics. Consider rather Set and Setting are good, before you combine these. Cannabis should be saved for towards the end of the MDMA experience if possible, where the psychedelic alike effect won't come to play.

===cocaine & cannabis===

Status: Caution

Note: Stimulants increase anxiety levels and the risk of thought loops which can lead to negative experiences

===alcohol & cannabis===

Status: Low Risk & Synergy

Note: In excess, this combination can cause nausea.

===amphetamines & ketamine===

Status: Caution

Note: No unexpected interactions, though likely to increase blood pressure but not an issue with sensible doses. Moving around on high doses of this combination may be ill advised due to risk of physical injury.

===mdma & ketamine===

Status: Low Risk & Synergy

Note: No unexpected interactions, though likely to increase blood pressure but not an issue with sensible doses. Moving around on high doses of this combination may be ill advised due to risk of physical injury.

===cocaine & ketamine===

Status: Caution

Note: No unexpected interactions, though likely to increase blood pressure but not an issue with sensible doses. Moving around on high doses of this combination may be ill advised due to risk of physical injury.

===caffeine & ketamine===

Status: Low Risk & No Synergy

Note: No unexpected interactions.

===alcohol & ketamine===

Status: Dangerous

Note: Both substances cause ataxia and bring a very high risk of vomiting and unconsciousness. If the user falls unconscious while under the influence there is a severe risk of vomit aspiration if they are not placed in the recovery position.

===ghb/gbl & ketamine===

Status: Dangerous

Note: Both substances cause ataxia and bring a risk of vomiting and unconsciousness. If the user falls unconscious while under the influence there is a severe risk of vomit aspiration if they are not placed in the recovery position.

===opioids & ketamine===

Status: Dangerous

Note: Both substances bring a risk of vomiting and unconsciousness. If the user falls unconscious while under the influence there is a severe risk of vomit aspiration if they are not placed in the recovery position.

===benzodiazepines & ketamine===

Status: Caution

Note: Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position.

===maois & ketamine===

Status: Caution

Note: MAO-B inhibitors appear to increase the potency of Ketamine. MAO-A inhbitors have some negative reports associated with the combination but there isn't much information available

===pcp & mxe===

Status: Caution

Note: There are no reports available about this combination

===amphetamines & mxe===

Status: Caution

Note: Risk of tachycardia, hypertension, and manic states

===mdma & mxe===

Status: Caution

Note: There have been reports of risky serotonergic interactions when the two are taken at the same time, but MXE taken to the end of an MDMA experience does not appear to cause the same issues.

===cocaine & mxe===

Status: Caution

Note: Stimulants taken with MXE can lead to hypermanic states much more easily, especially if sleep is avoided.

===caffeine & mxe===

Status: Low Risk & No Synergy

Note: No likely interactions

===alcohol & mxe===

Status: Dangerous

Note: There is a high risk of memory loss, vomiting and severe ataxia from this combination.

===ghb/gbl & mxe===

Status: Dangerous

Note: Both substances cause ataxia and bring a risk of vomiting and unconsciousness. If the patient falls unconscious while under the influence there is a severe risk of vomit aspiration if they are not placed in the recovery position.

===opioids & mxe===

Status: Dangerous

Note: This combination can potentiate the effects of the opioid

===benzodiazepines & mxe===

Status: Caution

Note: Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. Place affected patients in the recovery position to prevent vomit aspiration from excess.

===maois & mxe===

Status: Unsafe

Note: MAO-B inhibitors appear to increase the potency of MXE. MAO-A inhbitors have some negative reports associated with the combination but there isn't much information available

===ssris & mxe===

Status: Caution

Note: Depending on the SSRI this combination can be unpredictable

===amphetamines & dxm===

Status: Unsafe

Note: Both substances raise heart rate, in extreme cases, panic attacks caused by these drugs have led to more serious heart issues.

===cocaine & dxm===

Status: Unsafe

Note: Both substances raise heart rate, in extreme cases, panic attacks caused by these drugs have led to more serious heart issues

===caffeine & dxm===

Status: Low Risk & No Synergy

Note: High doses of caffeine may cause anxiety which is less manageable when tripping, and since both are stimulating the combination may cause some physical discomfort.

===alcohol & dxm===

Status: Dangerous

Note: Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. Place affected patients in the recovery position to prevent vomit aspiration from excess. Additionally CNS depression can lead to difficulty breathing. Avoid on anything higher than 1st plateau.

===ghb/gbl & dxm===

Status: Dangerous

Note: Both substances cause ataxia and bring a risk of vomiting and unconsciousness. If the patient falls unconscious while under the influence there is a severe risk of vomit aspiration if they are not placed in the recovery position. This combination is hard to predict

===opioids & dxm===

Status: Dangerous

Note: CNS depression, difficult breathing, heart issues, hepatoxic, just very unsafe combination all around. Additionally if one takes dxm, their tolerance of opiates goes down slightly, thus causing additional synergistic effects.

===benzodiazepines & dxm===

Status: Caution

Note: Small doses of benzos can end a bad trip, but both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and this can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position.

===maois & dxm===

Status: Dangerous

Note: High risk of serotonin syndrome

===ssris & dxm===

Status: Dangerous

Note: High risk of serotonin syndrome.

===amphetamines & pcp===

Status: Unsafe

Note: This combination can easily lead to hypermanic states

===mdma & pcp===

Status: Unsafe

Note: This combination can easily lead to hypermanic states

===cocaine & pcp===

Status: Unsafe

Note: This combination can easily lead to hypermanic states

===caffeine & pcp===

Status: Caution

Note: Details of this combination are not well understood but PCP generally interacts in an unpredictable manner.

===alcohol & pcp===

Status: Unsafe

Note: Details of this combination are not well understood but PCP generally interacts in an unpredictable manner.

===ghb/gbl & pcp===

Status: Dangerous

Note: Details of this combination are not well understood but PCP generally interacts in an unpredictable manner.

===opioids & pcp===

Status: Caution

Note: PCP can reduce opioid tolerance, increasing the risk of overdose

===benzodiazepines & pcp===

Status: Unsafe

Note: Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position. Memory blackouts are likely

===maois & pcp===

Status: Dangerous

Note: This combination is very poorly explored

===ssris & pcp===

Status: Unsafe

Note: Details of this combination are not well understood but PCP generally interacts in an unpredictable manner.

===alcohol & nitrous===

Status: Caution

Note: Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position. Memory blackouts are likely.

===ghb/gbl & nitrous===

Status: Caution

Note: Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position. Memory blackouts are likely.

===opioids & nitrous===

Status: Caution

Note: Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position. Memory blackouts are likely.

===tramadol & nitrous===

Status: Caution

Note: Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position. Memory blackouts are likely.

===mdma & amphetamines===

Status: Low Risk & Synergy

Note: Amphetamines increase the neurotoxic effects of MDMA

===cocaine & amphetamines===

Status: Caution

Note: This combination of stimulants will increase strain on the heart. It is not generally worth it as cocaine has a mild blocking effect on dopamine releasers like amphetamine

===caffeine & amphetamines===

Status: Caution

Note: This combination of stimulants is not generally necessary and may increase strain on the heart, as well as potentially causing anxiety and greater physical discomfort.

===alcohol & amphetamines===

Status: Caution

Note: Drinking on stimulants is risky because the sedative effects of the alcohol are reduced, and these are what the body uses to gauge drunkenness. This typically leads to excessive drinking with greatly reduced inhibitions, high risk of liver damage and increased dehydration. They will also allow you to drink past a point where you might normally pass out, increasing the risk. If you do decide to do this then you should set a limit of how much you will drink each hour and stick to it, bearing in mind that you will feel the alcohol and the stimulant less. Extended release formulations may severely impede sleep, further worsening the hangover.

===ghb/gbl & amphetamines===

Status: Caution

Note: Stimulants increase respiration rate allowing a higher dose of sedatives. If the stimulant wears off first then the opiate may overcome the patient and cause respiratory arrest.

===opioids & amphetamines===

Status: Caution

Note: Stimulants increase respiration rate allowing a higher dose of opiates. If the stimulant wears off first then the opiate may overcome the patient and cause respiratory arrest.

===tramadol & amphetamines===

Status: Dangerous

Note: Tramadol and stimulants both increase the risk of seizures.

===benzodiazepines & amphetamines===

Status: Low Risk & Decrease

Note: Both can dull each other's effects, so if one wears off before the other it's possible to overdose due to the lack of counteraction

===maois & amphetamines===

Status: Dangerous

Note: MAO-B inhibitors can increase the potency and duration of phenethylamines unpredictably. MAO-A inhibitors with amphetamine can lead to hypertensive crises.

===cocaine & mdma===

Status: Caution

Note: Cocaine blocks some of the desirable effects of MDMA while increasing the risk of heart attack.

===caffeine & mdma===

Status: Caution

Note: Caffiene is not really necessary with MDMA and increases any neurotoxic effects from MDMA

===alcohol & mdma===

Status: Caution

Note: Both MDMA and alcohol cause dehydration. Approach this combination with caution, moderation and sufficient hydration. More than a small amount of alcohol will dull the euphoria of MDMA

===ghb/gbl & mdma===

Status: Caution

Note: Large amounts of GHB/GBL may overwhelm the effects of MDMA on the comedown.

===tramadol & mdma===

Status: Dangerous

Note: Tramadol and stimulants both increase the risk of seizures.

===maois & mdma===

Status: Dangerous

Note: MAO-B inhibitors can increase the potency and duration of phenethylamines unpredictably. MAO-A inhibitors with MDMA will lead to hypertensive crises.

===caffeine & cocaine===

Status: Caution

Note: Both stimulants, risk of tachycardia, hypertension, and in extreme cases heart failure.

===alcohol & cocaine===

Status: Unsafe

Note: Drinking on stimulants is risky because the sedative effects of the alcohol are reduced, and these are what the body uses to gauge drunkenness. This typically leads to excessive drinking with greatly reduced inhibitions, high risk of liver damage and increased dehydration. They will also allow you to drink past a point where you might normally pass out, increasing the risk. If you do decide to do this then you should set a limit of how much you will drink each hour and stick to it, bearing in mind that you will feel the alcohol less. Cocaine is potentiated somewhat by alcohol because of the formation of cocaethylene.

===ghb/gbl & cocaine===

Status: Caution

Note: Stimulants increase respiration rate allowing a higher dose of sedatives. If the stimulant wears off first then the opiate may overcome the patient and cause respiratory arrest. Likewise the G can wear off and leave a dangerous concentration of cocaine behind

===opioids & cocaine===

Status: Dangerous

Note: Stimulants increase respiration rate allowing a higher dose of opiates. If the stimulant wears off first then the opiate may overcome the patient and cause respiratory arrest.

===tramadol & cocaine===

Status: Dangerous

Note: Tramadol and stimulants both increase the risk of seizures.

===maois & cocaine===

Status: Dangerous

Note: This combination is poorly explored

===ssris & cocaine===

Status: Low Risk & No Synergy

Note: May reduce each others' effectiveness. Cocaine can reduce mental stability and therefore exacerbate conditions which SSRIs are used to treat.

===ghb/gbl & alcohol===

Status: Dangerous

Note: Even in very low doses this combination rapidly leads to memory loss, severe ataxia and unconsciousness. There is a high risk of vomit aspiration while unconscious.

===opioids & alcohol===

Status: Dangerous

Note: Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. Place affected patients in the recovery position to prevent vomit aspiration from excess. Memory blackouts are likely

===tramadol & alcohol===

Status: Dangerous

Note: Heavy CNS depressants, risk of seizures. Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. Place affected patients in the recovery position to prevent vomit aspiration from excess. Memory blackouts are likely.

===benzodiazepines & alcohol===

Status: Dangerous

Note: Ethanol ingestion may potentiate the CNS effects of many benzodiazepines. The two substances potentiate each other strongly and unpredictably, very rapidly leading to unconsciousness. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position. Blacking out and memory loss is almost certain.

===maois & alcohol===

Status: Unsafe

Note: Tyramine found in many alcoholic beverages can have dangerous reactions with MAOIs, causing an increase in blood pressure.

===ssris & alcohol===

Status: Caution

Note: Alcohol may potentiate some of the pharmacologic effects of CNS-active agents. Use in combination may result in additive central nervous system depression and/or impairment of judgment, thinking, and psychomotor skills.

===opioids & ghb/gbl===

Status: Dangerous

Note: The two substances potentiate each other strongly and unpredictably, very rapidly leading to unconsciousness. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position

===tramadol & ghb/gbl===

Status: Dangerous

Note: The sedative effects of this combination can lead to dangerous respiratory depression.

===benzodiazepines & ghb/gbl===

Status: Dangerous

Note: The two substances potentiate each other strongly and unpredictably, very rapidly leading to unconsciousness. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position.

===tramadol & opioids===

Status: Dangerous

Note: Concomitant use of tramadol increases the seizure risk in patients taking other opioids. These agents are often individually epileptogenic and may have additive effects on seizure threshold during coadministration. Central nervous system- and/or respiratory-depressant effects may be additively or synergistically present

===benzodiazepines & opioids===

Status: Dangerous

Note: Central nervous system and/or respiratory-depressant effects may be additively or synergistically present. The two substances potentiate each other strongly and unpredictably, very rapidly leading to unconsciousness. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position Blackouts/memory loss likely

===maois & opioids===

Status: Caution

Note: Coadministration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) with certain opioids has been associated with rare reports of severe and fatal adverse reactions. There appear to be two types of interaction, an excitatory and a depressive one. Symptoms of the excitatory reaction may include agitation, headache, diaphoresis, hyperpyrexia, flushing, shivering, myoclonus, rigidity, tremor, diarrhea, hypertension, tachycardia, seizures, and coma. Death has occurred in some cases.

===ssris & opioids===

Status: Low Risk & No Synergy

Note: There have been very infrequent reports of a risk of serotonin syndrome with this combination, though this should not be a practical concern.

===benzodiazepines & tramadol===

Status: Dangerous

Note: Central nervous system- and/or respiratory-depressant effects may be additively or synergistically present. Vomit aspiration a risk when passed out, lay down in recovery position if ingested.

--

=== LSD & Mushrooms ===
=== LSD & DMT ===
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3006089

* http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/26285/0000370.pdf

=== LSD & Mescaline ===
=== LSD & DOx ===
=== LSD & NBOMes ===
=== LSD & 2C-x ===
=== LSD & 2C-T-x ===
=== LSD & αMT ===
=== LSD & 5-MeO-xxT ===
=== LSD & Cannabis ===
=== LSD & Ketamine ===
=== LSD & MXE ===
=== LSD & DXM ===
=== LSD & Nitrous ===
=== LSD & Amphetamines ===
=== LSD & MDMA ===
=== LSD & Cocaine ===
=== LSD & Caffeine ===
=== LSD & Alcohol ===
=== LSD & GHB\GBL ===
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16483730

=== LSD & Opioids ===
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/547279

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3006089

* "Low doses antagonized the effects of both hallucinogens, whereas larger doses enhanced their effects."

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3006089

* http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/26285/0000370.pdf

=== LSD & Tramadol ===
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3006089

=== LSD & Benzodiazepines ===
=== LSD & MAOIs ===
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8788508

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/108709

* https://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDocPartFrame&ID=2439&DocPartID=2199

=== LSD & SSRIs ===
* http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v14/n6/full/1380431a.html

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8726753

=== Mushrooms & DMT ===
=== Mushrooms & Mescaline ===
=== Mushrooms & DOx ===
=== Mushrooms & NBOMes ===
=== Mushrooms & 2C-x ===
=== Mushrooms & 2C-T-x ===
=== Mushrooms & αMT ===
=== Mushrooms & 5-MeO-xxT ===
=== Mushrooms & Cannabis ===
=== Mushrooms & Ketamine ===
=== Mushrooms & MXE ===
=== Mushrooms & DXM ===
=== Mushrooms & Nitrous ===
=== Mushrooms & Amphetamines ===
=== Mushrooms & MDMA ===
=== Mushrooms & Cocaine ===
=== Mushrooms & Caffeine ===
=== Mushrooms & Alcohol ===
=== Mushrooms & GHB\GBL ===
=== Mushrooms & Opioids ===
=== Mushrooms & Tramadol ===
=== Mushrooms & Benzodiazepines ===
=== Mushrooms & MAOIs ===
=== Mushrooms & SSRIs ===
=== DMT & Mescaline ===
=== DMT & DOx ===
=== DMT & NBOMes ===
=== DMT & 2C-x ===
=== DMT & 2C-T-x ===
=== DMT & αMT ===
=== DMT & 5-MeO-xxT ===
=== DMT & Cannabis ===
=== DMT & Ketamine ===
=== DMT & MXE ===
=== DMT & DXM ===
=== DMT & Nitrous ===
=== DMT & Amphetamines ===
=== DMT & MDMA ===
=== DMT & Cocaine ===
=== DMT & Caffeine ===
=== DMT & Alcohol ===
=== DMT & GHB\GBL ===
=== DMT & Opioids ===
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3006089

=== DMT & Tramadol ===
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3006089

=== DMT & Benzodiazepines ===
=== DMT & MAOIs ===
=== DMT & SSRIs ===
=== Mescaline & DOx ===
=== Mescaline & NBOMes ===
=== Mescaline & 2C-x ===
=== Mescaline & 2C-T-x ===
=== Mescaline & αMT ===
=== Mescaline & 5-MeO-xxT ===
* The 5-MeO class of tryptamines can be unpredictable in their interactions.

=== Mescaline & Cannabis ===
=== Mescaline & Ketamine ===
=== Mescaline & MXE ===
=== Mescaline & DXM ===
=== Mescaline & Nitrous ===
=== Mescaline & Amphetamines ===
* The focus and anxiety caused by stimulants is magnified by psychedelics and results in an increased risk of thought loops.

=== Mescaline & MDMA ===
=== Mescaline & Cocaine ===
* The focus and anxiety caused by stimulants is magnified by psychedelics and results in an increased risk of thought loops.

=== Mescaline & Caffeine ===
* High doses of caffeine are uncomfortable and this will be magnified by psychedelics.

=== Mescaline & Alcohol ===
=== Mescaline & GHB\GBL ===
=== Mescaline & Opioids ===
=== Mescaline & Tramadol ===
* This combination can cause seizures due to the lowering of the threshold by tramadol and the potential of mescaline to cause seziures.

=== Mescaline & Benzodiazepines ===
=== Mescaline & MAOIs ===
=== Mescaline & SSRIs ===
=== DOx & NBOMes ===
=== DOx & 2C-x ===
=== DOx & 2C-T-x ===
=== DOx & αMT ===
=== DOx & 5-MeO-xxT ===
* The 5-MeO class of tryptamines can be unpredictable in their interactions, particularly increasing the risk of unpleasant physical side effects.

=== DOx & Cannabis ===
=== DOx & Ketamine ===
* Ketamine and psychedelics tend to potentiate each other - go slowly.

=== DOx & MXE ===
* As an NMDA antagonist MXE potentiates DOx which can be unpleasantly intense.

=== DOx & DXM ===
* The DOx class as psychedelic stimulants have the potential to mask the effects of DXM and could lead to redosing to an unsafe level. DXM can also potentiate DOx resulting in an unpleasantly intense experience.

=== DOx & Nitrous ===
=== DOx & Amphetamines ===
* The combined stimulating effects of the two can lead to an uncomfortable body-load, while the focusing effects of amphetamine can easily lead to thought loops. Coming down from amphetamines while the DOx is still active can be quite anxiogenic.

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1208759

=== DOx & MDMA ===
* The combined stimulating effects of the two can be uncomfortable. Coming down on the MDMA while the DOx is still active can be quite anxiogenic.

=== DOx & Cocaine ===
* The combined stimulating effects of the two can lead to an uncomfortable body-load, while the focusing effects of cocaine can easily lead to thought loops. Coming down from cocaine while the DOx is still active can be quite anxiogenic.

=== DOx & Caffeine ===
* High doses of caffeine may cause anxiety which is less manageable when tripping, and since both are stimulating it may cause some physical discomfort.

=== DOx & Alcohol ===
* Drinking on stimulants is risky because the sedative effects of the alcohol are reduced, and these are what the body uses to gauge drunkenness. This typically leads to excessive drinking with greatly reduced inhibitions, high risk of liver damage and increased dehydration. They will also allow you to drink past a point where you might normally pass out, increasing the risk.

=== DOx & GHB\GBL ===
=== DOx & Opioids ===
* No unexpected interactions.

=== DOx & Tramadol ===
* Tramadol is well known to lower seizure threshold and psychedelics also cause occasional seizures.

=== DOx & Benzodiazepines ===
=== DOx & MAOIs ===
=== DOx & SSRIs ===
=== NBOMes & 2C-x ===
=== NBOMes & 2C-T-x ===
=== NBOMes & αMT ===
=== NBOMes & 5-MeO-xxT ===
* The 5-MeO class of tryptamines can be unpredictable in their interactions and the NBOMes are known to be unpredictable even alone. This combination is best avoided.

=== NBOMes & Cannabis ===
=== NBOMes & Ketamine ===
=== NBOMes & MXE ===
=== NBOMes & DXM ===
=== NBOMes & Nitrous ===
=== NBOMes & Amphetamines ===
* Amphetamines and NBOMes both provide considerable stimulation. When combined they can result in tachycardia, hypertension, vasoconstriction and in extreme cases heart failure. The anxiogenic and focusing effects of stimulants are also not good in combination with psychedelics as they can lead to unpleasant thought loops. NBOMes are known to cause seizures and stimulants can increase this risk.

=== NBOMes & MDMA ===
=== NBOMes & Cocaine ===
* Cocaine and NBOMes both provide considerable stimulation. When combined they can result in severe vasoconstriction, tachycardia, hypertension, and in extreme cases heart failure.

=== NBOMes & Caffeine ===
* Caffiene can bring out the natural stimulation from psychedelic drugs to make it uncomfortable. High doses can cause anxiety which is hard to handle while tripping.

=== NBOMes & Alcohol ===
=== NBOMes & GHB\GBL ===
=== NBOMes & Opioids ===
=== NBOMes & Tramadol ===
* Tramadol is well known to lower seizure threshold and NBOMes have also shown a tendency to cause severe seizures.

=== NBOMes & Benzodiazepines ===
=== NBOMes & MAOIs ===
=== NBOMes & SSRIs ===
=== 2C-x & 2C-T-x ===
=== 2C-x & αMT ===
=== 2C-x & 5-MeO-xxT ===
* The 5-MeO psychedelics can interact unpredictably to potentiate other psychedelics.

=== 2C-x & Cannabis ===
=== 2C-x & Ketamine ===
=== 2C-x & MXE ===
=== 2C-x & DXM ===
=== 2C-x & Nitrous ===
=== 2C-x & Amphetamines ===
* The anxiogenic and focusing effects of stimulants increase the chance of unpleasant thought loops. The combination is generally uneccessary because of the stimulating effects of psychedelics. Combination of the stimulating effects may be uncomfortable.

=== 2C-x & MDMA ===
=== 2C-x & Cocaine ===
* The anxiogenic and focusing effects of stimulants increase the chance of unpleasant thought loops. The combination is generally unnecessary because of the stimulating effects of psychedelics. Combination of the stimulating effects may be uncomfortable.

=== 2C-x & Caffeine ===
* High doses of caffeine may cause anxiety which is less manageable when tripping, and since both are stimulating the combination may cause some physical discomfort.

=== 2C-x & Alcohol ===
=== 2C-x & GHB\GBL ===
=== 2C-x & Opioids ===
=== 2C-x & Tramadol ===
* Tramadol is well known to lower seizure threshold and psychedelics raise the risk of seizures.

=== 2C-x & Benzodiazepines ===
=== 2C-x & MAOIs ===
=== 2C-x & SSRIs ===
=== 2C-T-x & αMT ===
=== 2C-T-x & 5-MeO-xxT ===
=== 2C-T-x & Cannabis ===
=== 2C-T-x & Ketamine ===
=== 2C-T-x & MXE ===
=== 2C-T-x & DXM ===
=== 2C-T-x & Nitrous ===
=== 2C-T-x & Amphetamines ===
=== 2C-T-x & MDMA ===
=== 2C-T-x & Cocaine ===
=== 2C-T-x & Caffeine ===
* High doses of caffeine may cause anxiety which is less manageable when tripping, and since both are stimulating the combination may cause some physical discomfort.

=== 2C-T-x & Alcohol ===
* Both these classes of compound can interact unpredictably. Caution should be exercised.

=== 2C-T-x & GHB\GBL ===
=== 2C-T-x & Opioids ===
* No expected interactions, some Opioids have Serotonin action, and could lead to Serotonin Syndrome or a seizure. These are pretty much only to Pentazocine, Methadone, Tramadol, Tapenatdol.

=== 2C-T-x & Tramadol ===
=== 2C-T-x & Benzodiazepines ===
=== 2C-T-x & MAOIs ===
=== 2C-T-x & SSRIs ===
=== αMT & 5-MeO-xxT ===
=== αMT & Cannabis ===
=== αMT & Ketamine ===
=== αMT & MXE ===
=== αMT & DXM ===
=== αMT & Nitrous ===
=== αMT & Amphetamines ===
=== αMT & MDMA ===
=== αMT & Cocaine ===
=== αMT & Caffeine ===
* High doses of caffeine may cause anxiety which is less manageable when tripping, and since both are stimulating the combination may cause some physical discomfort.

=== αMT & Alcohol ===
* αMT has a broad mechanism of action in the brain and so does alcohol so the combination can be unpredictable.

=== αMT & GHB\GBL ===
=== αMT & Opioids ===
* No unexpected interactions

=== αMT & Tramadol ===
=== αMT & Benzodiazepines ===
=== αMT & MAOIs ===
=== αMT & SSRIs ===
=== 5-MeO-xxT & Cannabis ===
=== 5-MeO-xxT & Ketamine ===
=== 5-MeO-xxT & MXE ===
=== 5-MeO-xxT & DXM ===
=== 5-MeO-xxT & Nitrous ===
=== 5-MeO-xxT & Amphetamines ===
* The anxiogenic and focusing effects of stimulants increase the chance of unpleasant thought loops. The combination is generally unnecessary because of the stimulating effects of psychedelics.

=== 5-MeO-xxT & MDMA ===
* Some of the 5-MeO tryptamines are a bit unpredictable and should be mixed with MDMA with care.

=== 5-MeO-xxT & Cocaine ===
* The anxiogenic and focusing effects of stimulants increase the chance of unpleasant thought loops. The combination is generally unnecessary because of the stimulating effects of psychedelics.

=== 5-MeO-xxT & Caffeine ===
=== 5-MeO-xxT & Alcohol ===
=== 5-MeO-xxT & GHB\GBL ===
=== 5-MeO-xxT & Opioids ===
=== 5-MeO-xxT & Tramadol ===
=== 5-MeO-xxT & Benzodiazepines ===
=== 5-MeO-xxT & MAOIs ===
=== 5-MeO-xxT & SSRIs ===
=== Cannabis & Ketamine ===
=== Cannabis & MXE ===
=== Cannabis & DXM ===
=== Cannabis & Nitrous ===
=== Cannabis & Amphetamines ===
=== Cannabis & MDMA ===
=== Cannabis & Cocaine ===
=== Cannabis & Caffeine ===
=== Cannabis & Alcohol ===
=== Cannabis & GHB\GBL ===
=== Cannabis & Opioids ===
=== Cannabis & Tramadol ===
=== Cannabis & Benzodiazepines ===
=== Cannabis & MAOIs ===
=== Cannabis & SSRIs ===
=== Ketamine & MXE ===
=== Ketamine & DXM ===
=== Ketamine & Nitrous ===
=== Ketamine & Amphetamines ===
* Amphetamine worsens Ketamines ataxia.

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23660488

=== Ketamine & MDMA ===
=== Ketamine & Cocaine ===
=== Ketamine & Caffeine ===
* No unexpected interactions.

* http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00382.x/full

=== Ketamine & Alcohol ===
* Both substances cause ataxia and bring a very high risk of vomiting and unconsciousness. If the user falls unconscious while under the influence there is a severe risk of vomit aspiration if they are not placed in the recovery position.

* http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jemt.22045/abstract

=== Ketamine & GHB\GBL ===
* Both substances cause ataxia and bring a risk of vomiting and unconsciousness. If the user falls unconscious while under the influence there is a severe risk of vomit aspiration if they are not placed in the recovery position.

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16483730

=== Ketamine & Opioids ===
* Both substances bring a risk of vomiting and unconsciousness. If the user falls unconscious while under the influence there is a severe risk of vomit aspiration if they are not placed in the recovery position.

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21224020

=== Ketamine & Tramadol ===
* No unexpected interactions.

=== Ketamine & Benzodiazepines ===
* Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position.

=== Ketamine & MAOIs ===
=== Ketamine & SSRIs ===
=== MXE & DXM ===
* http://i.imgur.com/zmqaw.jpg

* http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014488607002543

=== MXE & Nitrous ===
=== MXE & Amphetamines ===
* Risk of tachycardia, hypertension, and manic states.

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25060403

=== MXE & MDMA ===
* There have been reports of risky serotonergic interactions when the two are taken at the same time, but MXE taken to the end of an MDMA experience does not appear to cause the same issues.

=== MXE & Cocaine ===
* Stimulants taken with MXE can lead to hypermanic states much more easily, especially if sleep is avoided.

=== MXE & Caffeine ===
* No likely interactions.

=== MXE & Alcohol ===
* There is a high risk of memory loss, vomiting and severe ataxia from this combination.

=== MXE & GHB\GBL ===
* Both substances cause ataxia and bring a risk of vomiting and unconsciousness. If the patient falls unconscious while under the influence there is a severe risk of vomit aspiration if they are not placed in the recovery position.

=== MXE & Opioids ===
* This combination can potentiate the effects of the opioid.

=== MXE & Tramadol ===
=== MXE & Benzodiazepines ===
* Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. Place affected patients in the recovery position to prevent vomit aspiration from excess.

=== MXE & MAOIs ===
=== MXE & SSRIs ===
* Depending on the SSRI this combination can be unpredictable.

=== DXM & Nitrous ===
=== DXM & Amphetamines ===
* Both substances raise heart rate, in extreme cases, panic attacks caused by these drugs have led to more serious heart issues.

=== DXM & MDMA ===
=== DXM & Cocaine ===
* Both substances raise heart rate, in extreme cases, panic attacks caused by these drugs have led to more serious heart issues.

=== DXM & Caffeine ===
* High doses of caffeine may cause anxiety which is less manageable when tripping, and since both are stimulating the combination may cause some physical discomfort.

=== DXM & Alcohol ===
* Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. Place affected patients in the recovery position to prevent vomit aspiration from excess. Additionally CNS depression can lead to difficulty breathing. Avoid on anything higher than 1st plateau.

=== DXM & GHB\GBL ===
* Both substances cause ataxia and bring a risk of vomiting and unconsciousness. If the patient falls unconscious while under the influence there is a severe risk of vomit aspiration if they are not placed in the recovery position. This combination is hard to predict.

=== DXM & Opioids ===
* CNS depression, difficult breathing, heart issues, hepatoxic, just very unsafe combination all around. Additionally, there is a reverse cross tolerance between opiates/dxm. I.E. if one takes dxm, their tolerance of opiates goes down slightly, thus causing additional synergistic effects.

=== DXM & Tramadol ===
=== DXM & Benzodiazepines ===
* Small doses of benzos can end a bad trip, but both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and this can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position.

=== DXM & MAOIs ===
* High risk of serotonin syndrome.

=== DXM & SSRIs ===
* High risk of serotonin syndrome.

=== Nitrous & Amphetamines ===
=== Nitrous & MDMA ===
=== Nitrous & Cocaine ===
=== Nitrous & Caffeine ===
=== Nitrous & Alcohol ===
* This combination can lead to vomiting.

=== Nitrous & GHB\GBL ===
=== Nitrous & Opioids ===
=== Nitrous & Tramadol ===
=== Nitrous & Benzodiazepines ===
=== Nitrous & MAOIs ===
=== Nitrous & SSRIs ===
=== Amphetamines & MDMA ===
* Amphetamines increase the neurotoxic effects of MDMA.

=== Amphetamines & Cocaine ===
* This combination of stimulants will increase strain on the heart. It is not generally worth it as cocaine has a mild blocking effect on dopamine releasers like amphetamine.

=== Amphetamines & Caffeine ===
* This combination of stimulants is not generally necessary and may increase strain on the heart, as well as potentially causing anxiety and greater physical discomfort.

=== Amphetamines & Alcohol ===
* Drinking on stimulants is risky because the sedative effects of the alcohol are reduced, and these are what the body uses to gauge drunkenness. This typically leads to excessive drinking with greatly reduced inhibitions, high risk of liver damage and increased dehydration. They will also allow you to drink past a point where you might normally pass out, increasing the risk. If you do decide to do this then you should set a limit of how much you will drink each hour and stick to it, bearing in mind that you will feel the alcohol and the stimulant less. Extended release formulations may severely impede sleep, further worsening the hangover.

=== Amphetamines & GHB\GBL ===
* Stimulants increase respiration rate allowing a higher dose of sedatives. If the stimulant wears off first then the opiate may overcome the patient and cause respiratory arrest.

=== Amphetamines & Opioids ===
* Stimulants increase respiration rate allowing a higher dose of opiates. If the stimulant wears off first then the opiate may overcome the patient and cause respiratory arrest.

=== Amphetamines & Tramadol ===
* Tramadol and stimulants both increase the risk of seizures.

=== Amphetamines & Benzodiazepines ===
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17320309

=== Amphetamines & MAOIs ===
=== Amphetamines & SSRIs ===
=== MDMA & Cocaine ===
* Cocaine blocks some of the desirable effects of MDMA while increasing the risk of heart attack.

=== MDMA & Caffeine ===
* Caffiene is not really necessary with MDMA and increases any neurotoxic effects from MDMA.

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3492978/

* http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-010-1864-1

* http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390805003114

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24211539

=== MDMA & Alcohol ===
* Both MDMA and alcohol cause severe dehydration. Approach this combination with caution, moderation and sufficient hydration.

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21040238

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21756931

=== MDMA & GHB\GBL ===
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16234132

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22554869

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20730418

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16483730

=== MDMA & Opioids ===
=== MDMA & Tramadol ===
* Tramadol and stimulants both increase the risk of seizures.

=== MDMA & Benzodiazepines ===
=== MDMA & MAOIs ===
=== MDMA & SSRIs ===
=== Cocaine & Caffeine ===
* Both stimulants, risk of tachycardia, hypertension, and in extreme cases heart failure.

=== Cocaine & Alcohol ===
* Drinking on stimulants is risky because the sedative effects of the alcohol are reduced, and these are what the body uses to gauge drunkenness. This typically leads to excessive drinking with greatly reduced inhibitions, high risk of liver damage and increased dehydration. They will also allow you to drink past a point where you might normally pass out, increasing the risk. If you do decide to do this then you should set a limit of how much you will drink each hour and stick to it, bearing in mind that you will feel he alcohol less. Cocaine is potentiated somewhat by alcohol by reduction of cocaine breakdown which results in increased risk to the heart.

=== Cocaine & GHB\GBL ===
* Stimulants increase respiration rate allowing a higher dose of sedatives. If the stimulant wears off first then the opiate may overcome the patient and cause respiratory arrest. Likewise the G can wear off and leave a dangerous concentration of cocaine behind.

=== Cocaine & Opioids ===
* Stimulants increase respiration rate allowing a higher dose of opiates. If the stimulant wears off first then the opiate may overcome the patient and cause respiratory arrest.

=== Cocaine & Tramadol ===
* Tramadol and stimulants both increase the risk of seizures.

=== Cocaine & Benzodiazepines ===
=== Cocaine & MAOIs ===
=== Cocaine & SSRIs ===
* Risk of serotonin syndrome, Likely to make the SSRI's innefective with regular cocaine use. The SSRIs may also make the cocaine less effective. Mental stability and cocaine don't go together.

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23761390

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20195220

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3377381

=== Caffeine & Alcohol ===
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20001110

=== Caffeine & GHB\GBL ===
=== Caffeine & Opioids ===
=== Caffeine & Tramadol ===
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20837047

=== Caffeine & Benzodiazepines ===
=== Caffeine & MAOIs ===
=== Caffeine & SSRIs ===
* http://journals.lww.com/jpharmacogenetics/abstract/1996/06000/a_fluvoxamine_caffeine_interaction_study.3.aspx

=== Alcohol & GHB\GBL ===
* Even in very low doses this combination rapidly leads to memory loss, severe ataxia and unconsciousness. There is a high risk of vomit aspiration while unconscious.

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15274975

=== Alcohol & Opioids ===
* Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. Place affected patients in the recovery position to prevent vomit aspiration from excess. Memory blackouts are likely.

=== Alcohol & Tramadol ===
* Heavy CNS depressants, risk of seizures. Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. Place affected patients in the recovery position to prevent vomit aspiration from excess. Memory blackouts are likely.

=== Alcohol & Benzodiazepines ===
* Ethanol ingestion may potentiate the CNS effects of many benzodiazepines. The two substances potentiate each other strongly and unpredictably, very rapidly leading to unconsciousness. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position. Blacking out and memory loss is almost certain.

=== Alcohol & MAOIs ===
* The chemical tyramine in alcoholic beverages can have dangerous reactions with MAOIs, causing an increase in blood pressure.

=== Alcohol & SSRIs ===
* Alcohol may potentiate some of the pharmacologic effects of CNS-active agents. Use in combination may result in additive central nervous system depression and/or impairment of judgment, thinking, and psychomotor skills.

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15739105

=== GHB\GBL & Opioids ===
* The two substances potentiate each other strongly and unpredictably, very rapidly leading to unconsciousness. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position.

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7782758

=== GHB\GBL & Tramadol ===
* The sedative effects of this combination can lead to dangerous respiratory depression.

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7782758

=== GHB\GBL & Benzodiazepines ===
* The two substances potentiate each other strongly and unpredictably, very rapidly leading to unconsciousness. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position.

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16483730

=== GHB\GBL & MAOIs ===
* No study, but MAO B inhibitors should enhance the effects, no interaction with MAO A.

=== GHB\GBL & SSRIs ===
=== Opioids & Tramadol ===
* Concomitant use of tramadol increases the seizure risk in patients taking other opioids. These agents are often individually epileptogenic and may have additive effects on seizure threshold during coadministration. Central nervous system- and/or respiratory-depressant effects may be additively or synergistically present.

=== Opioids & Benzodiazepines ===
* Central nervous system and/or respiratory-depressant effects may be additively or synergistically present. The two substances potentiate each other strongly and unpredictably, very rapidly leading to unconsciousness. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position Blackouts/memory loss likely.

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3454351/

=== Opioids & MAOIs ===
* Coadministration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) with certain opioids has been associated with rare reports of severe and fatal adverse reactions. There appear to be two types of interaction, an excitatory and a depressive one. Symptoms of the excitatory reaction may include agitation, headache, diaphoresis, hyperpyrexia, flushing, shivering, myoclonus, rigidity, tremor, diarrhea, hypertension, tachycardia, seizures, and coma. Death has occurred in some cases.

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17157368 (?)

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2891392

* http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2013/3_593.pdf

=== Opioids & SSRIs ===
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23391344

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20513454

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16005413

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18676387

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17381671

=== Tramadol & Benzodiazepines ===
* Central nervous system- and/or respiratory-depressant effects may be additively or synergistically present. Vomit aspiration a risk when passed out, lay down in recovery position if ingested.

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12842359

=== Tramadol & MAOIs ===
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16051647

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2750095/

=== Tramadol & SSRIs ===
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2714818/

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2750095/

=== Benzodiazepines & MAOIs ===
=== Benzodiazepines & SSRIs ===
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2446479/

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9435993

=== MAOIs & SSRIs ===
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24577320

[[Category:Guides]]

Psychedelic notes

2018-05-15T18:21:25Z

Sleep: Backspaced some stuff.

This page is a W.I.P and most likely will always be one. This most likely will not have the common psychedelics you are used to, but if you ever want to learn more about the "other" side of psychedelics, this could potentially be a starting point. There also may (There is as of this edit) doubles, as this started as a project between two people, and mashed together.

PSYCHEDELICS
:4, 5 MDO-xxT - MDMA Tryptamine
:5, 6 MDO-xxT - MDMA Tryptamine
:7-MeO/HO/Fl/Cl/Br/I/MeS-xxT - 4 position in phens
:4,5-DHP-xxT - Phenyl Ringed Tryptamine
:RU-28306 - HT1 & 2 agonist, binding affinity similar to DMT
:4,5-DHP-xxT - Phenyl Ringed Tryptamine
:5-Benzyloxytryptamine - 5-HT1D,2,6 agonist.
xxT ───────────────┐
:4-Propioniyl-xxT ▼

:4-HO-xxT - Halogens: FT, CT, BT, IT, TT (Thiosulphate), DFT, DCT, DBRT, DIT, DTHT
:4-HO-xxT - IB (ethyl-dimethyl --<) : DIBT, MIBT, EIBT, PIBT, iPIBT, BIBT, IBMT, IBET, IBPT, IBiPT, IBBT, ALIBT, IBALT
:4-HO-MPMI - alpha-pyrrole n, methylT,
:5-Fluoro-xxT - Fluoro T
:6-Fluoro-xxT - Fluoro T
:4-Fluoro-xxt??
:4,5/5,6-Dihydroxy/Dimethyl/Dimethoxy/Difluoro-DMT
:4/5-Me-xxT: 4-Me-DMT is antidepressive, 5-Me-DMT is psychedelic but high dose than MeO.
:4-HO-5-MeO-DMT - Explored by Marc Julia, never tested.
:5-MeO-2,N,N-TMT (Indapex) - 50-100mg: Empathogeic, antidepressive, 100mg+: depressive with body load (ORAL)- 10-30mg: Psychedelic, OEV, CEV. Visual 5-MeO. 5hrs (INSUFFLATED)
:4-HO,5-MeO-DMT-5-HemiFLY: furan ring from 5-Meo to 6 position
:4/5 benzofuran-xxT - like 4,5 MDO but ABPish. 4=potent, 5=psychedelic
:6-HO-xxT - Metabolised from 4-HO-xxT
:4, 7 DiMeO 5-Fl/Cl/Pr/etc xxT **
:4,5,6 - Halogen - xxT - Halogenated T
:7-TMT - 7 position could be 'magical' position along with 5

:MMDA - Brain Movies
:N-Methyl DOM - potentiated 5mg Psilocin. Possible Irreversible MAO-A inhibitor??
:dextro-DOM - inactive however managed to potentiate 'poor' hash the following day??

:Beta-Methyl Phenethylamine analogues -> halfway between 2C-x's and DOx
:MMDPEA - Entactogen. A-demethylated homologue of MMDA. Closely related to Mescaline. Active in 150-250mg, 300+ seemed to resemble standard doses of mescaline.
:2C-YN - ethynyl
:2C-PYN - propynyl
:2C-CN - cyanide
:2C-BZ - benzyl
:2C-SE - selenium
:2C-IV - ethenyl
:2C-PIV - propenyl
:2C-TFE - trifluoroethyl
:2C-TE - tellerium
:2C-NH - amine group!
:2C-IB - 4-ethyl-dimethyl --<
:2C-AL - allyl
:2C-MAL - methallyl
:2C-COOH - carboxyl
:2C-xM/E - Bromomethyl
:2C-MY - methylene

Plants and shit!
:Sinicuichi - plant that gives golden tinted vision and euphoria

:RDS-127 - HT1a agonist, looks like frog!

:AL-37350A - potent selective HT2a agonist
:AL-38022A - potent, selctive HT2 agonist, affinity for 2c
;5-Benzyloxytryptamine
xxT ───────────────┐
:4-Propioniyl-xxT ▼

:4-HO-xxT - Halogens: FT, CT, BT, IT, TT (Thiosulphate), DFT, DCT, DBRT, DIT, DTHT
:4-HO-xxT - IB (ethyl-dimethyl --<) : DIBT, MIBT, EIBT, PIBT, iPIBT, BIBT, IBMT, IBET, IBPT, IBiPT, IBBT, ALIBT, IBALT
:4-HO-MPMI - alpha-pyrrole n, methylT,
:5-Fluoro-xxT - Fluoro T
:6-Fluoro-xxT - Fluoro T - Probably inactive.
:4-Fluoro-xxt??
:4,5/5,6-Dihydroxy/Dimethyl/Dimethoxy/Difluoro-DMT
:4/5-Me-xxT: 4-Me-DMT is antidepressive, 5-Me-DMT is psychedelic but high dose than MeO.
:4-HO-5-MeO-DMT - Explored by Marc Julia, never tested.
:5-MeO-2,N,N-TMT (Indapex) - 50-100mg: Empathogeic, antidepressive, 100mg+: depressive with body load (ORAL) - 10-30mg: Psychedelic, OEV, CEV. Visual 5-MeO. 5hrs (INSUFFLATED)
:4-HO,5-MeO-DMT-5-HemiFLY: furan ring from 5-Meo to 6 position
:4/5 benzofuran-xxT - like 4,5 MDO but ABPish. 4=potent, 5=psychedelic
:6-HO-xxT - Metabolised from 4-HO-xxT
:4, 7 DiMeO 5-Fl/Cl/Pr/etc xxT **
:4,5,6 - Halogen - xxT - Halogenated T
:7-TMT - 7 position could be 'magical' position along with 5
:ALEPH-x - Thio Psych Amps:
:MMA - 3-MeO, 4-Me Amp. - SRI, S releaser, HT agonist
:Ergometrine - LSA
:2C-T-x (13, 17, 21)
:Di/tri-fluoromescaline - Di ~40-60mg, Tri ~<40mg

:MEM - MDMA type drug, useful for therapy. More of a potentiator but effects last several days afterwards. Possible NMDA antagonism?
:FLEA
:G-x - Very long duration Amp. psychedelics related to 2C-G
:5-TOET
:2-TOM
:5-TOM
:HOT-x - Hydroxy Thiosulph
:CPM - Introspection oriented Mescaline analogue
:2C-G-x - Long 2C. 4 substitutions: 2,5-dmo 4,3 dm pea
:2C-T - Glowing reports at 80-130mg. 'Gem of Gems' - MGS
:MMMDA-2
:Methyl/MeO/HO/E/EO/AL-MDA-x(2,5,6) - MDA analogues
:MDOH - Degrades into MDA, 100-150~mg dose. 3-6 hour length. Comes up within 45 minutes.
:2,5,6-Fluoro-MDA - Halogenated MDA (C,B,I,TFM?)
:x-LAD - LSD analogues
:2-Me-xxT - weak tryptamines
:Mexamine (5-MeO-T) - Full agonist at HT 1,2,4,6 & 7. Drug that causes dreams.
:ALD-52 - LSD acetate
:2C-TFM - Trifluoro
:2C-B-FLY - Phenyl rings
:BromoxxxxFLY - Phenyl rings +2C-B
:TCB-2 - potent nichols psych
:TFMFly - DRAGONfly analogue
:5-CT - non-selective HT Agonist - Tryptamine
:LSZ - Cyclo-butyl (dLSD analogue)
:LSB - Butyl
:25x-Nxxxx - T(2,4,7,21) + novel 4-pos. (WILL BE AROUND SHORTLY WITH MORE 25*-NBOH/25*-NBF)
:4MeO-2,5-DMePEA-NBOMe (2C-O-4)
:2,4 DMA- NBOMe
:C30-NBOMe - 25C-NBOMe with Methylamine Mesc. attached to the Amine
:RH-34 - ketanserin nbome/nick
:PNU-22394 - HT2A, B & C agonist - strange structure
:Dimemebfe - 5-MeO-DMT analogue
:Ro60-0175 - Selective HT2 agonist - indole
:Meta-Escaline
:MAL - Very visual mescaline analogue
:IsoProscaline - Mescaline analogue at 40-80mg. Euphoric, MDMA type. XC@cianchong.com 10g's for 120
:2CB-Ind
:LSP
:Methylisopropyllysergamide
:Lorcaserin - Selective, Hallucinogenic HT2C agonist
:MK-212 - ??serotonin agonist?? Weird ass substance.
:Jimscaline - indane mescaline analogue some 3-5x as potent
:MDPR - unresearched psychedelic drug potentiator
:Quipazine - selective HT2a & 3 agonist, piperazine
:G-5 **
:PSI-2C-x
:PSI-DOx - PSI-DOM found.
:PSI-25x-NBOMe

:IM-Isomescaline - Iso in this nonmenculture is ISO and not PSI. Which adds more to the benzyne ring.

:AEM - Ethyl
:APM - Propyl
:ABM - Butyl
:AAM - Amyl
:AHM - Hexyl
:ASM* - Heptyl
:AOM - Octyl
:ANM - Nonyl
:AUM - Undecyl
* = S is for Septyl, to distinguish heptyl from hexyl.
:AL - Allyl mesc.
:2C-AL - Allyl
:3C-AL - Allyl
:ASB - Asymbescaline.200-300:10-15 hours.
:SB - Symbescaline.

:Aleph-x - Thio psych amps.

:Ariadne - 4C-DOM, Not much here.

:ASB - Asymbescaline.200-300:10-15 hours.
:SB - Symbescaline.

:Buscaline
Note: The 3C-*'s listed below that the toxic symptom might be present at the higher dosages that are needed to achieve full psych.
:3C-B - Three-carbon chain analogue of Buscaline.
:3C-A - Three-carbon chain analogue of Amyloxy.
:3C-H - Three-carbon chain analogue of Hexyloxy.
:3C-S - Three-carbon chain analogue of Heptyloxy.

:2C-AL - Allyl
:3C-AL - Allyl

:N-Methyl-DOM - Some 25x less active than DOM.
:Methyl-DOB - Very hard on the body. Much less potent than DOB. Seems to potentiate non PEA's.

:2-TOM - 60-100mg: 8-10 hours. CEV heavy.
:5-TOM - 30-50mg: 6-10 hours.

:Beta-Methoxy-2C-X - 10-20mg: 10-20 hours. Most potent of the BOX series. Might be some dangers to physical concern.
B,D,H,HD,Mescaline.

:4-BR-3,5-DMA - Acts as a depressant in humans. 3-10mg.
:2-BR-MDA - Supposed to act as an amp.

:2CB-2ETO

:3C-FBZ - Flurobenzyloxy - Amphetamine-like compound most likely. Tested up to 4mg's no activity noted.
:3C-BZ - Very finicky dosing. Seems to resemble TMA at high enough dosages.
:3C-E - 4-sub was very important to potency and quality of the action. 40-60mg dose.

:CPM - Sad looking compound. 60-80mg:12-18 hours. Mescaline with a methyl removed and a cyclopropylmethyl added.
:3C-CPM - Amphetamine analogue of CPM.

:4-D/Beta-D - The deuterium sub /has/ to be done with TMA.

:Desoxy (4-Desoxymescaline) - 40-120mg:6-8 hours.

Note: Mescaline analogue with bromo in place of the 4-methoxyl group must be done. MUST.

DIMETHYLAMPHETAMINES
:2,4-DMA Tested up to 60mg's. Not fully active. Theory about it being harmful at higher levels.
:2,5-DMA 80-200mg:6-8 hours. Fully stimulant.
:3,4-DMA Was tested at 70mg IV'd and 700mg IV'd. A full stimulant that... well no.
:2,3-DMA
:2,6-DMA
:3,5-DMA

:DMCPA - 15-20mg:4-8 hours. Most likely works as an MAOI. Like Tranylcypromine.
:DME - Inactive.
:DMMDA - 30-75mg:6-8 hours. Apiole from the Oil of Parsley.
:Methyl-MMDA-2

Ergolamide stuff!

:LSD - Golden staple of this class.
:AL-LAD - 40ug threshold, equipotent to LSD. 6-Allyl-6-Nor-LSD Slightly shorter lasting.
:LSZ - Only substance that I can think of that has a diethylamide constrained into an azetidine. Slightly more potent than LSD. (S,S)-(+) isomer most active.
:ALD-52 - N-Acetyl-LSD. Dose is 50-175ug. "LSD-lite" Less anxiety, yet increased blood pressure in a few.
:LA-111 - LSA
:OML-632 - L-Oxymethyl D-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (wot, just an added chain?) Seems to be a bit more potent.
:LAE-32 - D-Lysergic acid ethylamide. A derivative of Ergine. Some LSD-like effects, shorter lasting. 500-1500ug
:BOL-148 - 2-bromo found by Hofmann, inactive as a psychedelic, acts as a neutal antagonist, which makes it "useful" in cluster headaches and a bit more. (E.G useful in medicine, not in my hands)
:MLA-74 -
:ALA-10
:LPD-824
:DAM-57
:LME
:LAMP
:LEP
:MLD-41 - 1-methyl homologue of LSD. More Somatic than sensory. 100-300ug. Cardiovascular responses are increased.
:LSM-775 - Somewhere between 75ug-700ug. Fewer signs of stimulation and peripheral toxicity.
:DAM-57
:LPD-821
:LAE-32
:UML-491 - Synthetic homologue of MLD-41

Fentanyl Extraction Guide

2018-05-12T15:59:25Z

Sleep:

=== Note: This is dangerous to do. Please do not do this if you're unaware of what you are doing. This is also a work in progress. ===

Mallinckrodt fentanyl extraction.

TABLES
{| class="wikitable"
| Dose Size Fentanyl Content
| (mcg/hr) (cm2) (mg)
|-
| 25 7.8 2.75
|-
| 50 15.6 5.50
|-
| 75 23.4 8.25
|-
| 100 31.2 11.0
|}

Active ingredients
Fentanyl HCl

Inactive ingredients
Hydroxypropyl Cellulose
Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer (19% Vinyl acetate)
Dipropylene Glycol
Dimethicone
Dimethicone 350
Heptane

Backing film (which is a layer of PET foil)

The Fentanyl (which also contain Dipropylene glycol/Hydroxypropyl cellulose) Note both are completely inactive minus the fentanyl.

The thing that controls the rate of delivery

Adhesive

Scrape back the first layer (backing film) using a box cutter starting at one of the edges, and pull slowly back until it is gone. Discard/Scrape the remaining residue off of it. Mix at a 1:100 mixture of Fentanyl:Mannitol using light heat using 9ml's of water and 1ml of Ethanol. Until the solution is where you can not see any powder left. Using an oral syringe/Pipette place in your nasal spray bottle. (Make sure to shake before using each time, and to use proper safety materials during this entire process)

13mg - If making a ~100ug solution (using the standard of .125ml/spray comes to 104 sprays) You would need the 13mg's of fentanyl and 1300mg of mannitol mixed together in a 10ml bottle would come out to 104ug/spray. Change to liking.

Fentanyl Extraction Guide

2018-05-12T15:51:49Z

Sleep: WiP 100%.

Mallinckrodt fentanyl extraction.

TABLES
Dose Size Fentanyl Content
(mcg/hr) (cm2) (mg)

25 7.8 2.75
50 15.6 5.50
75 23.4 8.25
100 31.2 11.0

Active ingredients
Fentanyl HCl

Inactive ingredients
Hydroxypropyl Cellulose
Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer (19% Vinyl acetate)
Dipropylene Glycol
Dimethicone
Dimethicone 350
Heptane

Backing film (which is a layer of PET foil)

The Fentanyl (which also contain Dipropylene glycol/Hydroxypropyl cellulose) Note both are completely inactive minus the fentanyl.

The thing that controls the rate of delivery

Adhesive

Scrape back the first layer (backing film) using a box cutter starting at one of the edges, and pull slowly back until it is gone. Discard/Scrape the remaining residue off of it. Mix at a 1:100 mixture of Fentanyl:Mannitol using light heat using 9ml's of water and 1ml of Ethanol. Until the solution is where you can not see any powder left. Using an oral syringe/Pipette place in your nasal spray bottle. (Make sure to shake before using each time, and to use proper safety materials during this entire process)

13mg - If making a ~100ug solution (using the standard of .125ml/spray comes to 104 sprays) You would need the 13mg's of fentanyl and 1300mg of mannitol mixed together in a 10ml bottle would come out to 104ug/spray. Change to liking.

Staff Commands

2018-03-16T15:43:43Z

Sleep: Just fixing the command.

== TripBot ==

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" | Moderating
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
|-
|| ~notify [#channel] <message>
| colspan="2" | Notify staff of a channel of a message. This can be run in either PM or in the channel.
|-
|| ~quiet [time] [#channel] <user> [reason]
| colspan="2" |
|-
|| ~timeout <user> [reason]
| colspan="2" | Will apply a 10 minute quiet on the user. After 3 timeouts in an hour, a ban is applied.
|-
|| ~unquiet [#channel] <user>
| colspan="2" |
|-
|| ~warn <user> <reason>
| colspan="2" | This will add a warning to the user and show a link to all warnings of that user in #tripsit.me.
|-
|| ~rmwarning <user> <warn>
| colspan="2" |
|-
|~nban <user> [time] [reason] [#kline or #specialk]
| colspan="2" | Ban a user from the network. #kline and #specialk tags will also automatically k-line the user.
|-
|| ~nunban <user> [reason]
| colspan="2" | Unban a user from the network.
|-
|| ~ban <user> [command]
| colspan="2" | Ban a user from using a command. Command may be replaced with '*,' which will ban a user from use of all commands. Users banned from all commands will still be subject to module listeners.
|-
|| ~unban <user> [command]
| colspan="2" | Unban a user from using a given command. If a user was previously banned using the '*' wildcard, they may also be unbanned from such by replacing command with an asterisk here as well.
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" | Community Gardening
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
|-
|| ~alias [user]
| colspan="2" | If an alias is provided, this command will return the primary user for which this is an alias for. If a primary user is provided, it will return a confirmation of this fact and a count of how many aliases belong to the user.
|-
|| ~setaliasparent <newparent>
| colspan="2" | Set a nick which is currently serving as an alias to the primary user, while setting what was previously the primary user as an alias of the new primary user. Requires moderator level access by default.
|-
|| ~mergeusers <primaryuser> <secondaryuser>
| colspan="2" | This command merges two nicks which are recorded as primary users into one user. The secondary user and all of their aliases will be merged under primaryuser. Requires moderator level access by default.
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" | Quote Management
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
|-
| colspan="2" | List of quotes to be deleted: http://nourishedbutt.com:1337/quoteremovals ||
|-
|| ~rmstatus
| colspan="2" | Show how many quotes are currently in the removal cache, and whether they will be randomly removed.
|-
|| ~rmconfirm
| colspan="2" | Confirm that the quotes currently in the removal cache are okay to be removed, and permanently delete them.
|-
|| ~rmdeny
| colspan="2" | Re-instate the quotes that are currently in the removal cache back into the main quote database.
|-
| ~setdrug <drug> <property> <info> || Sets the property with the info you provided || ~setdrug 2cb effects giggling, halucinations, etc.
|-
|| ~rmdrug <drug> <property>
| colspan="2" | Removes the property from the factsheet.
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" | Tripbot Management
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
|-
|| ~join <channel>
| colspan="2" | Join the given channel.
|-
|| ~part <channel>
| colspan="2" | Leave the given channel.
|-
|| ~opme [channel]
| colspan="2" | Gives the caller ops in a given channel if possible. If called without a channel, it will attempt to give the caller ops in the current channel.
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" | Admin
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
|-
|| ~greload
| colspan="2" | Perform a git pull, and then execute the 'reload' command. Saves a lot of time updating!
|-
|| ~reload
| colspan="2" | Reload all of the modules currently in use by DBot. By using this, all module functionality should be reloadable and replaceable without having to restart the bot or interrupt the connection to the server.
|-
|| ~load <module>
| colspan="2" | Load a new module. This works by adding a module name to the roster and then triggering a reload of all modules, at which point the new module is actually loaded by the standard DBot process.
|-
|| ~unload <module>
| colspan="2" | Unload a currently loaded module. This removes the module, and then triggers a reload of all modules.
|-
|| ~setconfig
| colspan="2" | Set a config key.
|-
|~showconfig
| colspan="2" | Show a config key.
|}

== Thanatos ==

Thanatos primarily works with tripbot to handle filtering for racial slurs, known-sourcing site links, spam/flood protection, and assorted shenanigans. Due to thana's specific design philosophy, coding strategy, and quality of his scripts (none, for all of those), he sometimes has really /fun/ and sometimes exciting bugs. Please ping toasterlizard on irc/telegram when thana's acting strange or it seems like his insidey-parts are broken. <3

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" | Moderators
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
|-
|%amode <mode> [mask] || Sets <mode> in all channels thanatos is opped in. ||%amode +zq *!*@tripsit/sysop/toasterlizard
|-
|%aq <mask> || Quiets <mask> in all channels thanatos is opped in. ||%aq *!*@tripsit/sysop/toasterlizard
|-
|%aunq <mask> || Unquiets <mask> in all channels thanatos is opped in. ||%aunq *!*@tripsit/sysop/toasterlizard
|-
|%findnicks [option] <nick> || Searches for past connections/disconnections of <nick> and returns previously used IPs and nicks. || "%findnicks Sqwonk", "%findnicks --alsuti Sqwonk", "%fi --timeout=90 Medic"
|-
|%grepbans <string> <#channel> || Checks the ban/quiet list in <#channel> for everything matching <string>. || "%grepbans 50.153 #drugs", "%grepbans Gordon #drugs"
|
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" | Operators
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
|-
|%akill on || Turns on DNSBL auto-kill for "Possibly Naughty" connections. ||
|-
|%akill off || Turns off DNSBL auto-kill for "Possibly Naughty" connections. ||
|-
|%op [#channel] <nick> || Ops <nick> in either [#channel] or (if [#channel] is not specified) the current channel. ||%op #drugs toasterlizard
|-
|%deop [#channel] <nick> || De-ops <nick> in either [#channel] or (if [#channel] is not specified) the current channel. ||%deop #drugs toasterlizard
|-
|%voice [#channel] <nick> || Voices <nick> in either [#channel] or (if [#channel] is not specified) the current channel. ||%voice #drugs toasterlizard
|-
|%devoice [#channel] <nick> || De-voices <nick> in either [#channel] or (if [#channel] is not specified) the current channel. ||%devoice #drugs toasterlizard
|-
|%join <#channel> || Join the channel <#channel>. ||%join #pantaloons
|-
|%part <#channel> || Leaves the channel <#channel>. ||%part #pantaloons
|-
|%act <#channel> <action> || Performs <action> in <#channel>. ||%act #drugs hugs tripbot
|-
|%say <target> <text> || Messages <target>, which may be a channel or a nickname, with <text>. ||%say #drugs tripbot: ily <3
|-
|}

== If Tripbot is down ==

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" | Banning/Unbanning
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
|-
|| /mode #channel +b nickname | /mode #channel -b nickname
| colspan="2" | This will ban that user from the channel. | This will unban a user from the channel.
|}

List of staff and their roles

2018-02-04T20:48:30Z

Sleep:

If your name is on this list, feel free to add to your duties, responsibilities, and how you are contributing to the network or would like to contribute to the network!

If you wish to become part of the TripSit staff, please fill out an [[application]] and send it to a staff member (~staff application).

== Staff List ==

=== Administrators ===
* reality
* Teknos

=== Sysops ===
* Physical
* toasterlizard

=== Moderators ===
* aesirus
* bjorn
* Crystal
* ghost
* hibs
* Rubote
* Saga
* Sleep
* Scritch
* Trees
* TripMate

=== Tripsitters ===
* Dr1ftEE
* Dsfargeegrafsd
* Fade
* HadezZ
* icedtea4life
* Itchy_Robot
* King_of_Ireland
* LiVeen
* LucidityStill
* Manele
* monkeyz
* Moon
* PhilosophicalDuck
* Picklerat
* Racemic_Scientist
* SoundSpire
* Sykonaut
* TinFoil
* uncarbonated
* user54
* wtf_igo
* Xibeca
* yondalar
* yorii

===Contributors===
* cyrilio
* Dread
* Xibeca

=== Bots ===
* thanatos - The IRC bot that loves to beep and go through logs!
* tripbot - The IRC bot you've come to know and love

=== VIP's and Special Exceptions ===
* Borax - Mod of [http://www.reddit.com/r/drugs /r/drugs] and drug knowledge consultant
* Bryce - Our [http://www.maps.org MAPS] partner
* Klafka - Our [http://dancesafe.org DanceSafe] partner

== Organisational Structure ==

Aside from primary staff positions, we organise ourselves based on a tree.

=== Concepts ===

====Trunk====
*Base of the team, responsible for making sure everything is running okay.
*reality, Teknos

====Branches====
*"Projects" or "teams" that work on their own objectives.
*Branch leaders report to admins on the status of projects and direct their team (leaves) on how to proceed.

====Leaves====
*Staff who work on projects with their branch leaders.

=== Branches and their Point of Contacts ===

====tripbot Branch====
*Branch Leader: reality
*Description: Enhancing tripbot's code to better serve TripSit.
*Resources: [http://github.com/reality/dbot dbot], [https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/List_of_IRC_bot_commands commands], [http://tripbot.tripsit.me/ web interface].

====TripSit App Branch====
*Branch Leader: Jimmycarr
*Description: Developing and maintaining the [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=me.tripsit.tripmobile TripSit app].
*Resources: #content

====Radio Branch====
*Branch Leader: Physical
*Description: Run the music community on TripSit. Manage TripSit.FM.
*Resources: [http://radio.tripsit.me TripSit Radio], #music.

====Steam Branch====
*Branch Leader: Teknos
*Description: Steam Game Group.
*Resources: [http://steamcommunity.com/groups/tripsit Steam Group], #gaming.

====TripSit Department of Psychonautical Informatics====
*Branch Leader: reality
*Description: Continuing to update our Wiki and other resources to include useful harm reduction information for the world.
*Resources: [http://wiki.tripsit.me Wiki], [http://tripbot.tripsit.me/factsheet Factsheets].

====Department of Psychonautics====
*Branch leader: Teknos
*Description: Getting attention to our network from the Psychonaut community.
*Resources: #psychonaut.

[[Category:TripSit]]

Benzodiazepines

2018-02-01T16:47:53Z

Sleep: Now I recall why I hate myself.

[[File:Xanax.jpg|thumb|250px|Alprazolam pills and prescription bottle]]

Benzodiazepines are drugs which act upon the GABA(A) receptor, and produce a general set of effects which vary by compound, mostly being sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant. The first benzodiazepine, Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which has also marketed diazepam (Valium) since 1963.

= Dosage =

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of benzodiazepines
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| [[Alprazolam|Alprazolam (Xanax)]]
| 6 - 12 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Bromazepam (Lexotan, Lexomil)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 5 - 6 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Brotizolam (Lendormin)
| 2 - 6 hours
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)
| 5 - 30 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 25 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clobazam (Frisium, Urbanol)
| 12 - 60 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clonazepam (Klonopin)
| 18 - 50 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clorazepate (Tranxene)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| [[Diazepam|Diazepam (Valium)]]
| 20 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diclazepam (Ro5-3448)
| ~42 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Estazolam (ProSom, Nuctalon)
| 10 - 24 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Etizolam|Etizolam (Etilaam, Etizola, Etizest, Depas)]]
| 4-12 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Flubromazepam
| 106 hours
| 6 - 8 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flubromazolam
| Long
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Flunitrazepam|Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)]]
| 18 - 26 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 1 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flutoprazepam (Restas)
| 60 - 90 hours
| ~2.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flurazepam (Dalmane)
| [40 - 250 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Halazepam (Paxipam)
| [30 - 100 hours]
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Ketazolam (Anseren)
| 30 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Loprazolam (Dormonoct)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Lorazepam (Ativan)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 1 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Lormetazepam (Noctamid)
| 10 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Midazolam (Dormicum)
| 1.6 - 8.3 hours
| 10mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Medazepam (Nobrium)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Nitrazepam (Mogadon)
| 15 - 38 hours
| 10 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Nordazepam (Nordaz)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Oxazepam (Serax)
| 4 - 15 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Phenazepam
| 60 hours
| ~1 mg.
| Hypnotic
|-
| Prazepam (Centrax)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 - 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Pyrazolam
| Short
| .83 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Quazepam (Doral)
| 25 - 100 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Temazepam (Restoril)
| 8 - 22 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Triazolam (Halcion)
| 2 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Non-benzodiazepines commonly referred to as Z-drugs
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Zaleplon (Sonata)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Zolpidem|Zolpidem (Ambien)]]
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zopiclone (Imovane)
| 5 - 6 hours
| 15 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
| 6 hours
| 3 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

= Effects =
== Positive ==

* Anti-Anxiety
* Sedative
* Muscle relaxant

== Negative ==

* High addiction potential
* Withdrawals can be fatal
* Risk of blackout
* Inability to drink
* Inability to drive
* Loss of balance
* Memory Loss
* Procrastination
* "Hangover"
* Long-term effects
* High addiction potential

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

* Addiction potential - High

* Risk of blackouts

* Risk of death when mixed with alcohol or other drugs. '''An extremely high percentage of drug-related deaths are due to mixing benzos with other drugs, especially opiates and alcohol.'''

* Mental illness

* Heart issues

* CNS depressant when mixed with other drugs

== Research Chemicals ==

The main danger of the drugs in this class is the risk of blacking out or overdosing by mixing it with other CNS depressants.

Most of the research chemicals from this class are usually active under 10mg's. The best course of action with these substances is putting X amount of active chemical into X amount of your solvent of choice (Such as Propylene-Glycol or Ethanol) And using an oral syringe to get the dose you want. Granted a fair amount are sold are either in presses or on a blotter.

See the [[Research Chemicals]] page for more information.

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
The term benzodiazepine is the chemical name for the heterocyclic ring system, which is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems. Under Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature, a diazepine is a heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms, five carbon atom and the maximum possible number of cumulative double bonds. The "benzo" prefix indicates the benzene ring fused onto the diazepine ring.
Benzodiazepine drugs are substituted 1,4-benzodiazepines, although the chemical term can refer to many other compounds that do not have useful pharmacological properties. Different benzodiazepine drugs have different side groups attached to this central structure. The different side groups affect the binding of the molecule to the GABAA receptor and so modulate the pharmacological properties. Many of the pharmacologically active "classical" benzodiazepine drugs contain the 5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one substructure.
Nonbenzodiazepines also bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA(A) receptor and possess similar pharmacological properties. While the nonbenzodiazepines are by definition structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines, both classes of drugs possess a common pharmacophore, which explains their binding to a common receptor site

[[File:benzo.png|500px]]

* 2-keto compounds:
::Chlordiazepoxide, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Flurazepam, Halazepam, Prazepam, and others.
* 3-hydroxy compounds:
::Lorazepam, Lormetazepam,Oxazepam, Temazepam
* 7-nitro compounds:
::Clonazepam, Flunitrazepam, Nimetazepam, Nitrazepam
* Triazolo compounds:
::Adinazolam, Alprazolam, Estazolam, Triazolam
* Imidazo compounds
::Climazolam, Loprazolam, Midazolam

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
Image:Xanax.jpg|''(Purepac) alprazolam pills and prescription bottle''
Image:Alprazolam_solution.jpg|''Alprazolam solved in propylene glycol''
Image:Alpraz.jpg|''.5mg (Qualitest) alprazolam pills''
Image:Ativan.png|''Lorazepam (Ativan) pill''
</gallery>

= Links =
http://www.dr-bob.org/tips/bzd.html

[http://tripsit.me/history-of-etizolam History of Etizolam on Tripsit.me]

= Sources =

Madsen U, Bräuner-Osborne H, Greenwood JR, Johansen TN, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Liljefors T, Nielsen M, Frølund B (2005). "GABA and Glutamate receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential in CNS disorders". In Gad SC. Drug Discovery Handbook. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience/J. Wiley. pp. 797–907. ISBN 0-471-21384-5.
^ a b Panico, R.; Powell, W. H.; Richer, J. C., eds. (1993). A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds. IUPAC/Blackwell Science. pp. 40–3. ISBN 0-632-03488-2.; Moss GP (1998). "Nomenclature of fused and bridged fused ring systems (IUPAC Recommendations 1998)". Pure Appl Chem 70 (1): 143–216. doi:10.1351/pac199870010143.
Olsen RW, Betz H (2006). "GABA and glycine". In Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Brady S, Price DD (eds.). Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects (7th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 291–302. ISBN 0-12-088397-X.
Shorter E (2005). "Benzodiazepines". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–2. ISBN 0-19-517668-5.
Zavala F (1997). "Benzodiazepines, anxiety and immunity". Pharmacol Ther 75 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00055-7. PMID 9504140.
Narimatsu E, Niiya T, Kawamata M, Namiki A (2006). "[The mechanisms of depression by benzodiazepines, barbiturates and propofol of excitatory synaptic transmissions mediated by adenosine neuromodulation]". Masui (in Japanese) 55 (6): 684–91. PMID 16780077.
Juergens, MD, Steven M. "Understanding Benzodiazepines". California Society of Addiction Medicine. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Carlo, Pia; Renata Finollo, Anna Ledda, Giovanni Brambilla (January 1989). "Absence of liver DNA fragmentation in rats treated with high oral doses of 32 benzodiazepine drugs". Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 12 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1016/0272-0590(89)90059-6. PMID 2925017.

[[Category:Drug class]]

Benzodiazepines

2018-02-01T13:55:33Z

Sleep: How the fuck can't I spell.

[[File:Xanax.jpg|thumb|250px|Alprazolam pills and prescription bottle]]

Benzodiazepines are drugs which act upon the GABA(A) receptor, and produce a general set of effects which vary by compound, mostly being sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant. The first benzodiazepine, Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which has also marketed diazepam (Valium) since 1963.

= Dosage =

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of benzodiazepines
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| [[Alprazolam|Alprazolam (Xanax)]]
| 6 - 12 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Bromazepam (Lexotan, Lexomil)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 5 - 6 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Brotizolam (Lendormin)
| 2 - 6 hours
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)
| 5 - 30 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 25 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clobazam (Frisium, Urbanol)
| 12 - 60 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clonazepam (Klonopin)
| 18 - 50 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clorazepate (Tranxene)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| [[Diazepam|Diazepam (Valium)]]
| 20 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diclazepam (Ro5-3448)
| ~42 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Estazolam (ProSom, Nuctalon)
| 10 - 24 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Etizolam|Etizolam (Etilaam, Etizola, Etizest, Depas)]]
| 4-12 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Flubromazepam
| 106 hours
| 6 - 8 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flubromazolam
| Long
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Flunitrazepam|Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)]]
| 18 - 26 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 1 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flutoprazepam (Restas)
| 60 - 90 hours
| ~2.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flurazepam (Dalmane)
| [40 - 250 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Halazepam (Paxipam)
| [30 - 100 hours]
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Ketazolam (Anseren)
| 30 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Loprazolam (Dormonoct)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Lorazepam (Ativan)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 1 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Lormetazepam (Noctamid)
| 10 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Midazolam (Dormicum)
| 1.6 - 8.3 hours
| 3.34mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Medazepam (Nobrium)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Nitrazepam (Mogadon)
| 15 - 38 hours
| 10 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Nordazepam (Nordaz)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Oxazepam (Serax)
| 4 - 15 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Phenazepam
| 60 hours
| ~1 mg.
| Hypnotic
|-
| Prazepam (Centrax)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 - 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Pyrazolam
| Short
| .83 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Quazepam (Doral)
| 25 - 100 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Temazepam (Restoril)
| 8 - 22 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Triazolam (Halcion)
| 2 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Non-benzodiazepines commonly referred to as Z-drugs
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Zaleplon (Sonata)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Zolpidem|Zolpidem (Ambien)]]
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zopiclone (Imovane)
| 5 - 6 hours
| 15 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
| 6 hours
| 3 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

= Effects =
== Positive ==

* Anti-Anxiety
* Sedative
* Muscle relaxant

== Negative ==

* High addiction potential
* Withdrawals can be fatal
* Risk of blackout
* Inability to drink
* Inability to drive
* Loss of balance
* Memory Loss
* Procrastination
* "Hangover"
* Long-term effects
* High addiction potential

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

* Addiction potential - High

* Risk of blackouts

* Risk of death when mixed with alcohol or other drugs. '''An extremely high percentage of drug-related deaths are due to mixing benzos with other drugs, especially opiates and alcohol.'''

* Mental illness

* Heart issues

* CNS depressant when mixed with other drugs

== Research Chemicals ==

The main danger of the drugs in this class is the risk of blacking out or overdosing by mixing it with other CNS depressants.

Most of the research chemicals from this class are usually active under 10mg's. The best course of action with these substances is putting X amount of active chemical into X amount of your solvent of choice (Such as Propylene-Glycol or Ethanol) And using an oral syringe to get the dose you want. Granted a fair amount are sold are either in presses or on a blotter.

See the [[Research Chemicals]] page for more information.

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
The term benzodiazepine is the chemical name for the heterocyclic ring system, which is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems. Under Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature, a diazepine is a heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms, five carbon atom and the maximum possible number of cumulative double bonds. The "benzo" prefix indicates the benzene ring fused onto the diazepine ring.
Benzodiazepine drugs are substituted 1,4-benzodiazepines, although the chemical term can refer to many other compounds that do not have useful pharmacological properties. Different benzodiazepine drugs have different side groups attached to this central structure. The different side groups affect the binding of the molecule to the GABAA receptor and so modulate the pharmacological properties. Many of the pharmacologically active "classical" benzodiazepine drugs contain the 5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one substructure.
Nonbenzodiazepines also bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA(A) receptor and possess similar pharmacological properties. While the nonbenzodiazepines are by definition structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines, both classes of drugs possess a common pharmacophore, which explains their binding to a common receptor site

[[File:benzo.png|500px]]

* 2-keto compounds:
::Chlordiazepoxide, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Flurazepam, Halazepam, Prazepam, and others.
* 3-hydroxy compounds:
::Lorazepam, Lormetazepam,Oxazepam, Temazepam
* 7-nitro compounds:
::Clonazepam, Flunitrazepam, Nimetazepam, Nitrazepam
* Triazolo compounds:
::Adinazolam, Alprazolam, Estazolam, Triazolam
* Imidazo compounds
::Climazolam, Loprazolam, Midazolam

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
Image:Xanax.jpg|''(Purepac) alprazolam pills and prescription bottle''
Image:Alprazolam_solution.jpg|''Alprazolam solved in propylene glycol''
Image:Alpraz.jpg|''.5mg (Qualitest) alprazolam pills''
Image:Ativan.png|''Lorazepam (Ativan) pill''
</gallery>

= Links =
http://www.dr-bob.org/tips/bzd.html

[http://tripsit.me/history-of-etizolam History of Etizolam on Tripsit.me]

= Sources =

Madsen U, Bräuner-Osborne H, Greenwood JR, Johansen TN, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Liljefors T, Nielsen M, Frølund B (2005). "GABA and Glutamate receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential in CNS disorders". In Gad SC. Drug Discovery Handbook. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience/J. Wiley. pp. 797–907. ISBN 0-471-21384-5.
^ a b Panico, R.; Powell, W. H.; Richer, J. C., eds. (1993). A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds. IUPAC/Blackwell Science. pp. 40–3. ISBN 0-632-03488-2.; Moss GP (1998). "Nomenclature of fused and bridged fused ring systems (IUPAC Recommendations 1998)". Pure Appl Chem 70 (1): 143–216. doi:10.1351/pac199870010143.
Olsen RW, Betz H (2006). "GABA and glycine". In Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Brady S, Price DD (eds.). Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects (7th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 291–302. ISBN 0-12-088397-X.
Shorter E (2005). "Benzodiazepines". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–2. ISBN 0-19-517668-5.
Zavala F (1997). "Benzodiazepines, anxiety and immunity". Pharmacol Ther 75 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00055-7. PMID 9504140.
Narimatsu E, Niiya T, Kawamata M, Namiki A (2006). "[The mechanisms of depression by benzodiazepines, barbiturates and propofol of excitatory synaptic transmissions mediated by adenosine neuromodulation]". Masui (in Japanese) 55 (6): 684–91. PMID 16780077.
Juergens, MD, Steven M. "Understanding Benzodiazepines". California Society of Addiction Medicine. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Carlo, Pia; Renata Finollo, Anna Ledda, Giovanni Brambilla (January 1989). "Absence of liver DNA fragmentation in rats treated with high oral doses of 32 benzodiazepine drugs". Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 12 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1016/0272-0590(89)90059-6. PMID 2925017.

[[Category:Drug class]]

Opioid Notes

2018-01-22T07:55:17Z

Sleep: Majorly fucked up the page with my edit.

=== Opium Derivatives ===

== Opium Alkaloids ==
:Thebaine - 6,14 Dimethoxy version of Oxymorphone. Stimulant rather than an analgesic.
:Narceine - Bitter, Crystalline, formerly used as a substitute for Morphine.
:Noscapine - Acts on the Sigma receptor. Non painkilling. Used commonly in Antitussives. Blocks Bradykinine B-2 receptors in Stroke patients.

== Alkaloid Salt Mixtures ==
:Pantopon - Preparation of all alkaloids present in opium without plant matter. Injectable and slightly less potent than Morphine.

== Morphine Family ==
:6-MDDM - 80x Morphine, has a faster onset and less body load then the prior.
:Azidomorphine - 40x Morphine, has a high affinity for μ.
:Hydromorphinol - Derivative of Morphine, yet more potent, with a steeper-dose-response curve and a longer half life. Scripted in Sweden.
:Methyldesorphin - 15x Morphine. Is found in some mixtures of Krokodil.
:MR-2096 - Oxymorphone analogue that is roughly the same potency.
:N-Phenethylnormorphine - 8-14x Morphine.
:RAM-378 - N-Phenethyl analogue of Hydromorphinol. It is probably more potent as a result.

== 3,6 Morphine Diesters ==
:Diacetyldihydromorphine - Occasionally used as an alternative to diamorphine, of which it is faster acting, longer lasting and has less side effects such as euphoria and addiction. However it is equipotent with Morphine.
:Dipropanoylmorphine - Ester of Morphine used to treat severe pain. Rarely used but considered to be safer and less addictive than Morphine. As such carries less side effects, such as euphoria. Slower acting, longer lasting and slightly more potent than Morphine.
:Nicomorphone - 2-3x Morphine and commonly prescribed in German speaking countries.

== Codeine-Dionine Family ==
:Heterocodeine - Reverse isomer of codeine. 6x Morphine, while Codeine is a prodrug, Heterocodeine is a direct agonist.
:Myrophine - Acts as a prodrug to Morphine. Has a slow onset and longer duration, but reduced potency. Does NOT produce addiction or dependence regardless of dose.
:Acetyldihydrocodeine - Used in Germany. Close relative of Thebacon, where only the 6-7 bond is unsaturated. 6-Acetyl derivative of Dihydrocodeine. Metabolizes into Dihydromorphine. Higher lipophilicity than codeine. Would probably be more potent and longer lasting as a result. Higher oral BA than Codeine.

== Morphinones and Morphols ==
:14-Cinnamoyloxycodeinone - 100x Morphine.
:14-Methoxymetopon - 500x Morphine. Can be up to one million times Morphine if injected into the spine.
:14-Phenylpropoxymetopon - 2000x potency of Morphine. When injected into the spine up to one million times Morphine. 14-Methoxymetopon has a ceiling effect on respiratory depression, but the above has been left untested.
:3-Acetyloxymorphone - Acetylated analogue of Oxymorphone.
:7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone - Odd Oxymorphone analogue that is selective at dopamine.
:Acetylmorphone - Acetoxy version of Hydromorphone, has a higher bioavailability as a result.
:Chloroxymorphamine - Derivative of Oxymorphone and irreversible full agonist.
:Methyldihydromorphone - Related to Heterocodieine not Dihydrocodeine. Is 6-9x Morphine.
:Metopon - Methylated Hydromorphone, less potent. More than likely would have more euphoria as a result.
:N-Phenethyl - 14-Ethoxymetopon - 60x Morphine, but produces less constipation. d & u agonist.
:Oxymorphol - 6-Hydrogenated Oxymorphone.
:Pentamorphone - Few times more potent than Fentanyl. Short duration, yet low respiratory depression.
:Semorphone - 2x Morphine. Partial u agonist and has a ceiling effect on both analgesia and respiratory depression.
:Thebacon - Thebaine analogue, that is fairly uninteresting. 6-8x Codeine.

== Hydrazones ==
:Oxymorphazone - Half the potency of Oxymorphone, yet higher doses last up to 48 hours.

== Morphians ==
:Butorphanol - Partial agonist-antagonist at μ opioid and competitive antagonist/partial agonist at κ opioid. dysphoria is common at normal dose.
:Drotebanol - Morphinan derivative synthesised from Thebaine with analgesic effects several times more potent than codeine but weaker than morphine. Moderately addictive but limited physical dependance. Under Metabanyl when available as a script.
:Dextromethorphan (-) - NMDA antagonist / σ1 & σ2 sigma agonist / a3b4, a4b2, a7 nACH antagonist, (very weak) μ, δ & κ opioid agonist, SERT & NET inhibitor, NADPH Oxidase inhibitor. (Race)Methorphan = racemic
:Dextrorphan (-) - NMDA antagonist / σ1 & σ2 sigma agonist / a3b4, a4b2, a7 nACH antagonist, L-Type voltage-gated calcium channel (LVGCC) blocker, SRI.
:Cyclorphan - Mixed antagonist-agonist with affinity for κ.
:Levophenacylmorphan - 10x potency of Morphine.
:Levofurethylnormorphanol (Ro4-1539) - potent μ opioid agonist 30-60x potency of Levorphanol.
:Levomethorphan (+) - NDMA antagonist, σ1 & σ2 sigma agonist, μ, δ & κ opioid agonist.
:Levorphanol (+) - μ, κ & δ agonist, 4-8x potency of M, long duration, no cross tolerance with morphine.
:Norlevorphanol - Opioid analgesic, uninteresting.
:Phenomorphan - 10x potency of Levorphanol. :└--> N-(2-(2-furyl)ethyl) analogue - 60x Levorphanol :└--> N-(2-(2-thienyl)ethyl) analogue - 45x Levorphanol.
:Proxorphan - Partial κ agonist, lesser partial μ agonist.
:Ro4-1539 (Furethylnorlevorphanol) - 30-60x Morphine. One of the more potent u agonists from the Morphans.

:(Race)Methorphan: L(eft) (+) Levomethorphan >< Dextromethorphan (-) D(exter) :--> l = Opioid >< d = Hallucinogenic opioid.
:└--> Racemic mix of both isomers, embodying their properties.

:Morphinan (Racemorphan): l (+) Levorphanol >< Dextrorphan (-) d --> l = Opioid >< :d = Hallucinogenic opioid.
:└--> Racemic mix of both isomers, embodying their properties.

:(Race)Allorphan: l (+) Levallorphan >< Dextrallorphan (-) d --> l = Opioid antagonist >< d = NMDA antagonist.
:└--> Racemic mix of both isomers, embodying their properties.

:3-Hydroxymorphinan: l (+) Norlevorphanol >< Nordextrorphan (-) d --> l = :Opioid >< d = Nootropic.
:└--> Racemic mix of both isomers, embodying their properties.

:Oxilorphan: μ antagonist & weak partial κ agonist.
:Dimemorfan - Sigmaergic drug.
:Xorphanol - Mixed agonist-antagonist produces convulsions at highest dose tested.
:Cyprodime - Selective μ opioid antagonist with no affinity for κ or δ receptors.
:Samidorphan - selective μ antagonist. potential for addiction treatment.

== Benzomorphans ==

:Butinazocine - Benzomorphan opioid that was never marketed.
:Carbazocine - Benzomorphan opioid that was never marketed.
:Etazocine - Partial opioid agonist with mixed agonist-antagonist effects. Low potency.
:Ethylketocyclozocine - Partial opioid agonist with mixed agonist-antagonist effects.
:Ibazocine - Benzomorphan opioid that was never marketed.
:Moxazocine - 10x potency of Morphine, partial/mixed agonist-antagonist.
:Tonazocine - Partial agonist at μ & δ, no adverse effects on breathing.
:Volazocine - Benzomorphan opioid that was never marketed.
:Fluorophen - Radioligand, full μ agonist (6x Morphine) & lower affinity for δ.
:Zenazocine - Partial agonist at μ & δ.
:Eptazocine - Japanese κ agonist & μ antagonist.
:Pentazocine - Mixed agonist-antagonist (-) is the κ agonist side, the (+) displays 10x the affinity for sigma receptors. NO μ agonism.
:Phenazocine - Related to ^ but stronger analgesic, 4x potency of Morphine.
:Cyclazocine - Mixed agonist-antagonist.
:Dezocine - Mixed agonist-antagonist with high κ antagonism. Low dose=euphoria (μ), high dose=dysphoria (κ). Weird structure.
:8-Carboxamidocyclazocine (8-CAC) - κ & μ agonist, long duration.
:Bremazocine - κ agonist related to Pentazocine.
:Metazocine - Analgesic; mixed agonist-antagonist at μ, activity also at κ and sigma.
:Alazocine - σ1 agonist, κ opioid agonist & slight NMDA antagonist.

== 4-Phenylpiperidines ==
:4-Fluoropethidine - In comparison to Pethidine, it is 50% less potent as an analgesic but 50% more potent as a DRI. (4-iodo & 3, 4-dichloro only increase these differences)
:Anileridine - Another banned Pethidine analogue, probably abused. Higher analgesia than Meperidine due to n-aminophenyl group and acts withing 15 mins orally, lasting 2-3 hours.
:Benzethidine - 4-Phenylpiperidine analogue of Pethidine. Probably somewhat more potent and euphoric. Never scripted.
:Carperidine - Fairly normal opioid but unused in medicine.
:Furethidine - 4-Phenylpiperidine analogue of Pethidine. Probably a lot more potent and abuse prone. Never prescribed.
:Morpheridine - Related to Meperidine but 4x the potency and does not cause convulsions.
:Phenoperidine - 20-200x Pethidine. Less hypnotic and than morphine but more emetic (nausea). This can be cured by Haloperidol.
:Piminodine - Similar dose to Morphine, used in 60's and 70's but was banned. It was probably abused widely.

== Prodines ==
:Alphaprodine - 1.5x Morphine.
:Allylprodine - Prodine analogue 23x potency of Morphine.
:Betaprodine - 7.5x Morphine.
:Prosidol - Russian Prodine analogue.

== Ketobemidones ==
:Acetoxyketobemidone - Unschedualed analogue of Ketobemidone.
:Bemidone - Analogue of Pethidine but significantly less potent, however it has NMDA antagonism like Ketobemidone.
:Ketobemidone - μ opioid antagonist & NMDA antagonist. More addictive than Morphine.

== Others ==
:Loperamide - Peripheral opioid so it cannot cross BBB. useful anti-Diarrhoea med. When used in conjuction with Quinine or Omerprazole can cross BBB and opioid effects are seen.
:Picenadol - R isomer (or Levopicenadol) is pure μ agonist while S is antagonist. Racemic is mixed that casues low abuse potential but has low κ activity.

== Amidones ==
:Dipipadone - Lost Ark of the Covenant.
:Phenadoxone - Methadone analogue, similar dose to M, lasts 1-4 hours.
:Levacetylmethadol - Methadone analogue with u agonism and noncompetitive a3b4 NACh antagonisMorphine. Brand name Orlaam, prescribed to those unresponsive to methadone or subutex. Long half life (3 days) and heavier affect.
:Norpipanone - Was not under international control until case reports of addiction arose.
:Isomethadone - Previously used in medicine. μ- δ- agonisMorphine. S-isomer more potent.

==Methadols ==
:Dimepheptanol - Related to Methadone, has two isomers which also have two isomers so 6 possible isomers including racemic.

== Moramides ==
:Palfium (Dextromoramide) - 3x potency of M but shorter acting. High BA & fast acting, oral feels like shooting. Low LD50 & inconsistent potency (one day you may need 5mg, next day 3mg)

== Thiambutens ==
:Thiambutenes - Dimethyl-TAB, Diethyl-TAB, Ethylmethyl-TAB. Used in vetinary medicine in Japan. Banned in virtually all countried due to high abuse potential. Anticholinergic and antihistamine properties!

== Phenalkoxams ==
:Dextropropoxyphene - Low potency opioid not absorbed by CYP2D6. Also is a potent, noncompetitive α3β4 NACh antagonist and a weak SRI.
:Dimenoxadol - Benzillic Acid derivative related to methadone. Banned due to high abuse potential it seems.
:Dioxaphetyl butyrate - Banned opioid similar to methadone. Possibly in use or previously in use as a med under the names Amidalgon & Spasmoxal.

== Ampromides ==
:Diampromide - Banned Analgesic related to PropiraMorphine. Similar potency to Morphine.
:Propiram - Slightly more potent than codeine, 3-6hr duration. mixed μ agonist-antagonist favouring agonisMorphine. affinity for κ & δ, sigma and NMDA. 97% oral BA!

== Others ==
:IC-26 Methadone analogue with similar potency, but unscheduled.
:Lefetamine - Weak opioid on the same scale as codeine but has DRI properties.
:R-4066 - Methadone analogue with 212x the potency, but a much shorter duration. (3 hours)

== Amilidopiperidines ==

:3-Methylfentanyl - 400-6000x potency of Morphine depending on isomer (cis-iso more potent).
:4-Fluorobutyrfentanyl - Short duration.
:Acetylfentanyl - 80x Morphine.
:Alfentanil - 1/4 the potency and 1/3 the duration of fent but 4x quicker onset. The businessman's lunch of opioids.
:Betahydroxythiofentanyl - One of the more favoured fentanyl analogues by addicts, implying euphoria.
:Butyrfentanyl - 20-25x Morphine.
:Carfentanil - 100x potency of fent., 10000x Morphine. Used in spetznaz hostage crisis. 10,000x potency of Morphine. Activity in humans starts at 1μg.
:Lofentanil - More potent and with a longer duration than carfentanil.
:Mirfentanil - Fentanyl analogue with strong selevtivity over μ. Lower doses it antagonises effects caused by lesser opioids but at higher doses is resistant to antagonists, suggesting it has non-opioid mechanisms.
:Ohmefentanyl - 6300x morphine at it's most active isomer. Analogues of this are even stronger with one possessing 30,000x Morphine.
:Parofluorofentanyl - 150-200x morphine. Sold breifly in 1980.
:R-30490 - Analogue of carfentanil. Most selective μ agonist of all fentanyl analogues.
:Remifentanil - Potent ultra short acting fent. analogue. Potency from between 20 and 100ug. Used in medicine as an anaesthetic under Ultiva.
:Sufentanil - 150-200x the potency of Morphine.

== Opipavine Derivatives ==
:7-PET - 300x potency of M, 3-OH derivative is 2200x potency of Morphine. Unscheduled.
:Acetorphine - 8700x potency of Morphine.
:BU-48 - Etorphine derivative. Selective δ agonist and produces only convulsions with slight antidepression.
:Buprenorphin - Subutex.
:Cyprenorphine - Buprenorphine analogue, agonist-antagonist effects but with higher affinity towards κ.
:Dihydroetorphine -1000-12000x potency of M depending on RoA. Less addictive than other opioids and is used in a similar fashion to Subutex in China.
:Etorphine - 1000-3000x potency of Morphine. μ, κ & δ opioid agonist. weak affinity for ORL1 nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor.

== Pirinitramides ==
:Bezitramide - Prodrug that hydrolyzises in the GI tract to despropionyl-bezitramide. Pulled from the NL's in 2004 after fatal overdose cases.
:Piritramide - 0.65-0.75x M but still effect is strong and long lasting. Has a small but dedicated fanclub on the 'street'

== Benzimidazoles ==
:Etonitazene - Most potent nitazene at 1000-1500x potency of M. Strange structure, abstract from other opioids, with an indole body.
:xxxNitazene - Differing potencies depending on substitution on the lower 4-phenyl.

== Indoles ==
:18-Methoxycoronaridine - Ibogaine derivative, selective α3β4 nicotinic antagonist, however no affinity for α4β2, NMDA or seretonin. Retains modest affinity at μ & κ opioid.
:7-Hydroxymitragynine - Alkaloid in KratoMorphine. Some 17x potency of Morphine. 30x potency of Mitragynine.
:Eseroline - Metabolite of the ACh inhibitor physostigmine but potent μ agonist.
:Hodgkinsine - Alkaloid found in Psychotria colorata plants. Has antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal properties. Also μ opioid agonist & NMDA antagonist.
:Ibogaine - HT2a agonist, κ opioid agonist, NMDA antagonist.
:Mitragynine - Alkaloid in Kratom. Fairly selective μ agonist but little affinity for δ & κ.
:Noribogaine - Metabolite of Ibogaine. Potent SRI, κ antagonist, weak μ full agonist.
:Voacangine - Precursor to Ibogine used by iboga plant. Displays similar effects towards addiction as Ibogaine.

== Pyrroles ==
:Viminol - Mixed agonist-antagonist, 5.5x Morphine.
:Pyrollidone-Viminol - 318x Morphine.

== Diphenylmethylpiperazines ==
:BW373U86 - Selective δ agonist at 15x stronger affinity. Analgesic and anti-depressant properties along with BDNF release. Produces convulsions at high doses and reverses respiratory depression produced by μ agonist Morphine. Also protects heart muscle cells from death during oxygen deprivation, a result of heart attacks.
:DPI-227 - Highly selective δ agonist with antidepressant effects but produces fewer convulsions than most other dugs in it's family.
:DPI-3290 - Potent δ & μ agonist but produces little respiratory depression.

== Opioid Peptides ==

:Biphalin - Endogenous eptide with high affinity for δ & μ receptors. Potency almost 7x greater than Etorphine and 7000x Morphine. Low side effects; no dependancy caused.
:Casomorphins - Opioids found in Cow's milk.
:DAMGO - Synthetic opioid peptide with high μ selectivity. When administered alongside M for 7 days, M had the same effect at the same dose as the first day. I.e. removes tolerance.
:Deltorphin - High affinity and selectivity, naturally occuring δ opioid agonist.
:Dermorphin - South American Tree frog skin. Natural opioid peptide. High potency (30-40x M) and selectivity to μ but may be less likely to cause tolerance and addiction.
:Dynorphins - Endogenous opioid peptides, primarily k agonists. Useful in the analysis of addiction.
:Leu-enkephalin - Endogeneous opioid petide that acts as a δ & μ agonist with strong selectivity for δ.
:Met-enkephalin - Opioid Growth Factor (OGF), Endogenous opioid peptide. Primary ligand of the δ receptor along with Leu-enkephalin (high potency and selectivity at δ). Low BA & is metabolised rapidly.
:Opiorphin - Endogenous opioid isolated from human saliva.

== Others ==

:3-HO-TCP - PCP analogue. More glutamergic than the PCP analogue.
:3-HO-BCP - Substitutes for both cocaine and morphine at ~5mg (made-up).
:AD-1211 - Structure looks unrelated to /most/ other opioid drugs. Mixed Agonist-antagonist at opioid recepts similar to pentazocine. Little to no developement of tolerance/dependence in animal studies.
:Azaprocin - Azaprocin - ~10x potency of Morphine. Faster onset and short duration of actin. Discoved in 1963, never been marketed. The derivative subbed on the phenyl ring with a p-nitro group would be more potent by roughly 2.5. (So 25x potency of M) The open ringed 2,6-dimethylpiperazine analouges would also be active.
:BRL-52537 - Highly potent and selective κ agonist. Neuroprotective.
:Bromadol (BDPC) - 500-10,000x potency of Morphine. Similar to PCP analogues & -HO bonds within them.
:C-8813 (Thiobromadol) - 591x potency of Morphine. μ agonist & δ antagonist to reduce repiratory depression. Making the drug safer.
:Ciramadol - Opioid related to PCP, Tramadol & Tapentadol. mixed agonist-antagonist for μ, low abuse potential and ceiling on respiratory depression.
:Enadoline - Highly selective κ agonist. Produces visual distortions, dissociation and of course dysphoria similar to Salvia.
:Herkinorin - Analogue of Salvinorin A but the complete opposite. 100x higher μ affinity and 50x lower κ affinity. Also; "does not promote the recruitment of β-arrestin-2 to the intracellular domain of the μ-opioid receptor, or induce receptor internalization". This means Herkinorin may not produce tolerance or dependance.
:HZ-2 - κ-opioid agonist, same potency as morphine, long duration, high oral BA.
:ICI-199,441 - High potency, highly selective κ agonist with analgesic effects.
:Methopholine - Isoquinilone derivative with same efficacy as Codeine. Could produces corneal opacity. Analogues are more potent with 4'-Nitromethopholine at 20x Codeine.
:MT-45 - 80% of Morphine. mixed agonist-antagonist and mild NMDA antagonist.
:Nortilidine - Equipotency of Morphine. Opioid activity is in (1S,2R) iso, NMDA antagonism is in (1R,2S) iso. Also acts as a DRI.
:O-Desmethyltramadol - Metabolite of Tramadol. Considerably more potent than Tramadol. Both (+) & (-) isomers lose SRI function but (-) retains NRI functionality. RC.
:Salvinorin A - Highly potent κ agonist and even more potent D2 partial agonist. Used in therapy for addiction.
:Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether - Semi-synthetic analogue of Salvinorin A. Longer duration @ ~3hrs, active at 50ug & 3000x (!) selectivity over μ & δ.
:Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether - Similar to ^^ but less selective. 5x potency as Salvinorin A. Deacetylised from Salvinorin A.
:SC-17599 - Selective μ agonist with little or no affinity for δ & κ. Potency in between Pethidine & Morphine.
:RWJ-394674 - Potent and selective δ agonist, however once inside body it is dealkylated to its monodesethyl metabolite RWJ-413216 which is a potent μ agonist with less affinity for δ. δ activity counteracts the respiratory depression the μ causes. Only prominent side effect is sedation (and euphoria!).
:TAN-67 - Potent and selective δ1 agonist. Has analgesic properties & releases dopamine in the brain. Neuro & cardiac protective properties.
:Tapentadol - μ & σ agonist & SNRI. Potency in between Morphine & Tramadol.
:Tifluadom - Benzo derivative but without GABAa agonism. Instead selective κ agonism.
:U-50488 - Highly selective κ agonist with analgesic effects.
:U-69,593 - Potent and selective κ1 agonist. Produces: Antinociception, anti-inflammation, anxiolysis (low doses), respiratory depression & diuresis. Also inhibits periphery oxytocin secretion. Not sure if hallucinogenic.
:W-18 - 10,000x potency of M, structure abstract from any other drug. These super potent opioids are used in vetenarian practice for tranquilising elephants.

== Opioid Antagonists and Inverse Agonists ==
(selective δ antagonists may reduce physical addiction without causing w/d if attatched to an opioid).
:Chlornaltrexamine - Irreversible mixed agonist-antagonist at μ opioid. 22x more potent than Morphine.
:Cyprodime - Selective μ opioid antagonist with no affinity for κ or δ receptors.
:Diprenorphine - Strongest opioid antagonist available. 100x potency of Nalorphine. Used to reverse effects of super-potent opioids.
:Levallorphan - μ opioid antagonist, when used with opioids, it potentiates it and removes addiction potential or induces withdrawal in addicts.
:Nalbuphine - Mixed agonist-antagonist as is common with this class, there occurs analgesia with no addictive properties.
:Naloxazone - Irreversible μ opioid receptor antagonist.
:Naloxonazine - Very Potent Irreversible μ opioid antagonist. Dimerizes from Naloxazone under acidic conditions.
:Naltrexone - Competitive antagonist at μ & κ receptors, and to a lesser extent, δ. Modulation of the dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway makes it good for countering alcohol dependance as well as opioid addiction. Blocks the euphoric effects of opioids and is used in rapid detoxification and attenuation of withdrawal. If opioids are used simultaneously, oD may occur.
:Samidorphan - Selective μ antagonist. potential for addiction treatment.

== Uncategorised Opioids ==

:FE 200665 - Is an all D-Amino acid peptide that acts as a restucted K-opioid receptor agnoist. Was dosed at 0.36mg/kg IV. Was compared to 15mg oxycodone. Slightly less than hydrocodone. Caused Hyperalgesic response in a skin pinch test. Also known as CR665.
:SoRI-9409 - Mixed μ agonist & δ antagonist. moderate analgesia without development of tolerance. Anti-addictive effects for all dopaminergic drugs.
:Synthetic Conotoxin - Snail toxin derived painkiller 1000x potency of morphine. Non-addictive.

==Related Compounds==
:Amiphenazole - Treatment for OD. counteracts respiratory depression. If Morphine-N-oxide is taken on this, M's potency will increase.
:Chitosan - Linear polysaccharide that can give Morphine up to 60% BA intranasally. Powdered & the ratio is 1.3g : 6.7g (morphine : chitosan).
:BIMU-8 - Nootropic.

:NMDA antagonists - Inhibit development of tolerance to morphine.
:Tezampanel - Anxiolytic.
:Ibudilast - Nootropic.
:Nuciferine
:Tetrahydropalmatine - Anxiolytic.
:Lofexidine - Anxiolytic.
:d & l Phenylalanine (DLPA) - Increases dopamine and endorphin levels, reducing opioid tolerance and even providing an analgesic effect of it's own.

== CCK Antagonists ==

:Proglumide - Acts as a δ-opioid agonist and non selective CCK antagonist. Enhances analgesia produced by opioids and can prevent or even reverse the development of tolerance.
:Devazepide - No affinity for GABAa, selective CCKa antagonist.
:Lorglumide - Selective CCKa antagonist for treatment of gastrointestinal problems and some forms of cancer as well as opioid interacting properties.

== Nocieceptinergic drugs ==
(ORL-1 ant. & ag.'s)
:J-113,397 - Highly selective ORL-1 antagonist. Prevents development of opioid tolerance, stimulates dopamine release, cognitive enhancer
:SB-612,111 - Selective ORL-1 antagonist but several times ^^
:MCOPPB - Potent, selective ORL-1 agonist with only moderate affinity for μ, even less for δ & κ. Anxiolytic with no inhibition of memory, motor function or sedation.
:NNC 63-0532 - Potent, selective ORL-1 agonist.
:Ro64-6198 - Potent, selective ORL-1 agonist with 100x selectivity over others. In rats produced anxiolytic but no anticonvulsant effects. Impairs short term memory & increases appetite. Reduces analgesic effects of Morphine but does not prevent tolerance. In primates it showed analgesic behaviour without respiratory depression.
:Menabitan - Potent cannabinoid receptor agonist with anti-nociceptive effects.

== Enkephalin Potease Inhibitors ==

:RB-101*** - Inhibits enzymes responsible for breaking down enkephalin (regulates nociceptin). Weak μ & δ affinity and slight σ1. Potentiates opioids, stops withdrawal symptoms, no addiction potential, produces no respiratory depression. Also exerts very potent antidepressant and anxiolytic effects. Not orally active so analogues vv were developed.
:RB-120 - Orally active version of the above.
:RB-3007 - Another Enkeph. PI & Nociceptin antagonist.

Uncommon Benzodiazepines

2017-11-08T02:14:59Z

Sleep:

BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVES -> Agonise the GABAa receptors which result in sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties. They are useful in treating anxiety, insomnia, agitation, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures. However due to these effects they are considered to be major drugs of abuse. If they are used intravenously and are non-water soluble (as the vast majority of benzos are); abscesses, cellulitis, thrombophlebitis, arterial puncture, deep vein thrombosis, and gangrene can occur.
In general, benzodiazepines are safe (very high LD50) but can be taken in overdoses and can cause dangerous deep unconsciousness. If mixed with other classes of sedatives, opioids or alcohol (the main cause of fatality when mixed with heavy alcohol use); the potential for toxicity and fatal overdose increases.
Very effective in short term use, although cognitive impairments and paradoxical effects such as aggression or behavioral disinhibition can occur. A minority react reverse and contrary to what would normally be expected.
Long-term use is controversial due to concerns about adverse psychological and physical effects, increased questioning of effectiveness, and, because benzodiazepines are prone to cause tolerance, physical dependence, and, upon cessation of use after long-term use, a withdrawal syndrome.
The elderly are at an increased risk of suffering from both short- and long-term adverse effects,810 including an associated roughly 50% increase in the risk of dementia, especially with Triazolam which can cause death in the elderly.

COMMON

Alprazolam - Short acting anxiolytic. High affinty for AX BZD subunits

Clonazepam - Chlorinated derivative of nitrazepam. Up to 50 hour HL

Diazepam - The gold standard. Used in Alcohol withdrawals and benzodiazepine withdrawals.

Flurazepam - Very long half life (Up to 250 hours) which makes it practically useless as a hypnotic, but... hmm. Interesting.

Lorazepam - 3-OH benzo. Has mild affinity for all subunits.

Lormetazepam - ^^

Midazolam - Water soluble, Is now used other than Pentobarbital in Lethal Injection.

Nitrazepam - Typical benzo. Tolerance raises fast.

Oxazepam - Typical benzo. Moderate affinity for all. Slow onset.

Prazepam - Long half life (up to 224hrs) however fewer side effects than normal benzos.

Temazepam - 3-OH hypnotic. Approved in the US for short term treatment of insomnia. Typical benzo, but is fairly euphoric.

COMMON OVERSEAS

Bentazepam - Only Spain.

Cinolazepam - Pretty much just as a Hypnotic.

Clotiazepam - Thienodiazepine, Stage 2 NREM sleep is significantly increased by this drug. Effective in short term management of anxiety. Used in France/Japan. 95+ BA orally. 6-18 HL.

Cloxazolam - Metabolised into delorazepam. When tested alongside Diazepam, some reported an increase in heart rate.

Loprazolam - Imidazole deriv. Marketed for short term treatment of insomnia.

Medazepam - Must have someone smarter than me read this as I understand none of it. But yeah... *

Nordazepam - Active metabolite of Diazepam/Chlordiazepoxide/Clorazepate/Prazepam/Pinazepam/Medazepam. Up to 200 hour half life.

Tofisopam - anxiolytic but no anticonvulsant, sedative, skeletal muscle relaxant, motor skill-impairing or amnestic properties. PDE10A inhibitor, so could be useful in schizophrenia

SOUTH-EAST ASIAN

Etizolam - Unscheduled in Western countries, so has become an RC too.

Fludiazepam - Strong Diazepam analogue, 4x binding affinity of Diazepam.

Flutazolam - Japanese benzo

Flutoprazepam - Longer acting and more potent than diazepam. Japanese.

Haloxazolam - Marketed in Japan. Comparing Estazolam and Haloxazolam found that haloxazolam only affects gamma motor neurons, where the other effects both.

Mexazolam - Benzo derivative effective for only one week and losing effectiveness at 3 weeks

Nimetazepam - Sold under "Erimin" and is scripted short term for severe insomnia. 95%+ Oral BA. Hypnotic effects felt within 30 minutes. And hits peak plasma level within an hour, and the mean HL is 14-30 hours. N-Methyl analogue of Nitrazepam, to which it partially metabolises into. Which has a long half life, so, carefulness. (lol being careful)

Rilmazafone - Water soluble japanese benzo

Adinazolam - Triazolobenzodizepine (TBZD) Was apparently made to enhance the antidep effect of alprazolam. Odd drug. Metabolites are A-OH-alprazolam (Nomenclature blows) and estazolam.

Brotizolam - Extremely potent benzo active at 80-100ug.

Camazepam - Benzo with reduced side effects such as impaired cognition. Metabolites into Temazepam.

Clobazepam - selective ω2 agonist on the GABAa receptor. Non-hypnotic. GABA(B)

Flumazenil - GABA(A) ANTAGONIST. I don't understand this at all. It's something.

Flunitrazepam - High potency, causes heavy amnesia (commonly referred to as a date-rape drug). Only prescribed in the worst of cases for insomnia and is only prescribed for short-term use.

Ketazolam - Similar effects to Diazepam. With less sedation.

Pinazepam - Fucking odd wiki page. Something something fetus... But, has a propargyl group for whatever reason. Appears to produce anxiolytic shit in animals. Main metabolites are nor-desmethyldiazepam and oxazepam.

Quazepam - Trifluoroethyl, Selectively targets GABA(A) subtype A1 which is responsible for sleep. Subs completely in animals in Ambien/Lunesta.

Tetrazepam - Weak muscle relaxing anxiolytic

Triazolam - Short activity, heavy sedative, very euphoric. Was a common benzo in the US until it was found that use in the elderly was known to cause deaths, now it is rarely prescribed.

Zolazepam - Used with Tiletamine as a veterinary anaesthetic. Telazol is 1:1 ratio of the compounds. 4x potency of diazepam.

Flubromazepam - Slightly weaker than Diazepam, focuses mainly on anxiolytic effects.

Diclazepam - 2-choloro of Diazepam. Faster onset, less "hangover" the next day.

Estazolam - Superior to Triazolam

Nifoxipam - Metabolite of Flunitrazepam

Phenazepam - Potent soviet benzo, now RC.

Pyrazolam - Water soluble benzo, that is mostly anxiolytic.

1,4-BENZODIAZEPINES

Cyprazepam - Typical benzo.

Delorazepam - Typic benzo. Delorean-azepam!

Doxefazepam - Deriv. of flurazepam, and was 2-4x potent, and also being half as toxic.

Elfazepam - Typical benzo but stimulates appetite like Devazepide.

Flutemazepam - 3-hydroxy analogue of temazepam, looks fucking perfect on paper! COME ON GUYS.

Fosazepam - water soluble analogue of diazepam however low potency. (.6:1)

Gidazepam - Soviet benzo.

Halazepam - Less potential to cause hostility and aggression than diazepam.

Meclonazepam - Showing up on the RC market. Just think legal Clonazepam, and that's probably what we have here. Also has anti-parasitic effects against the parasitic worm "Schistosoma Mansoni"

Menitrazepam - Similar in structure to tetrazepam and nimetazepam. 7-chloro group of tetrazepam replaced with nitro by the looks. Mainly hypnotic, but effects take longer to come up.

QH-II-66 - Highly selective GABAa5 agonist which was created to replicate the effects of alcohol.

Quazepam - 200-hour half-life hypnotic benzo.

Reclazepam - Similar effects to other benzo deriv's. A short duration of action.

Ro5-2904 - High affinity for GABA(A)

Sulazepam - Thioamide deriv. of Diazepam. Metabolised into diazepam/desmethyldiazepam/oxydiazepam. No clue on potency.

Tolufazepam - Nothing on it. Sulphur is in... I dunno anymore.

1, 5-BENZODIAZEPINES

CP-1414S - Related to Clobazam potency nearly similar, but more sedation.

Triflubazam - Related to Clobazam, long half life and duration.

2, 3-BENZODIAZEPINES

Girisopam - selective anxiolytic action with no sedative, anticonvulsant or muscle relaxant effects

Talampanel - Noncompetitive antagonist of the AMPA receptor.

TRIAZOLOBENZODIAZEPINES

Flubromazolam - Related to triazolam and pyrazolam. Maybe a mix in the middle in potency. So .75 ~= 10 Diazepam?

IMIDAZOBENZODIAZEPINES

Bretazenil - Highly potent, partial GABAa agonist with less tolerance than normal. A possible base for a better social drug than alcohol.

Climazolam - Similar in structure to triazolam and is used in veterinary medicine for anaesthetizing animals. Interesting.

FG-8205 - Related to Bretazenil, slight selectivity for a1, little sedation.

Imidazenil - Partial GABAa agonist, blocks sedative effects of other benzos, does not produce tolerance or addiction.

Iomazenil (123I) -

Remimazolam - Similar to Midazolam but faster acting and shorter lasting than <<. Water soluble.

Ro48-6791 - Similar to Midazolam but 4-6x the potency, faster acting and shorter lasting than <<. Water soluble.

SH-053-R-CH3-2′F - Has high selectivity, binding affinity and efficacy at the a5 subtype, also blocks the nootropic effects of an inverse agonist? No shit.

OXAZOLOBENZODIAZEPINES

Oxazolam - Prodrug for desmethyldiazepam.

THIENODIAZEPINES

Ciclotizolam - Partial agonist at GABA(A), similar binding affinity to brotizolam, but a low efficacy... very very interesting.

PYRIDODIAZEPINES

Lopirazepam - Pyridodiazepine analogue of lorazepam. Assume same effects yet less potent, never marketed. Yet scheduled. Thanks america.

Zapizolam - Pyridodiazepine analogue of triazolam. Less in potency I'd assume.

PYRAZOLODIAZEPINES

Ripazepam - Related to Zolazepam.

Zomebazam - Anxiolytic properties, structurally related to Razobazam and Zometapine.

PYRROLODIAZEPINES

Premazepam - Partial GABA(A) agonist. More "derpy" than diazepam itself the first day, but more than one day apparently that switches? Hmm. Odd. 7.5mg ~= 5mg Diazepam. HL = 10-13 hours

TETRAHYDROISOQUINOBENZODIAZEPINES

Clazolam - Fused benzodiazepine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative. Anxiolytic and antidepressant properties.

BENZODIAZEPINE PRODRUGS

Avizafone - Water soluable prodrug to Diazepam, can be IM'd. Used mainly as an antidote to poisoning with Organophosphate nerve agents.

Research Chemicals

2017-11-07T05:21:21Z

Sleep: Still doing things.

'Research Chemical' is a term used to refer to any chemical that has not been well researched and does not have an established long-term safety profile.

==Definition==

'Research chemical' is a term used to indicate a chemical which has not had a history of research or human use, and is therefore considered to be at a 'research stage.' There is no official body which determines a research chemical, or when a research chemical has accrued enough history of use to cease its classification as one. Some have suggested that these chemicals should be called "unresearched chemicals" or another term "Experimental Chemicals". Some are new, while others have been around for years; and little is known about most of them besides first-hand accounts of their use. There are research chemicals of many different types of drugs: while many drugs are qualified as research chemicals, the term itself is more of a flag than a category.

The expression can be considered somewhat of a misnomer, as drugs in this category have often not actually been researched, or at least have almost no history of human use. Many research chemicals in use today were originally discovered and published by Alexander Shulgin in PiHKAL and TiHKAL, and a lot more have been found based on these works. The term partially came from the fact that substances in the recreational markets were drugs that had been discovered in labs and only examined in-vitro or low-level animal studies. However, the 'research' more readily applies to the fact that these drugs were usually found through a process of research - such as through exploring analogues of existing psychoactive substances. Very little to no research has been used to establish the toxicology or human pharmacology of these drugs.

'Legal highs' commonly sold on a grey-area market are usually one or more research chemicals made to mimic the effects of other illicit drugs. There is currently a very large market for the production, sale and use of research chemicals, driven by their implicit legality; vendors and users alike pursue research chemicals to avoid legal troubles encountered from being involved with the more traditional chemicals. Governments tend to ban research chemicals a short while after they become popular, and this, in turn, leads to more being discovered and sold. Some legal systems, such as that of the USA, have moved against research chemicals with acts of law implicitly banning analogues of drugs which are already banned.

==Risks==

As many of these drugs are very new and may not have a well-established safety profile, there are a variety of stronger risk factors in using them. It is likely that many research chemicals have undocumented side-effects, interactions or contraindications.

===Misrepresentation===

One major risk associated with research chemicals is that they are often misrepresented; it is relatively common for a purportedly new chemical to actually consist of a blend of other research chemicals or banned chemicals.

When seeking to acquire research chemicals it is strongly advised to avoid 'blends', or branded products for which the active ingredients are often unknown or unlisted.

Not only does buying research chemicals in this manner keep you from being able to use any of what little research there may be on the active ingredient(s), but there have been published analysis results indicating that there is a very real risk of chemical synergy.

Consider the case of URB-754, wherein a blend marketed as a cannabinoid product was sold with some of the active ingredients listed. Upon analysis, researchers learned that it contained not only unlisted cannabinoids but was also found to contain a previously unreported cathinone. While misrepresentation in the RC market is not uncommon, in this case, closer inspection revealed an unexpected chemical reaction upon combustion, where some of the cannabinoids actually formed an entirely new previously unknown class of chemical when they reacted with the unlisted cathinone!

To put it simply, often the vendors themselves don't even really know what their product contains or the potential outcome of mixing chemicals.

===Analogue Misconception===

Remember, just because it is an analogue of something, does not mean it will behave the same way.

An example of this can be seen in the following comparison of two structurally related chemicals [[MDAI]] and [[MDMA]]. MDMA has been documented since the late 60's. MDAI is an analogue of MDMA, and while it produces some similar effects to MDMA it differs in that it's non-neurotoxic.

Or we can take [[2C-B]] and its analogues such as [[BK-2C-B]], 25B-NBXXX, TCB-2, DOB, Bromo-Dragon-Fly, 2C-B-FLY. The parent drug in this example is much safer than the rest. There is no record of a death from 2C-B alone, with 25B-NBOMe there have been reports of multiple deaths during its short history of release.

==Harm Reduction Precautions==

While there is a certain element of risk involved in all experimentation/use of research chemicals. There are some basic precautions one can take in an effort to make an inherently risky behaviour less dangerous than otherwise.

===Research===

While most readily available anecdotal information on research chemicals cannot be entirely trusted (due to the nature of research chemicals most data available on RC's is just that, a series of anecdotes), even for very new drugs there is usually a fair amount of information available which can give a good idea of what to expect. It is important that you do your own research and carefully make your own informed decisions; don't take people's word for what a drug can/will do to/for you at face value as the same drug can affect people differently.

* The TripSit [http://drugs.tripsit.me/ factsheets] often have data on new drugs, and our Wiki includes harm reduction information for research chemicals in each drug class on their respective pages.

* While Erowid is usually slow to publish full vaults on research chemicals, there are usually a number of experience reports published for even very new drugs. These can give a good idea about what can be expected from the experience itself, as well as more anecdotal information about dosages and the like.

* Forums such as Bluelight.org and drugs-forum.com often have the first discussions and experience reports for very new chemicals, however, reports can be somewhat dubious as in many cases very new drugs are often falsely sold, so the reports actually pertain to another chemical.

===Preparation===

When experimenting with any new drug a little forethought can go a long way, especially when it comes to drugs about which very little is actually known.

Usually, if you're experimenting with a new drug (or even just a drug that is new to you) it's best practice to have a sober sitter with you, just in case something goes wrong. Some types of drugs produce effects that are more risky to go into alone than others but if you're using something new and you are unaware of how it will affect you, it's never a bad idea to be accompanied by a trustworthy person, such as a close friend, to help guide you through a difficult experience or just someone to keep an eye on how your body reacts to something.

===Dosing===

As these chemicals are generally very new, and little information exists as to their effect on humans, there is also a lack of information about recommended doses. Often, speculative doses can be found on the Internet. When a new research chemical is released, the first results can often be found on forums such as Bluelight or drugs-forum. These consist of anecdotal trip reports, and cannot be trusted very much since in the early days of a drug's release, vendors will often sell other drugs under the newer name. After a time, and once some verifiable reports about the drug have been collected, tiered summaries are compiled by resources such as [http://factsheet.tripsit.me/factsheet/ TripSit Factsheets] and [https://www.erowid.org Erowid], which can provide more conclusive dosage guidelines. However, even when speculative doses are published, they should not be fully trusted due to the lack of long-term testing a drug has received at this point. Drugs which do not have much reliable information pertaining to their dose will generally be tagged.

With a chemical that has never been tested in vivo (animal subjects) for most substances, you would want to start around 25ug's and titrate your dosage up to 50ug's in increments of 25ug's Leaving a week minimum between the 25ug test and 50ug, and work your way up. But this isn't needed for every chemical, such as BK-2C-I. You can use BK-2C-B as a "reference" of sorts, of it being 10x weaker than the parent compound(BK-2C-B). It is much safer to start at a lower dose than what would be an active dose to see if your body can handle the drug.Some might say that you can gauge an activity with just SAR's (Structure-Activity relationship) which in the most part true, yet in cases such as Lophophine and IRIS, there is a very good reason why it should be active, yet it isn't. That can also go the other way, as IRIS is one of the "Ten Classic Ladies" or the ten possible homologues of DOM. While DOM is active around 3mg's, yet IRIS is inactive.

Therefore, because of the importance of using sub-threshold tester-doses, and since many of these new chemicals are highly potent anyways it is imperative that one has a reliable way to accurately measure chemicals in low doses.

It is not safe to assume any consumer-grade scale will be reliably accurate <50mg, however, there is a way to measure accurately low doses of chemicals using a method known as 'volumetric dosing', [[Quick guide to volumetric dosing]]. While this technique is not particularly difficult it does require some planning and precision.

If you intend to employ volumetric measuring techniques, or when working with new chemicals (or any chemicals for that matter) it is important to be sure to use the most accurate scale available on a consumer level. Unfortunately, there are no scales that are reliably accurate for weights under approximately 25 mg that are readily available to the average consumer. That being said, there are some scales for sale for under $100, which if used correctly, can be safely used to prepare a solution for volumetric dosing of a substance. For more information on how to correctly use a scale, and sources for reasonably reliable scales to buy, check [[Scales]].

==Links==

* [http://drugs.tripsit.me/category/research-chemical Research Chemical Factsheets]
* [https://erowid.org/psychoactives/research_chems/research_chems.shtml Erowid Research Chemicals Vault]

==References==

(1) * [http://www.fsijournal.org/article/S0379-0738(12)00434-3/abstract URB-754: A new class of designer drug and 12 synthetic cannabinoids detected in illegal products]

[[Category:Drug class]]

Benzodiazepines

2017-11-07T05:19:00Z

Sleep: Did things.

[[File:Xanax.jpg|thumb|250px|Alprazolam pills and prescription bottle]]

Benzodiazepines are drugs which act upon the GABA(A) receptor, and produce a general set of effects which vary by compound, mostly being sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant. The first benzodiazepine, Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which has also marketed diazepam (Valium) since 1963.

= Dosage =

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of benzodiazepines
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| [[Alprazolam|Alprazolam (Xanax)]]
| 6 - 12 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Bromazepam (Lexotan, Lexomil)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 5 - 6 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Brotizolam (Lendormin)
| 2 - 6 hours
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Chlordazepoxide (Librium)
| 5 - 30 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 25 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clobazam (Frisium, Urbanol)
| 12 - 60 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clonazepam (Klonopin)
| 18 - 50 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clorazepate (Tranxene)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| [[Diazepam|Diazepam (Valium)]]
| 20 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diclazepam (Ro5-3448)
| ~42 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Estazolam (ProSom, Nuctalon)
| 10 - 24 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Etizolam|Etizolam (Etilaam, Etizola, Etizest, Depas)]]
| 4-12 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Flubromazepam
| 106 hours
| 6 - 8 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flubromazolam
| Long
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Flunitrazepam|Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)]]
| 18 - 26 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 1 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flutoprazepam (Restas)
| 60 - 90 hours
| ~2.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flurazepam (Dalmane)
| [40 - 250 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Halazepam (Paxipam)
| [30 - 100 hours]
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Ketazolam (Anseren)
| 30 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Loprazolam (Dormonoct)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Lorazepam (Ativan)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 1 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Lormetazepam (Noctamid)
| 10 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Midazolam (Dormicum)
| 1.6 - 8.3 hours
| 3.34mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Medazepam (Nobrium)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Nitrazepam (Mogadon)
| 15 - 38 hours
| 10 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Nordazepam (Nordaz)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Oxazepam (Serax)
| 4 - 15 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Phenazepam
| 60 hours
| ~1 mg.
| Hypnotic
|-
| Prazepam (Centrax)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 - 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Pyrazolam
| Short
| .83 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Quazepam (Doral)
| 25 - 100 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Temazepam (Restoril)
| 8 - 22 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Triazolam (Halcion)
| 2 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Non-benzodiazepines commonly referred to as Z-drugs
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Zaleplon (Sonata)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Zolpidem|Zolpidem (Ambien)]]
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zopiclone (Imovane)
| 5 - 6 hours
| 15 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
| 6 hours
| 3 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

= Effects =
== Positive ==

* Anti-Anxiety
* Sedative
* Muscle relaxant

== Negative ==

* High addiction potential
* Withdrawals can be fatal
* Risk of blackout
* Inability to drink
* Inability to drive
* Loss of balance
* Memory Loss
* Procrastination
* "Hangover"
* Long-term effects
* High addiction potential

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

* Addiction potential - High

* Risk of blackouts

* Risk of death when mixed with alcohol or other drugs. '''An extremely high percentage of drug-related deaths are due to mixing benzos with other drugs, especially opiates and alcohol.'''

* Mental illness

* Heart issues

* CNS depressant when mixed with other drugs

== Research Chemicals ==

The main danger of the drugs in this class is the risk of blacking out or overdosing by mixing it with other CNS depressants.

Most of the research chemicals from this class are usually active under 10mg's. The best course of action with these substances is putting X amount of active chemical into X amount of your solvent of choice (Such as Propylene-Glycol or Ethanol) And using an oral syringe to get the dose you want. Granted a fair amount are sold are either in presses or on a blotter.

See the [[Research Chemicals]] page for more information.

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
The term benzodiazepine is the chemical name for the heterocyclic ring system, which is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems. Under Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature, a diazepine is a heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms, five carbon atom and the maximum possible number of cumulative double bonds. The "benzo" prefix indicates the benzene ring fused onto the diazepine ring.
Benzodiazepine drugs are substituted 1,4-benzodiazepines, although the chemical term can refer to many other compounds that do not have useful pharmacological properties. Different benzodiazepine drugs have different side groups attached to this central structure. The different side groups affect the binding of the molecule to the GABAA receptor and so modulate the pharmacological properties. Many of the pharmacologically active "classical" benzodiazepine drugs contain the 5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one substructure.
Nonbenzodiazepines also bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA(A) receptor and possess similar pharmacological properties. While the nonbenzodiazepines are by definition structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines, both classes of drugs possess a common pharmacophore, which explains their binding to a common receptor site

[[File:benzo.png|500px]]

* 2-keto compounds:
::Chlordiazepoxide, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Flurazepam, Halazepam, Prazepam, and others.
* 3-hydroxy compounds:
::Lorazepam, Lormetazepam,Oxazepam, Temazepam
* 7-nitro compounds:
::Clonazepam, Flunitrazepam, Nimetazepam, Nitrazepam
* Triazolo compounds:
::Adinazolam, Alprazolam, Estazolam, Triazolam
* Imidazo compounds
::Climazolam, Loprazolam, Midazolam

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
Image:Xanax.jpg|''(Purepac) alprazolam pills and prescription bottle''
Image:Alprazolam_solution.jpg|''Alprazolam solved in propylene glycol''
Image:Alpraz.jpg|''.5mg (Qualitest) alprazolam pills''
Image:Ativan.png|''Lorazepam (Ativan) pill''
</gallery>

= Links =
http://www.dr-bob.org/tips/bzd.html

[http://tripsit.me/history-of-etizolam History of Etizolam on Tripsit.me]

= Sources =

Madsen U, Bräuner-Osborne H, Greenwood JR, Johansen TN, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Liljefors T, Nielsen M, Frølund B (2005). "GABA and Glutamate receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential in CNS disorders". In Gad SC. Drug Discovery Handbook. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience/J. Wiley. pp. 797–907. ISBN 0-471-21384-5.
^ a b Panico, R.; Powell, W. H.; Richer, J. C., eds. (1993). A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds. IUPAC/Blackwell Science. pp. 40–3. ISBN 0-632-03488-2.; Moss GP (1998). "Nomenclature of fused and bridged fused ring systems (IUPAC Recommendations 1998)". Pure Appl Chem 70 (1): 143–216. doi:10.1351/pac199870010143.
Olsen RW, Betz H (2006). "GABA and glycine". In Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Brady S, Price DD (eds.). Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects (7th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 291–302. ISBN 0-12-088397-X.
Shorter E (2005). "Benzodiazepines". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–2. ISBN 0-19-517668-5.
Zavala F (1997). "Benzodiazepines, anxiety and immunity". Pharmacol Ther 75 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00055-7. PMID 9504140.
Narimatsu E, Niiya T, Kawamata M, Namiki A (2006). "[The mechanisms of depression by benzodiazepines, barbiturates and propofol of excitatory synaptic transmissions mediated by adenosine neuromodulation]". Masui (in Japanese) 55 (6): 684–91. PMID 16780077.
Juergens, MD, Steven M. "Understanding Benzodiazepines". California Society of Addiction Medicine. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Carlo, Pia; Renata Finollo, Anna Ledda, Giovanni Brambilla (January 1989). "Absence of liver DNA fragmentation in rats treated with high oral doses of 32 benzodiazepine drugs". Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 12 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1016/0272-0590(89)90059-6. PMID 2925017.

[[Category:Drug class]]

Opioids

2017-11-07T05:17:21Z

Sleep: Fixed spelling/grammar mistakes. Removed a dead link.

[[File:Papaver_somniferum.jpg|250px|right|Close-up color photo of a Papaver somniferum pod]]

Opiates and opioids are classes of depressant analgesics derived from or chemically similar to substances found in Papaver somniferum, the opium poppy. They include both naturally occurring and synthetic substances. The term opiate is often used interchangeably for the term opioid. Opiate is limited to the natural alkaloids found in the resin of the poppy. Opioid refers to both opiates and synthetic substances as well as opioid peptides. The analgesic effect of opioids are due to decreased perception of pain, decreased reaction to pain as well as increased pain tolerance. They can also be used as for their antitussive properties.

= Dosage =

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of Opioids
! Chemical name (Activity noted past Delta/Kappa/mu/Nociceptin/Zeta)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Morphine (Oral)
|-
| Dextropropoxyphene
| 6-12 hours [30-36 hours]
| 130-200mg
|-
| [[Codeine|Codeine]]
| 2.5-3 hours
| 66.67-125mg
|-
| Tramadol (SNRI)
| 6-8.8 hours
| 66.67-125mg
|-
| Tilidine
| 3-5 hours
| 50mg
|-
| Dihydrocodeine
| 50mg
| ~4 hours
|}

= Common opioids =

*[[Codeine]]

*[[Heroin]]

*[[Hydrocodone]]

*[[Hydromorphone]]

*[[Methadone]]

*[[Oxycodone]]

*[[Oxymorphone]]

*[[Tramadol]]

= History =

Opioids are among the world's oldest known drugs; the therapeutic use of the opium poppy predates recorded history. Excavations of the remains of Neolithic settlements in Switzerland (the Cortaillod culture, 3200-2600 B.C.), have shown that Papaver was already being cultivated then; perhaps for the food value in the seeds (45% oil), which we know as poppy seeds. The slightly narcotic property of this plant was undoubtedly already known then.

[[Opium]] contains a considerable number of different substances, and in the nineteenth century, these were isolated. In 1806 Friedrich Serturner was the first to extract one of these substances in its pure form. He called morphine after Morpheus, the Greek god of sleep. Codeine (Robiquet, 1832) and papaverine (Merck, 1848) followed. These pure substances supplanted the use of raw opium for medical purposes. Like opium, they were frequently used as painkillers and as anti-diarrheal. The invention of the hypodermic needle in the mid-nineteenth century led to widespread use of morphine intravenously as a painkiller and recreational drug.

= Effects =

All opiate drugs have similar effects. At low doses, they relieve pain and anxiety, and if the dose is increased, they produce a sedative effect. The analgesic (painkiller) effects of opioids are due to decreased perception of pain, decreased reaction to pain as well as increased pain tolerance. Opioids can cause cough suppression, which can be both an indication of opioid administration or an unintended side effect.

Opiates influence the pupils: they contract (miosis). This is an extremely reliable signal of opiate use. Besides this, when suffocation occurs (as a result of respiratory inhibition) in the case of an overdose, the pupils dilate (mydriasis).

The most striking quality of painkilling effect of opiates is that it has virtually no effect whatever on the other sensory perceptions, consciousness or the motor functions. All other substances with a painkilling effect, such as laughing gas, alcohol, ether and barbiturates also have, in an effective dose, a definite effect on consciousness, motor coordination, the intellect and emotional control. The drowsiness which can be caused by opiates is experienced only at high dosage.

Opiates are affecting respiratory center. Both frequency and the depth of breathing is reduced. In the case of overdose, respiration can come to a complete halt resulting in death.

Dependence is characterised by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms that occur if opioid use is abruptly discontinued. The withdrawal symptoms for opiates include severe dysphoria, craving for another opiate dose, irritability, sweating, nausea, rhinorrhea, tremor, vomiting and myalgia.

== Positive ==

*Euphoria

*Analgesic effect

*Pain relief

== Neutral ==

*Itching

== Negative ==

*Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (More sensitive to pain after stopping the use)

*Nausea

*Vomiting

*Constipation

*Respiratory depression

= Addiction =

Opiates also give us the classical model of addiction. Used regularly, they produce tolerance - a need to continue increasing the dose in order to get the same effect, and stopping after repeated use produces withdrawal symptoms that can reinforce the addiction - physical discomfort and a mental craving for the drug, driving the user to continue taking the drug despite negative consequences of behaviour.

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =

An opioid is any psychoactive chemical that resembles an opiate in its pharmacological effects. They work by binding to the opioid receptors (Delta, Kappa, Mu) Which are found in the Central/Peripheral nervous system and in the GI tract.

= Harm Reduction =

Avoid driving on higher doses.

Opioid analgesics do not cause any specific organ toxicity, unlike many other drugs, such as aspirin and acetaminophen. They are not associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding and renal toxicity, however, people seeking codeine experiences from medications that contain acetaminophen (paracetamol) may be putting themselves at risk for acetaminophen-related complications such as liver damage. In the case of Acetaminophen and aspirin-containing medications, [[Cold Water Extraction]] is useful to reduce the amount of non-opioid analgesics ingested

If possible, having Naloxone available (especially when dealing with high doses) is a good idea. Naloxone is a pure opioid antagonist, which means it reverses the effects of opiate drugs and can reverse overdose symptoms.

Some users have noted that following the "3-day rule" prevents chemical dependency with some opioids, meaning that using no more than 3 days in a row. (this has no medical basis, however, and should be taken as only a guideline at best)

When preparing IV solutions for injection of street drugs, a wheel filter (micron filter) is essential for reducing particulate matter in the solution, as well as using sterile needles, and clean distilled water. Never re-use injection equipment

== Interactions ==

Don't mix any of the class with any other CNS [[Depressants]] as it increases the risk of an overdose and respiratory depression.

[[Tramadol]] and [[Meperidine]] are affecting serotonin levels in the brain and might cause Serotonin Syndrome with some combinations. Check [[Drug Combinations]] for more information.

==Research Chemicals==

Respiratory depression is one of the very common side effects with this class and puts users at a high risk of overdose. With research chemicals, this is a particular issue since there are some substances being openly sold for which a single microgram can be the difference between life and death. With the emerging research chemical market for opioids, most have been explored in-vivo (outside of a human) and also in-vitro (in human) - though there are some exceptions (e.g. W-18/Acryl-Fentanyl).

It's suggested to start at the lowest possible dose; in the case of W-18, animal testing has shown it to be around 10,000x the potency of Morphine. So the logical way to start is either to volumetrically dose or use a precise scale with a +/- microgram amount. Titrating up to an active dose with this class might be the most difficult, due to the massively steep dosage curves.

See the [[Research Chemicals]] page for more information.

= Links =

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiod Wikipedia]

[https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/opiates/ Erowid]

[[Category:Drug class]]

Depressants

2017-11-07T05:13:00Z

Sleep: Fixed Spelling/Grammar mistakes.

A '''depressant''' is a substance that reduces arousal or stimulation. These drugs are widely used as legal prescription medications and illicit substances. Certain depressants are prescribed medically for the purposes of treating issues such as anxiety, pain and sleep troubles, while others are used either legally or illegally as recreational drugs. Depressants are also occasionally referred to as "downers" as they lower the level of arousal when taken.

=Common Depressants=

* [[Alcohol]]
* Alpha/Beta blockers
* [[Barbiturates]]
* [[Benzodiazepines]]
* [[Cannabinoids]]
* [[Dissociatives]]
* First Generation anti histamines
* [[GHB]] and [[GBL]]
* Nonbenzodiazepines (Z-Drugs)
* [[Opioids]]

=History=
[[File:Alcoholic_beverages.jpg|thumb|170px|Alcoholic beverages]]

The history of depressants stretches back thousands of years. Alcohol, the prototypical depressant, was consumed by humans as early as 10,000 B.C., as established by the discovery of beer jugs from the late Stone Age. Other natural depressants such as opium also have ancient origins.

In modern times, a vast assortment of synthetic depressants have become available. These include well-known drugs such as Xanax (alprazolam), Ambien (zolpidem), and the infamous Quaalude (methaqualone). As medicine has advanced, depressants with finely-tuned and specialized effects have been created. Drugs optimised to produce sleep, anxiolytic effects, and muscle relaxation, as opposed to general sedation are now widespread. Additionally, the modern depressants have a vastly improved safety profile. In spite of all these developments, alcohol remains the most popular depressant - likely due to its favourable availability, social acceptability and legal status in most of the world.

=Effects=

'''For more details refer to specific categories or substances.'''

The effects, onset and other various properties of depressants vary depending on the type and specific chemical but are generally characterised by a slowing or depressing of mental and physical functions. Some depressants may work instantly, with effects only lasting for a short time, while other depressants may take longer to set in and last longer.

Often times people who use depressants believe that the use of the drugs will change their emotional state of being so that they do not have to deal with painful or uncomfortable feelings. While this may be an initial effect of the drug, it is more likely that the depression and negative emotions will be even worse after a person uses depressants - especially at higher doses or with compulsive redosing.

Longer-term effects of depressants may include dependence, tolerance, addiction, mood swings and overdose. A person who is experiencing an overdose will usually become drowsy and faint. Because depressants slow down the brain and body’s ability to function, messages between the brain and the body will be much slower causing bodily functions including heart rate and respiration to slow down. In addition people who use depressants in a habitual or excessive manner may be prone to addiction.

==Positive==

*Increased sociability
*Boosted mood
*Reduction of anxiety
*Insomnia relief

==Neutral==

*Slowed reaction time

==Negative==

*Impaired judgement
*'Blacking out'
*Increased danger of accidental injury
*Respiratory depression

=Addiction=

People who become [[Addiction|addicted]] to depressants generally find it difficult to stop using the drugs alone. This is because depressants have a series of withdrawal symptoms that can be incredibly uncomfortable including convulsions, muscle spasms, panic attacks and delirium. Instead of undergoing the painful process of detoxification, addicts may choose to stay dependent on depressants.

=Harm Reduction=
Driving under the influence of depressants is strongly discouraged. Depressants have a tendency to impair judgement and coordination, especially in higher doses.

==Interactions==
It is generally unwise to mix CNS depressants, as it increases the risk of an overdose and respiratory depression. The use of alcohol or benzodiazepines along with the usual dose of heroin is often the cause of overdose deaths in opiate addicts.

=Articles=
* [http://tripsit.me/combining-depressants/|Risks of Combining Depressants]

=Links=

* http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/opiates/opiates_mcdermotts_guide.shtml
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressant

[[Category:Drug class]]

Stimulants

2017-11-07T05:11:17Z

Sleep: Fixed spelling/grammar mistakes. Removed a dead link/Changed another dead link.

'''Stimulants''' induce temporary improvements in either mental or physical functions or both, increasing the functioning of the central nervous system. They are also occasionally referred to collectively as 'uppers.'

==Common Stimulants==

* [[Amphetamine|Amphetamines]]

* [[Methamphetamine]]

* [[Caffeine]]

* [[Nicotine]]

* [[Cocaine]]

* [[Methylphenidate]]

* [[MDMA]]

* [[Piperazines]]

* [[Cathinones]]

Many [[psychedelics|psychedelic]] drugs such as [[LSD]] or [[2C-X]] are also stimulating to varying degrees.

==History==

Stimulants have a long history of human use, with cocaine having been used for thousands of years in its plant form in South America, for the purposes of wakefulness and recreation; it also saw heavy use in the Western world during the 19th century when it was sold as a drug to combat fatigue, as well as being used during medical procedures as a local anaesthetic. Amphetamines were first developed and used medically for the same reasons in the early 20th century, and remain heavily prescribed to this day. Today, stimulants are also widely and legally used without prescription across the world in the form of caffeine and nicotine, along with continuing illicit use of other common stimulants.

==General Effects==

'''For more details refer to specific categories or substances.'''

===Positive===

* Euphoria

* Mental stimulation

* Improved physical performance

* Wakefulness

* Increased alertness

===Neutral===

* Weight loss

* Loss of appetite

===Negative===

* Disturbances in circadian rhythm

*Dehydration

* Tachycardia (Fast heart rate)

*Hypertension (High blood pressure)

* Bruxism

* Muscle tension

* Sleep deprivation

Further and more serious issues can arise following a binge or during withdrawals from stimulants, see the [[Quick Guide to Stimulant Comedowns]] for more information.

==Addiction==

The vast majority of stimulants carry a high risk of habituation and addiction when abused. Depending on the chemical and degree of abuse, withdrawal symptoms for a habituated user vary in effect, duration and intensity; see the [[Quick Guide to Stimulant Comedowns]] for more information.

==Harm Reduction==

The harms of stimulants come in two general classes: 1) Harms that come from the direct pharmacology of the substance and 2) Harms that come from the behaviours exhibited by stimulant users.

=== Route of Administration ===

Many stimulants can be vaporized or insufflated. This can cause damage to the nasal lining, oral mucosa and lungs. Ensuring that equipment is clean and sterile can prevent infection as well as making sure pipes are free of cracks and defects. As stimulants place extra strain on the cardiovascular system, it is advised that those who have pre-existing heart conditions or damage avoid stimulant use entirely.

Additionally, methods that cause levels of the drug to increase rapidly and decline rapidly are prone to redose compulsion. Most stimulants are well absorbed orally, and this should be the prefered ROA if possible.

=== Sleep ===

Sleep deprivation is also a common side effect of stimulant use, and prolonged sleep deprivation can lead to more serious conditions such as psychosis or sudden death. Long-acting stimulants are best dosed once in the early morning as to avoid any interference with sleep. It is important to get normal levels of sleep every night. A sleep deficit takes much longer to recover from than to create.

=== Food ===

Most stimulants strongly suppress appetite. It is important to get enough macro and micronutrients while using stimulants. While tolerant users will have fewer problems eating normal foods, newer users can find themselves unable to eat at all. Easy to eat foods should be obtained prior to stimulant use so they can be eaten as needed. Fruit and cereal grains can provide needed starch and sugar. Proteins and fats can be obtained from yogurt, nuts, or commercial trail mix.

=== Self Care ===

It can be easy to neglect the needs of your body while using stimulants. Stimulants often cause xerostomia which is exasperated by constantly drinking sugary liquids. Water is the best fluid for hydration and does not promote decay. After eating or drinking caloric liquids it is important to brush your teeth. Bruxing is a common side effect of stimulant use. Sugar-free gum or custom occlusal guards can be obtained to limit the impact of bruxing not only on your teeth but also on the muscles of the jaw and neck.

=== Direct Pharmacological Harm ===

Stimulants can be directly neurotoxic and tend to cause progressive harm over time to the cardiovascular system. Be sure to research the toxicity of any new stimulant you use, especially when using novel stimulants. Harm tends to be correlated strongly with dose and frequency of use, reduce these if at all possible.

===Interactions===

Stimulants cause many of their effects by regulating and enhancing the regular function of bodily systems, including the central nervous, cardiovascular, circulatory, respiratory and more. When stimulants are combined with other drugs the resulting mix of body-signals can be dangerous in a variety of ways.

Using stimulants in combination with other stimulants typically causes an increase in the extent to which one or more of the drugs' effects are felt upon the body. This can result in over-stimulation and potentially dangerous increases in blood pressure, heart-rate/rhythm, and core temperature.

The combined effects of stimulants and depressants will often result in some of the effects from one or more drug being reduced in either perceived or actual severity.

''It is difficult if not impossible to determine how much the effects of one drug may be altered by another drug.''

As such it is very easy to misjudge the differences in overall effect on vital functions when combining depressants with stimulants.

Furthermore, the ''duration'' of the effects produced by different drugs will vary.

This means that the effects from a stimulant may wear off sooner than the depressant's effects do, or vice-versa. For example, it is possible for speedball users to go into cardiac arrest from the sudden increase in depressant effects once the stimulant-drug wears off.

'''Refer to [[Drug combinations]] for more specific information.'''

=== Research Chemicals ===

RC stimulants often carry a very high risk of addiction, since they are often relatively inexpensive and are generally designed to be more and more potent physically and in terms of their effects. With all drugs,[[ROA]] and dose plays an important role in governing effects and risks, however stimulants are particularly relevant since many of them are short-acting and highly potent. For example, many new stimulants such as 2-DPMP/3,4-CTMP are active at extremely low doses (under 10mg's), while some such as most cathinones are active in the 100mg+ range.

See the [[Research Chemicals]] page for more information.

==Images==

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Image:Vyvanse.jpg|''Vyvanse'' (Lisdexamfetamine)
Image:Adderall.jpg|''Adderall''
</gallery>

==Links==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant

http://wiki.bluelight.org/index.php/Category:Amphetamines

http://reddit.com/r/drugs/wiki/drugs#wiki_stimulants

http://www.drugscience.org.uk/drugs/stimulants/amphetamine

[[Category:Drug class]]

Psychedelics

2017-11-06T14:51:15Z

Sleep: Fixed Spelling/Grammar mistakes.

'''Psychedelics''' are a class of psychoactive compounds whose primary effects are rooted in altering perception, causing a number of mental effects which manifest in many forms including altered states of consciousness, visual or tactile effects.

A difference between the common semantic and scientific uses of 'psychedelic' often occurs. Most psychedelic drugs are either [[Tryptamines]], [[Phenethylamines]] or [[Lysergamides]], and these structural definitions often denote what constitutes a psychedelic proper. However, psychedelics are also part of a wider definition of 'hallucinogens,' which includes certain [[dissociatives]] and [[deliriants]] - these sharing in many of the typically 'psychedelic' effects of the classical psychedelic chemicals. While a drug may not be strictly classified as a psychedelic, it may share in the semantic definition of a substance which causes the user to experience extra-ordinary forms of consciousness through alterations in cognition and perception, forming 'the psychedelic experience.'

==Common Psychedelics==
* [[Mushrooms]]
* [[DMT]]
* [[LSD]]
* [[2C-X|2C-X series]]
* [[NBOMes|NBOMe series]]

See [[:Category:Psychedelic|List of Psychedelics]] for a full list.

==Effects==

The effects caused by psychedelics vary a lot depending on the particular substance, the dose and the set and setting of the trip. For example, stimulating effects are often noted here (such as tension, a slight increase in heart-rate) since many psychedelics are also somewhat stimulating, though these occur to different degrees depending on the particular chemical. See individual substance pages for more tailored effects.

Psychedelics may cause a wide range of visual effects, for an overview of these, see [[Overview of Hallucinogenic Visuals]].

=== Positive ===
* Mood lift, euphoria, sense of well being
* Closed and open eye visuals, including the saturation of colours, tracers, etc.
* Enhanced audio/tactile senses
* Increase in associative & creative thinking; introspection
* At high doses, feeling of 'oneness' with everything; ego death
* Feelings of universal connectedness

=== Neutral ===

* Racing thoughts thought loops
* Extreme pupil dilation; increased sensitivity to light
* Inability to focus
* Slight increase in body temperature and heart rate
* Time dilation; seconds feel like minutes, minutes like hours

=== Negative ===

* Tension
* Anxiety, restlessness, confusion
* Insomnia
* Nausea
* Dizziness
* Thought loops

==Harm Reduction==

Despite many common and prevalent [[Common_Misconceptions_About_Psychedelics|misconceptions around psychedelic use]], many psychedelics (including [[LSD]] and [[2C-B]]) remain among the safest drugs in common recreational use, often with a very low potential for [[addiction]]. Some psychedelics, such as [[LSD]], are almost impossible to physically overdose on, though others such as [[NBOMes]] have very low thresholds for overdose. However, regardless of the physical safety profile of the drug, it is always important to make sure the dose is within reasonable realms since physical side-effects will increase with dosage, along with a greater risk of a bad trip or negative mental side-effects both during and following the trip.

=== General ===

The major physical dangers while on a reasonable dose of a psychedelic is the potential for an accident while the user undertakes an activity, occurring due to the shift in their perception. For example, a user on a psychedelic will likely not be able to safely or accurately judge distances as they would be able to sober. For this reason, it is important to avoid any activities which pose any threat or danger, or which require sober mental attention. Avoid driving and operating heavy (and probably light) machinery.

=== Mental Illness ===

Psychedelics are known to potentially cause latent mental illness to manifest. Those with mental illnesses should not use psychedelics. Those with a family history of mental illness, including but not limited to depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar should use psychedelics with extreme caution, if at all.

=== Bad Trips ===

During psychedelic trips, a 'bad trip' may be a possibility. This happens when the user enters a negative mindset, often find it difficult to shift their mind from a negative thought path (named 'thought looping'). The chances of a bad trip are increased depending on many factors, including the mental and emotional stability of the user or the setting of the trip - to mitigate these factors, only trip in a comfortable and positive environment.

It is often relatively easy to [[How To Deal With A Bad Trip|escape a bad trip]], through changing the setting, meditation or by simply [http://chat.tripsit.me talking to someone].

=== HPPD ===

In some cases, the use (or more commonly abuse) of psychedelics may cause [[HPPD|Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder]], in which a user continues to experience the effects of a psychedelic after the experience is over, either latently or in an episodic fashion ('flashbacks'). This usually passes within a short amount of time, but in rare cases can continue for long periods.

=== Tolerance ===

The figure differs (such as with [[DMT]] and [[NBOMes]]), but many psychedelics have a physical tolerance lasting between 1-2 weeks. However, many users report a mental tolerance which may last longer than the physical tolerance, and increases in duration depending on the frequency of use. Psychedelics are often considered to be heavy mental experiences, therefore it is always recommended to leave a reasonable amount of time (often a month or more) between trips, to avoid any adverse psychological effects of chronic use.

=== Stimulation ===

Many psychedelics are also somewhat stimulating, and therefore may cause similar side-effects to [[stimulants]], particularly in high doses. These may include sweating, vasoconstriction and dehydration. Be aware of this, and remain hydrated.

=== Research Chemicals ===

Other than regular risks, there are some psychedelic research chemicals with extremely high dosage curves (such as the [[DOx]] series and particularly the [[25X-NBOMe]] series), wherein a few 100ug's might mean the difference between life and death.

Psychedelics can range between micrograms (Such as AL-LAD/LSZ/the NBxxx series) to a much larger dose (aMT/BK-2C-B) as mentioned above, there can be interactions with various medications/supplements/drinks, such as 2C-T-7 and MAOI's. With psychedelics, titrating up to get to an active dose can be tricky, depending on the substance it's recommended to titrate up on the dosage every 2 weeks.

See the [[Research Chemicals]] page for more information.

==Images==

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Image:5meomipt.jpg|''5-MeO-MIPT''
Image:2ct4.jpg|''2C-T-4''
Image:Mescaline.jpg|''Mescaline''
Image:5meomipt2.jpg|''5-MeO-MIPT''
</gallery>

==Links==
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_drug Wikipedia]
* [http://www.psychedelicsociety.org.uk/introduction Psychedelic Society Introduction]

[[Category:Drug class]]

Hallucinogens

2017-11-06T14:46:05Z

Sleep: Fixed Spelling/Grammar mistakes.

[[File:Lsdpatterns.png|thumb|500px|An example of visual patterning experienced on LSD]]

There are a variety of visual effects caused by hallucinogens, which have only recently started to be categorised and described. Many of these effects are traditionally thought of as being solely the result of [[Psychedelics|Psychedelic]] use, however as part of the larger group of hallucinogens, which also include [[Deliriants]] and [[Dissociatives]], the effects described occur as components of the 'Psychedelic Experience,' which may also be triggered by non-psychedelics.

===Enhancement of Vision===
Enhancement of vision is an effect most consistently reported form of psychedelic hallucination, occurring even at smaller doses and regardless of the manner of visual stimuli. It can be generally defined as an overall increase in the level of visual input attributed to the external environment of a person experiences.

====Increased Visual Acuity====
Visual acuity is defined by the medical literature as acuteness or clearness of vision, which is dependent on the sharpness of the retinal focus within the eye and the sensitivity of the interpretative faculty of the brain.

The most commonly reported form of hallucination is a sharp increase in visual acuity which can be described as a newfound ability to comprehend the entire visual field at once, including the peripheral vision. Instead of just being able to perceive the small area that a person's eye is currently focused on, which is the case normally. This results in the level of visual detail attributed to external the environment heightening to the point where the edges of objects become extremely well defined, sometimes making it appear as if all of the air has been pumped out of the room - leaving the environment extremely well-focused, clear and defined.

====Enhancement of Colour====
[[File:VIu6h.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Example of colour enhancement in a nature scene]]
Although this is one of the more basic visual effects, to be understood completely it needs to be experienced. During the onset of a trip, almost all people notice that colours start to stand out more, becoming extremely bright and vivid. Reds will seem “Redder”, Greens will seem “Greener” and all colours can become much more distinct, powerful and intense than they would be normally. A consistent way to reproduce this effect is in a natural environment, including many different colours with great detail.

====Enhanced Pattern Recognition====
[[File:UKSdk.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Colour enhancement and patterning on tree bark]]

Pattern recognition does not outright change the appearance of the external environment but is rather an effect of the level of detail is being seen in it. During even a mild trip it is common for people to suddenly notice patterns and textures that they may have never previously appreciated or paid any attention to previously. For example, when looking at a carpet, a pavement or tree bark the complexity and beauty of the texture suddenly becomes obvious.

A person’s sense of Pareidolia is also increased many times over - this is the brain's ability to recognise significant imagery (usually faces) in almost any vague stimuli. Common examples of this in day to day sober life include spotting faces in everyday objects and viewing clouds as fantastical objects. This is an innate ability of pattern recognition for human beings that is increased dramatically during a psychedelic experience. For example, every single leaf on a tree may look like many tiny green faces, the scenery may look remarkably like people or objects and clouds might appear to be easily recognizable as fantastical objects.

===Distortions===
Distortions are generally described as open eye alterations and changes in perception attributed to the external environment. They are always obviously grounded in reality and gradually increase as a person stares but are completely non-permanent, meaning that they reset to normal once a person "double takes."

====Breathing====
Breathing is a very common place visual that can happen to any surface or object but is usually associated with the walls of a room. This effect makes objects appear to be steadily breathing in and out, expanding and contracting in the same way a person's chest does when they slowly inhale and exhale. A fairly consistent way to reproduce this visual is to stare at a blank wall and lose focus.
[[File:Animatedmelting.gif|300px|thumb|right|An animated example of colors breathing. Click to view gif.]]

====Flowing Textures====
Flowing, shifting, rippling or moving textures on surfaces is a strong visual effect that can happen to virtually anything in a number of different styles. A classic example of this, however, could be wood grain or carpets flowing like a river in a seamless and looped animation. A consistent way to reproduce this visual is to stare at wood grain and lose focus.

====Tracers====
Tracers are the simple experience of trails being left behind moving objects such as people, birds or cars. Tracers are usually very obvious and are similar in appearance to the same sort of trails found behind moving objects in long exposure photographs. Manifesting themselves as smooth trails or multiple layers of the same repeated image which progressively fades into the background with each repetition. The trails can be exactly the same colour as the moving object that is producing it or can sometimes be a randomly selected colour of its own. Usually floating in the air for approximately 2 – 3 seconds.

The deepest or most extreme form of this occurs generally on only high doses, wherein your entire visual field becomes encompassed by tracers - giving the appearance that your visual field is smudging into a huge indistinct blur every time you simply move your eyes.

A consistent way to reproduce this visual is to move your hand in front of your face or throw an object.

====Shifting Colours====
Quite often the colours of various objects, particularly brightly coloured out of place objects, will become subject to an effect that shifts and changes the colours through a repeated cycling of hues in a sort of strange fluid motion across its surface. For example, Moss on a rock could physically shift from green to red, to blue and then back to green again in a very short space of time.

====Melting====
It is not unusual to for objects and sceneries to be completely or partially melting. They begin at lower doses as a drifting of straight edges in the visual field. At higher doses, they become impossible to ignore with the lines, textures and colour between solid objects appearing to blend and morph into one another in an extremely liquid fashion. Often until the original object becomes completely unrecognisable. It is also common for objects to appear to be melting before your eyes despite never making any actual progress at the same time. This part of the effect needs to be experienced to be understood.

====Texture repetition====
This is yet another visual effect that applies to textures. Instead of simply distorting textures or making them more interesting it seems to completely replace them with often fantastical versions of themselves. Seemingly generated through the textures suddenly beginning to repeat into themselves in a symmetrical nature, revealing new, previously unseen images and patterns. A consistent way to produce this visual is to stare at rough surfaces such as grass, tarmac and gravel.

====Depth Perception Distortions====
It is very common to experience both extreme and subtle distortions in depth perception during a psychedelic experience. This is where the depths and layers of the scenery in front of you can become exaggerated, skewed or completely mixed up. A classic example of this is the swapping of layers in a scenery. This is where objects in the background come into the foreground and objects in the foreground get pushed into the background. Another example of skewed depth perception is a complete loss of it when the different sections of a scenery both close up and far away will unify into one flat image momentarily.

An almost consistent way to reproduce this visual is by laying down under a tree and looking through the branches at the sky, consistently causing the sections of sky in between the branches to come into the foreground whilst the branches get pushed into the background.

====Scenery Slicing====
Scenery slicing is a fairly uncommon visual but appears across multiple people and regularly enough to make it worth mentioning. This effect usually happens spontaneously and makes the scenery appear as if it has been cut remarkably cleanly into separate slices with a razor blade. These separate slices can be as simple as 3 separate sections or as complex as multiple slices of a moving interlocking spiral that’s been cut into your field of vision.

===Psychedelic Visuals===
Psychedelic Visuals can be classified as visuals which encompass the visual field by fast-moving geometric forms and are manifested in a wide variety of ways. They differ from the previously described visual effects in that they generally do not build from the surrounding environment, new forms are conceived.

Visuals can be described as the sensation of a person’s field of open and closed eye vision being partially or completely encompassed by fast-moving kaleidoscopic and indescribably complex geometric patterns, form constants, shapes, fractals, structures and colour. Common descriptions of visuals are generally along the lines of the geometry being fractal representations of repeating forms, embedded within each other. This geometry commonly includes vast and intricate form constants that among many other things, take the style of webs, grids, checkerboards, spirals and funnels in a huge variety of colours.

Fractals are an extremely common feature of psychedelic visuals. They are a concept which exists within mathematics and can be described as complex patterns that repeat infinitely into themselves allowing for the same self-similar image to be found no matter how far you zoom into any part of the image.

Psychedelic visuals generally never stand still at any point and are extremely fast changing in terms of their shape and style of themselves. This happens whilst they are naturally drifting laterally or radially across the visual field to create overlapping webs of many arising and decaying geometric patterns, all of which are visible within a single perceptual frame.

When experienced, visuals somehow have a deep sense of profoundness and importance attributed to them and feel as if they are perfectly fitting geometric representations of your current mind state. There are 5 different levels of psychedelic visuals, each one increasingly dramatic and incomprehensible.

'''Visual Noise''' – This is the most basic level of CEV’s and can be experienced in a completely sober state. It can be described as the random light and dark red regions that can be seen under the eyelids.

'''Light / Dark Flashes''' – This level is also easily obtainable without psychedelics and usually appears as regions of fleeting dark/light flashes of colour.

'''Patterns, Motion and Colour''' – Complex indescribable shapes and patterns begin to show themselves. Reaching a level of detail that is brightly coloured and very fractal-like. Only manifest themselves when a person is closing their eyes at first but eventually becoming laid across your field of vision as a flat translucent veil in front of your eyes.

'''3D Geometry''' – Visuals will become fully three dimensional and sprawled out across the surfaces, walls, objects and furniture of your environment instead of displaying themselves across a simple flat veil.

'''Overriding Physical Perception''' – CEV’s have become so intense, vivid and bright that they have begun to block out and replace the external world - the environment begins to be replaced by visuals, with objects and scenery transforming into sprawling masses of geometry. As this increases the environment eventually becomes completely replaced. Giving the sensation that you are breaking through into another reality.

'''Perceived oneness with the universe''' - The final and most profound level of visuals occurs when the environment has been completely replaced with visuals. As they reach their highest possible level, the mind feels as if every point within the brain has become completely interconnected with every other point. Leaving the tripper under the literal sensation of experiencing everything within the universe all at once. Something that can be described as an infinite sea of geometry, concepts and fractals that are always perceived to contain within it, all of the existence, all that there ever was and all that there ever will be. A vast ocean of mind that is not just seen in front of the eyes but physically felt through each of the senses in an incomprehensible level of detail across every point of itself. The experience is immediately perceived to be the “entire universe”, or at least “everything”.

At its lower levels, visuals will fluctuate wildly, pulling trippers in and out of the room in a fashion that many find extremely disorientating. Instead of remaining constant and static it is triggered by the experience of a concept. For example, if somebody were to say the word “internet” to a person who is currently in this state, they would see the mind's concept of the internet immediately manifested in a perfectly fitting geometric form. A form that quickly branches out from itself like some sort of ineffable spider diagram, enveloping the concepts which you associate with the internet and then branching out to include the concepts you associate with those. This spreads out exponentially and within 2 - 3 seconds, quickly grows in a sudden flash to include every single stored concept within the entire universe. Completely disconnecting the tripper from their external environment before re-stacking them back into the room, until something triggers the process again, usually immediately. Snapping trippers in and out of the room repeatedly as the process is triggered continuously. It can to a certain extent, however, be held at bay through continuous physical movement, stopping the process from branching out into everything by not giving it the time it needs to lock onto a concept.

As dosage is increased however the process becomes easier and easier to trigger whilst extending in length and duration. Eventually resulting in a stable state of complete disconnection from the external environment and a lasting sense of oneness with the universe.

== Hallucinatory states ==
The third sensory effect is perhaps the most profound subjective sensory effect that the psychedelic experience has to offer. Hallucinatory states are the fourth and final category of psychedelic hallucination. They are extremely varied in their intensity but eventually become full-on 3D scenarios that feel completely realistic.

====Imagery====
Hallucinatory states, begin at lower doses as imagery embedded within the visuals. Which can be described as spontaneous moving or still scenes, objects, people, animals, concepts, places or anything you could possibly imagine. They are often formed out of visuals themselves and are displayed in varying levels of detail ranging from “cartoonish” in nature to completely realistic, rarely holding form for more than a few seconds before fading or shifting into another image.

On certain psychedelics, the imagery is manifested as an exact visual representation of whatever you are currently thinking about in your mind's eye, turning abstract ideas into a concrete image and completely limitless in its abilities. An experience which is also found by some people during hypnagogia (the state between awake and sleep) and is known by the scientific community as “auto-symbolism”.

====Transformations====
Psychedelic transformations are essentially open eye imagery. They are progressive in nature, which means they form by arising from patterns or objects, and then over a period of seconds drift, smooth, or lock into an entirely new appearance of still or animated objects, people, animals, concepts, places or anything you could possibly imagine. Usually enhanced by the separate visual effect of enhanced pattern recognition. Causing vague stimuli which already look vaguely like abstract concepts thanks to our inbuilt sense of pareidolia to transform into extremely detailed versions of what they were already perceived as.

The process of smoothing or locking which transformations seem to be fuelled by requires some minimal amount of focus and concentration to sustain. Losing concentration for an instant can cause the image to fade away or shift into another image. Holding the eyes still will increase the intensity of progressive transformation.

====Hallucinations====
As these states of imagery become increasingly elaborate (proportional to dosage), they eventually become all-encompassing fully-fledged 3D hallucinations. These could be anything but generally fall under common archetypes such as induced mystical states, contact with autonomous entities, imagined landscapes, spirit dimensions and situations that seem so unlike anything previously experienced that they are in all probability untranslatable into English. Hallucinations often feel extremely mystical, spiritual and religious in nature regardless of the trippers theistic beliefs and it’s not uncommon for people to report that high-level psychedelic hallucinations feel infinitely “more real” than anything the person has previously experienced.

Contact with autonomous entities are very common, these entities generally appear to be the inhabitants of a perceived independent reality. They are expectant of your appearance and enjoy interacting with them in various ways. The behaviour of a typical entity is one of a loving kind intelligence that simply wants to show you as much of their hyperdimensional space, bestowing specific pieces of knowledge upon you as quickly as possible before you begin to come down or slip into another hallucination. This is often done by directly manipulating what you can see and view; intentionally propelling trippers in different directions at disorienting speeds, forcing them to view or pass directly through macro and microscopic scale settings, including: planetary systems, galaxies, quasars, natural environments, space habitats, technological utopias, neurons, DNA, mitochondria, trilobites, cephalopods, bryozoa, and artificial self-replicating machines. Once the comedown inevitably begins to happen they are genuinely saddened by your disappearance, often wave goodbye and encourage you to visit more often.

Entities can literally take any form but common subconscious archetypes are definitely present and contact with bodiless super intelligent Humanoids, Aliens, Elves, Giant Spheres, Insectoids, Beings of Light, Plants and Robotic Machines are common.

These creatures and entities are comprised of a non-physical psychedelic visual based material. Communicating with trippers via a combination of telepathy, visual linguistics, mathematics and morphing coloured structures of different textures. This complex visual language is capable of expressing pure meaning in a way that our current system of small mouth noises will never be able to become close to matching.

Lower levels of simple entity contact can be described as a sensed presence of “The Other” that is clearly there but unable to fully manifest itself and communicate with you due to too low of a dosage.

===Miscellaneous, unique and rare visual effects===
The psychedelic experience is still a subjective experience and not by any means confined and limited to these visual components. As occasionally, just occasionally rare and one time only visual effects seep their way into the trips. These effects can be anything and usually occur at higher doses. Unique visual effects are completely personal to you and something that nobody else on the planet has ever seen before or will ever likely get to experience again.

[[Category:Guides]]

Mescaline

2017-11-06T14:41:28Z

Sleep: Fixed spelling/grammar mistakes.

[[File:Mescaline.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Mescaline vial and powder]]

'''Mescaline''' is a [[Psychedelics|psychedelic]] phenethylamine derived from several ancient species of cactus, which have been used ritualistically for thousands of years. It continues to be used for spiritual, religious and recreational purposes today.

== History ==

Mescaline is thought to be one of the oldest psychedelics used by humans, evidence suggesting Native Americans in Mexico consumed it ceremonially over 5700 years ago. However, it wasn't until 1919 that it was first synthesised by Ernst Spath. Eight years later, an extensive study of mescaline's effects was published in 'Der Meskalunraush', meaning 'The Mescaline High.' Then, in 1952 Dr. Humphry Osmond began working with psychedelics at the Weyburn Mental Hospital in Saskatchewan, Canada. Dr. Osmond was studying the similarities between Mescaline and the adrenaline molecule.

The following year, in 1953, Aldous Huxley consumed 400mg of mescaline under Dr. Osmond's direct supervision, recounting and publishing his first experience in the book The Doors of Perception in 1954. The Doors of Perception went on to catch the attention of many prominent psychedelic researchers and became one of the most referenced pieces of literature in the psychedelic community. The psychedelic rock band The Doors took its name from the title of the book.
Among the many researchers who took notice of Huxley's work was Alexander Shulgin, who went on to test mescaline on himself in 1960 at a 350mg dose. This experience sparked an interest in phenethylamines that persisted for the rest of his career as a chemist.[https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/shulgin_labbooks/ Detailed in Shulgin's Lab Notebook #4 on page 471].

In 1961, Shulgin proposed the 'mescaline unit' (ED mescaline divided by ED analogue) as a measure of relative potency of mescaline analogues. In this calculation, the effective dose represents the average of ED1 and ED100 (ED50 or 'median effective dose'). The 'mescaline-unit' (M.U.) was used in studies of many psychoactive compounds by many prominent chemical researchers, including the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense. However, it is no longer used.

On October 27 of 1970, the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act was passed in the USA. Part II of this is the Controlled Substances Act (CSA), which defines a scheduling system for drugs. Under this act, mescaline, along with LSD, psilocybin, psilocin, peyote, cannabis and MDA were all listed under Schedule I.
In 1991, Alexander and Ann Shulgin first published their book called [https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal.shtml Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved], a collection of years' worth of work documenting in detail the synthesis and subjective effects of over 250 phenethylamines, including mescaline. This book is now widely considered to be one of the single most important pieces of literature in the history of psychedelic pharmacology and chemistry. However, because it provided detailed information on the synthesis of hundreds of drugs, the book also led to their widespread clandestine production and distribution in the years following its release.

== Usage ==

The drinking of teas made from mescaline containing cacti is one of the oldest known instances of psychedelic drug use. Europeans noted the use of peyote in Native American religious ceremonies upon early contact, notably by the Huichols in Mexico. Other mescaline-containing cacti such as the San Pedro have a long history of use in South America, from Peru to Ecuador.

Mescaline was used by Native American cultures for spiritual purposes and usually were either consumed dried or in a tea. Nausea and vomiting associated with consuming the cactus itself were thought to be an inherent as well as important part of the experience. It was considered to have a cleansing effect on the mind and body.

In the 60s, mescaline along with [[LSD]] and several other psychedelics were researched for the treatment of select mental illnesses, notably alcoholism and depression.
In modern times, mescaline continues to be used recreationally - though is somewhat more uncommon than other psychedelics such as the [[2C-X]] series, which are very similar in effects, presumably due to its relatively low potency and difficulty in production.

== Dosage ==

{{#tdose: mescaline }}

== Duration ==

Note: Duration can be significantly longer with higher doses. Onset can vary, Avoid redosing.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
| Onset ||60-180+ Minutes
|-
| Duration ||6-12 Hours
|-
| After Effects || 3-5 Hours
|-
| Total ||10-20 Hours
|}

== Effects ==
Mescaline HCl is the only form of mescaline which can be vaporized, producing a much faster onset and shorter duration of effects.

Note: The prevalence of negative effects increases with higher doses.

=== Positive ===
* Feelings of interconnectedness
* Spiritual events
* Euphoria
* Increased sensitivity to touch
* Increased sense of smell
* Music enhancement
* Increased persistence of vision

=== Neutral ===

* Altered thinking processes
* An altered sense of time and self-awareness
* Closed and open-eye visual phenomena
* Synesthesia (especially in conjunction with music)
* Peripheral stimulation
* Increased cardiovascular activity
* Increased Perspiration

=== Negative ===

* Nausea
* Vomiting
* Unwanted spiritual experiences
* Tension
* Anxiety
* Intense feelings of dread and doom

(Note: Nausea and vomiting are extremely common with mescaline, particularly when consumed in the form of a cactus tea. Simple A/B extraction techniques can be applied to mescaline containing cacti. Both the literature and anecdotal evidence suggest that nausea is less common with the pure salts of mescaline.)

== Harm Reduction ==

As with all psychedelic drugs, mescaline carries within it the potential for a very powerful experience, and as such has the potential to result in a very difficult experience ('bad' trip). Mindset and setting play important roles in governing the nature of a psychedelic experience, among other things.

See [[Psychedelics#Harm_Reduction|Psychedelic Harm Reduction]] and [[How To Deal With A Bad Trip]] for more information.

=== Interactions ===
Due to the illicit nature of mescaline, little empirical data is available regarding its interaction profile. It can be generally stated that mescaline potentiates the effects of stimulants including serotonergic, dopaminergic, and adrenergic. Care must be taken to reduce (by 80% or more) the amount of any stimulant taken in combination with Mescaline.

Its pharmacology is fairly well understood and based on this it would not be advisable to mix mescaline with irreversible MAOIs and/or lithium. It is advisable to exercise extreme caution when combining any substances lacking well-established interaction profiles.

There are a significant amount of anecdotal reports that involve mixing mescaline with reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (RIMAs) both as extracted salts and ayahuasca style brews from harmaline/harmine containing plants. Caution is advised if one intends to attempt this. It can result in a significant alteration of the intensity and character of a mescaline trip. Note: Tyramine is a biosynthetic precursor of mescaline in some species of mescaline containing cacti. Harmful interactions between tyramine and irreversible MAOIs (such as isocarboxazid) are well established in medical literature so combining mescaline with this particular class of MAOI is strongly discouraged.

Mescaline itself is oxidatively metabolized primarily by the enzyme SSAO (semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase). This enzyme can be inhibited directly with the hydrolysable tannins present in cranesbill root. Glucosamine is also a weak inhibitor of SSAO. Little information exists about potentiation of mescaline with SSAO inhibitors. It is not typical to do this because of the already long duration and because more mescaline is excreted unchanged in urine than is metabolized oxidatively by this enzyme.

Mescaline shares the anabolic path of serotonin and is able to form analogous metabolites.

See the [[Drug combinations]] chart for more information.

== Chemistry and Pharmacology ==

=== Chemistry ===

3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzeneethanamine (also referred to as 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) or mescaline freebase, is a white crystalline odourless solid at room temperature. Its chemical formula is C11H17NO3 and it is soluble in alcohol, chloroform, benzene, xylene, toluene, acetone, dichloromethane, highly soluble in isopropyl alcohol, soluble in d-limonene and moderately soluble in water. It is practically insoluble in ether or petroleum ether and has melting/boiling points of 35-36°C and 180°C (12 mmHg) respectively. The freebase has a molecular weight of 211.26.

Note: Mescaline freebase will form mescaline carbonate upon prolonged exposure to air.

The hydrochloric salt of mescaline is the most common form by far. It has a melting point of 184° C according to the Merck Index. It has the appearance of needle-like clear/whitish crystals and is moderately soluble in water, alcohol, methanol. (at least 1.0 mg/ml) (Merck Index) In contrast to the freebase, it is practically insoluble in toluene and acetone, insoluble in isopropyl alcohol, diethyl ether, and d-limonene. The hydrochloric salt has a molecular weight of 247.72.
The second most common salt of mescaline seems to be the sulfate dihydrate. It also appears as a whitish crystalline solid, retaining the whitish colour albeit somewhat brighter, but losing the needle-like structure in favour of a more rock-like appearance. It is soluble in hot water, methanol and insoluble in near-freezing water, alcohol and acetone. The sulphate has a melting point of 183–186 °C and a molecular weight of 309.33606.

Many salts of mescaline are attainable and all have different physical properties and solubility profiles. Here we cover the two most commonly explored salts. For some more information on the salts not covered here, check out the links section at the bottom of the page.

=== Pharmacology ===

Mescaline shares structural similarities with Serotonin and Dopamine. Mescaline acts similarly to other psychedelics by binding to and activating the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor with low affinity and high efficacy. Mescaline is also known to bind to and activate the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor.
Tolerance builds with repeated usage, lasting for a few days. Mescaline causes cross-tolerance with other serotonergic psychedelics such as LSD, psilocin and 2C-x compounds.

Some studies have concluded that mescaline goes through the body nearly unchanged. Six hours after dosing half of dose has been excreted and of between 20% and 50% of it is unchanged. The rest is the carboxylic acid, most likely degraded by MAO.

=== LD50 ===

The LD50 is unknown in humans. In experiments with rats, the LD50 for mescaline has been established in the range of 800-1200mg/kg orally. [https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/mescaline/mescaline_datasheet1.shtml See Mescaline MSDS via hazard.com]
Considering the human dose range is about 100-1000mg, it would be very difficult to consume enough Mescaline to kill a human. As such, there are no recorded human deaths from the ingestion of mescaline. With that said, caution is still advised when consuming high doses.

== Legal status ==

* In Australia, the peyote cacti and other mescaline-containing plants such as San Pedro are illegal in Western Australia, Queensland and the Northern Territory, whilst in other states such as Victoria and New South Wales, they are legal for ornamental and gardening purposes.
* In Canada, The Netherlands, and Germany, mescaline in raw form and dried mescaline-containing cacti are considered an illegal drug, however, anyone may grow and use peyote, or Lophophora williamsii, along with Echinopsis Panchanoi and Echinopsis Peruviana without restriction, as it is specifically exempt from the legislation. In Canada, mescaline is classified as a schedule III drug under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, whereas peyote is exempt.
* In the United Kingdom, mescaline in purified powder form is a Class A drug, however, dried cactus can be bought and sold legally.
* In the United States, mescaline was made illegal in 1970 by the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act. The drug was prohibited internationally by the * 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances and is categorized as a Schedule I 'hallucinogen' by the CSA. Mescaline is legal only for certain groups (such as the Native American Church) and in scientific and medical research. The current state of the law is that while the federal government may not restrict the use of peyote in ceremony, individual states do have a right to restrict its use/ Many states, including Utah, have legalized peyote usage with 'sincere religious intent', or within a religious organization regardless of race.

== Links ==

* [https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/mescaline/mescaline_journal7.shtml Mescaline: The Chemistry and Pharmacology of its Analogs]
* [https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/shulgin_labbooks/ Dr. Shulgin's Lab Notes]
* [https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal096.shtml PiHKAL Entry]
* [https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/mescaline/ Erowid Entry]
* [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescaline Wikipedia Entry]
* [http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/33868/0000129.pdf?sequence=1 'Relationship of the Structure of Mescaline and Seven Analogs to Toxicity and Behavior of Five Species of Laboratory Animals' (full text)]
* [https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Psychedelic_Compounds_Chemical_and_Physical_Properties#Freebase_Mescaline Physical and Chemical Properties of Various Mescaline Salts]

[[Category:Stimulant]]
[[Category:Psychedelic]]
[[Category:Drugs]]

Opioid Notes

2017-11-06T13:05:48Z

Sleep:

OPIATES:

OPIUM DERIVATIVES

OPIUM ALKALOIDS
Thebaine - 6, 14 dimethoxy version of OM. Stimulant rather than analgesic, high dose causes OD
Narceine - Bitter, Crystalline, formerly used as a substituted for Morphine.
Noscapine - Acts on Sigma, non painkilling. Used commonly in Antitussives. Uninteresting. Blocks Bradykinine B-2 receptors in Stroke patients.

ALKALOID SALT MIXTURES
Pantopon - Preparation of all alkaloids present in opium without plant matter. Injectable and almost as potent as morphine.

MORPHINE FAMILY
6-MDDM - 80x potency of M, faster onset and less body load
Azidomorphine - 40x potency of M with high affinity to μ
Hydromorphinol - Derivative of M but more potent, with a steeper dose-response curve and a longer half life. Script in Sweden.
Methyldesorphin - 15x potency of M. Is found in Krokodil
Morphinan-6-one (MR-2096) - OM analogue at roughly 5-7mg dosage. RC. FULL NAME: (N-tetrahydrofurfuryl)noroxymorphone
N-Phenethylnormorphine - 8-14x potency of M.
RAM-378* - N-Phenethyl analogue of Hydromorphinol. It is probably more potent as a result.

3, 6 MORPHINE DIESTERS
Diacetyldihydromorphine - Occasionally used an alternative to diamorphine, of which it is faster acting, longer lasting and has less side effects such as euphoria and addiction. However it is equipotent with morphine.
Dipropanoylmorphine - Ester of M used to treat severe pain. Rarely used but considered to be safer and less adictive than M. As such carries less side effects, such as euphoria. Slower acting, longer lasting and slightly more potent than M.
Nicomorphine - 2-3x the potency of M and commonly prescribed in German speaking countries

CODEINE-DIONINE FAMILY
Heterocodeine - Reverse isomer of codeine. 6x potency of M, while Codeine is a prodrug, HC is a direct agonist.
Myrophine* - Morphine + 3-benzyl & 6-myristyl chain and acts as a prodrug to M. Has a slow onset of effects and longer duration but reduced potency. Does NOT produce addiction or dependance regardless of dose.
Acetyldihydrocodeine - Used in Germany. Close relative of Thebacon, where only the 6-7 bond is unsaturated. 6-Acetyl derivative of dihydrocodeine. Metas into Dihydromorphine. Higher lipophilicity than codeine. Would probably be more potent and longer lasting. Higher BA than codiene. Sch. 1.

MORPHINONES AND MORPHOLS
14-Cinnamoyloxycodeinone - 100x potency of M, interesting.
14-Methoxymetopon - 500x potency of M, can be up to one million x the potency of M if injected into spine.
14-Phenylpropoxymetopon - 2000+x potency of M, when injected into spine up to 1,000,000x. 14-MOP has ceiling effect on respiratory depression (!!) but 14-PPOP untested
3-Acetyloxymorphone - Acetylated analogue of OM
7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone - odd OM analogue, selective d agonist
Acetylmorphone - Acetoxy version of Hydromorphone, has a higher BA as a result.
Chloroxymorphamine - Derivative of OM and irreversible full agonist
Methyldihydromorphine - Related to heterocodeine not dihydrocodeine. Could be 6-9x potency of morphine and a drug of abuse.
Metopon - Methylated Hydromorphone, less potent. Interesting though, could have more euphoria
N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon - 60x potency of M but produces less constipation. d & u agonist.
Oxymorphol - 6-hydrogenated OM, coming soon...
Pentamorphone - few x stronger than fent. short duration but low respiratory depression.
Semorphone - 2x potency of M. Partial u agonist and has a ceiling effect on both analgesia and respiratory depression.
Thebacon - Thebaine analogue and fairly uninteresting. 6-8x as potent as codiene per mg. Synthesis is easy, same process as methylazation of hydrocodone to hydromorphone with hydromorphinaol/oxymorphinol and a few others as intermediates.

MORPHIDES - HALOGEN EXTENSION NEED TO BE PRODUCED.
Chloromorphide - 10x potency of M, Chlorine group attached to the 3 position. Extension of this into other halogens must be made.
Fluromorphide - Fluro group attached to the 3 pos.

HYDRAZONES
Oxymorphazone - half potency as OM but higher doses last up to 48hrs - irreversible full μ agonist

HALOGENATED MORPHINE DERIVATIVES
1-Iodomorphine - While an increase in activity had not been noted, research into fluorinated morphine analogues is being conducted.
1-Bromocodeine -
1-Chlorocodeine -
1-Bromo-4-5-epoxy-3,6-dimethoxy-17-methyl-morphin-7-ene

MORPHINANS

Butorphanol - partial ant.-ag. at μ opioid and competitive antagonist/partial agonist at κ opioid. dysphoria is common at normal dose.
Drotebanol - Morphinan derivative synthesised from Thebaine with analgesic effects several times more potent than codeine but weaker than morphine. Moderately addictive but limited physical dependance. Under Metabanyl when available as a script.
Dextromethorphan (-) - NMDA antagonist / σ1 & σ2 sigma agonist / a3b4, a4b2, a7 nACH antagonist, (very weak) μ, δ & κ opioid agonist, SERT & NET inhibitor, NADPH Oxidase inhibitor. (Race)Methorphan = racemic
Dextrorphan (-) - NMDA antagonist / σ1 & σ2 sigma agonist / a3b4, a4b2, a7 nACH antagonist, L-Type voltage-gated calcium channel (LVGCC) blocker, SRI.
Cyclorphan - mixed antagonist-agonist with affinity for κ
Levophenacylmorphan - 10x potency of M
Levofurethylnormorphanol (Ro4-1539) - potent μ opioid agonist 30-60x potency of Levorphanol.
Levomethorphan (+) - NDMA antagonist, σ1 & σ2 sigma agonist, μ, δ & κ opioid agonist.
Levorphanol (+) - μ, κ & δ agonist, 4-8x potency of M, long duration, no cross tolerance with morphine
Norlevorphanol - Opioid analgesic, uninteresting.
Phenomorphan - 10x potency of Levorphanol.
└--> N-(2-(2-furyl)ethyl) analogue - 60x Levorphanol
└--> N-(2-(2-thienyl)ethyl) analogue - 45x Levorphanol
Proxorphan - partial κ agonist, lesser partial μ agonist
Ro4-1539 (Furethylnorlevorphanol) - 30-60x the potency of M. One of the more potent u agonists from the Morphans.

(Race)Methorphan: L(eft) (+) Levomethorphan >< Dextromethorphan (-) D(exter) --> l=OPIATE >< d=HALLUCINOGENIC OPIATE
└--> Racemic mix of both isomers, embodying their properties.

Morphinan (Racemorphan): l (+) Levorphanol >< Dextrorphan (-) d --> l=OPIATE >< d=HALLUCINOGENIC OPIATE
└--> Racemic mix of both isomers, embodying their properties.

(Race)Allorphan: l (+) Levallorphan >< Dextrallorphan (-) d --> l= ANTI-OPIOID >< d=NMDA ANTAGONISTS
└--> Racemic mix of both isomers, embodying their properties.

3-Hydroxymorphinan: l (+) Norlevorphanol >< Nordextrorphan (-) d --> l=OPIATE >< d=NOOTROPIC
└--> Racemic mix of both isomers, embodying their properties.

Oxilorphan: μ antagonist & weak partial κ agonist
Dimemorfan - SIGMAERGIC DRUG
Xorphanol - mixed ant.-ag. produces convulsions at highest dose tested.
Cyprodime - Selective μ opioid antagonist with no affinity for κ or δ receptors
Samidorphan - selective μ antagonist. potential for addiction treatment.

BENZOMORPHANS

Butinazocine - benzomorphan opioid that was never marketed
Carbazocine - benzomorphan opioid that was never marketed
Etazocine - partial opioid agonist with mixed ant.-ag. effects. low potency
Ethylketocyclozocine - partial opioid agonist with mixed ant.-ag. effects
Ibazocine - benzomorphan opioid that was never marketed
Moxazocine - 10x potency of M, partial/mixed ant.-ag.
Tonazocine - partial agonist at μ & δ, no adverse effects on breathing
Volazocine - benzomorphan opioid that was never marketed
Fluorophen - radioligand, full μ agonist (6x M) & lower affinity for δ
Zenazocine - partial agonist at μ & δ
Eptazocine - Japanese κ agonist & μ antagonist
Pentazocine - mixed ant.-ag. (-) is the κ agonist side, the (+) displays 10x the affinity for sigma receptors. NO μ agonism
Phenazocine - related to ^ but stronger analgesic, 4x potency of M
Cyclazocine - mixed ant.-ag.
Dezocine - Mixed ant.-ag. with high κ antagonism. Low dose=euphoria (μ) High dose=dysphoria (κ). Wierd structure
8-Carboxamidocyclazocine (8-CAC) - κ & μ agonist, long duration.
Bremazocine - κ agonist related to Pentazocine
Metazocine - analgesic; mixed ant.-ag. at μ, activity also at κ and sigma
Alazocine - σ1 agonist, κ opioid agonist & slight NMDA antagonist

4-PHENYLPIPERIDINES

MEPERIDINES
4-Fluoropethidine - In comparison to pethidine, it is 50% less potent as an analgesic but 50% more potent as a DRI. (4-iodo & 3, 4-dichloro only increase these differences)
Anileridine - Another banned pethidine analogue, probably abused. Higher analgesia than Meperidine due to n-aminophenyl group and acts withing 15 mins orally, lasting 2-3 hours.
Benzethidine - 4-phenylpiperidine analogue of pethidine. Probably somewhat more potent and euphoric. Never scripted.
Carperidine - fairly normal opiate but unused in medicine and currently LEGAL (08/06/2013)
Furethidine - 4-Phenylpiperidine analogue of pethidine. Probably a lot more potent and abuse-prone. Never prescribed.
Morpheridine - related to meperidine but 4x the potency and does not cause convulsions
Phenoperidine - 20-200x the potency of Pethidine. Less hypnotic and than morphine but more emetic (nausea). This can be cured by Haloperidol.
Piminodine - similar dose to M, used in 60's and 70's but was banned. It was probably abused widely.

PRODINES
Allylprodine - Prodine analogue 23x potency of M
Prosidol - Russian Prodine analogue

KETOBEMIDONES
Acetoxyketobemidone - Unschedualed analogue of ketobemidone
Bemidone - Analogue of Pethidine but significantly less potent, however it has NMDA antagonism like KetoB.
Ketobemidone - μ opioid antagonist & NMDA antagonist. More addictive than M

OTHER
Loperamide - Peripheral opioid so it cannot cross BBB. useful anti-Diarrhoea med. When used in conjuction with Quinine or Omerprazole can cross BBB and opioid effects are seen.
Picenadol - R isomer (or Levopicenadol) is pure μ agonist while S is antagonist. Racemic is mixed that casues low abuse potential but has low κ activity

OPEN CHAIN OPIOIDS

AMIDONES
4,4-Diphenyl-7-Pyrrolidin-1-ylheptan-3-one - Experimental analoge of Dipipanone and Phenadoxone
Dipipadone - Lost Ark of the Covenant.
Phenadoxone - methadone analogue, similar dose to M, lasts 1-4 hours
Levacetylmethadol - Methadone analogue with u agonism and noncompetitive a3b4 NACh antagonism. Brand name Orlaam, prescribed to those unresponsive to methadone or subutex. Long half life (3 days) and heavier affect.
Norpipanone - Was not under international control until case reports of addiction arose.
Isomethadone - Previously used in medicine. μ- δ- agonism. S-isomer more potent.

METHADOLS
Dimepheptanol - related to methadone, has two isomers which also have two isomers so 6 possible isomers including racemic

MORAMIDES
Palfium (Dextomoramide) - 3x potency of M but shorter acting. High BA & fast acting, oral feels like shooting. Low LD50 & inconsistent potency (one day you may need 5mg, next day 3mg)

THIAMBUTENES
Thiambutenes - Dimethyl-TAB, Diethyl-TAB, Ethylmethyl-TAB. Used in vetinary medicine in Japan. Banned in virtually all countried due to high abuse potential. Anticholinergic and antihistamine properties!

PHENALKOXAMS
Dextropropoxyphene - Low potency opiate not absorbed by CYP2D6. Also is a potent, noncompetitive α3β4 NACh antagonist and a weak SRI.
Dimenoxadol - Benzillic Acid derivative related to methadone. Banned due to high abuse potential it seems.
Dioxaphetyl butyrate - Banned opioid similar to methadone. Possibly in use or previously in use as a med under the names Amidalgon & Spasmoxal.

AMPROMIDES
Diampromide - Banned Analgesic related to Propiram. Similar potency to M.
Propiram - Slightly more potent than codeine, 3-6hr duration. mixed μ ant.-ag. favouring agonism. affinity for κ & δ, sigma and nmda. 97% oral BA!
Phenampromide

OTHERS
IC-26 - Methadone analogue with similar potency but Unscheduled.
Lefetamine - Weak opiate on the same scale as codeine but has DRI properties.
R-4066 - methadone analogue with 212x the potency but a much shorter duration at 3 hours.
2,5-dimethylpiperazine -

ANILIDOPIPERIDINES

3-Methylfentanyl - 400-6000x potency of M depending on isomer (cis-iso more potent)
Alfentanil - 1/4 the potency and 1/3 the duration of fent but 4x quicker onset. The businessman's lunch of opiates.
Betahydroxythiofentanyl - one of the more favoured fent. analogues by addicts, implying euphoria.
Carfentanil - 100x potency of fent., 10000x the potency of M. Used in spetznaz hostage crisis. 10,000x potency of M. Activity in humans starts at 1μg.
Lofentanil - more potent and with a longer duration than carfentanil.
Mirfentanil - fent. analogue with strong selevtivity over μ. Lower doses it antagonises effects caused by lesser opioids but at higher doses is resistant to antagonists, suggesting it has non-opioid mechanisms.
Ohmefentanyl - 6300x morphine at it's most active isomer. Analogues of this are even stronger with one possessing 30,000x the potency of M.
Parofluorofentanyl - 150-200x morphine. Sold breifly in 1980.
R-30490 - analogue of carfentanil. Most selective μ agonist of all fentanyl analogues
Remifentanil - Potent ultra short acting fent. analogue. Potency from between 20 and 100ug. Used in medicine as an anaesthetic under Ultiva.
Sufentanil - ~2x Morphine.

ORIPAVINE DERIVATIVES

7-PET - 300x potency of M, 3-OH derivative is 2200x potency of M. Unscheduled.
Acetorphine - 8700x potency of M
BU-48 - Etorphine derivative. Selective δ agonist and produces only convulsions with slight antidepression.
Buprenorphin - Subutex
Cyprenorphine - Buprenorphine analogue, ant.-ag. effects but with higher affinity towards κ.
Dihydroetorphine -1000-12000x potency of M depending on RoA. Less addictive than other opiates and is used in a similar fashion to Subutex in China.
Etorphine - 1000-3000x potency of M. μ, κ & δ opioid agonist. weak affinity for ORL1 nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor.

PIRINITRAMIDES

Bezitramide - Prodrug that hydrolyzises in the GI tract to despropionyl-bezitramide. Pulled from the NL's in 2004 after fatal overdose cases.
Piritramide - 0.65-0.75x M but still effect is strong and long lasting. Has a small but dedicated fanclub on the 'street'

BENZIMIDAZOLES

Etonitazene - Most potent nitazene at 1000-1500x potency of M. Strange structure, abstract from other opioids, with an indole body.
xxxNitazene - Differing potencies depending on substitution on the lower 4-phenyl.

INDOLES

18-Methoxycoronaridine - Ibogaine derivative, selective α3β4 nicotinic antagonist, however no affinity for α4β2, NMDA or seretonin. Retains modest affinity at μ & κ opioid.
7-Hydroxymitragynine - Alkaloid in Kratom. Some 17x potency of M. 30x potency of Mitragynine.
Conolidine -
Eseroline - Metabolite of the ACh inhibitor physostigmine but potent μ agonist
Hodgkinsine - alkaloid found in Psychotria colorata plants. Has antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal properties. Also μ opioid agonist & NMDA antagonist.
Ibogaine - Addiction CURE. HT2a agonist, κ opioid agonist, NMDA antagonist
Mitragynine - Alkaloid in Kratom. Fairly selective μ agonist but little affinity for δ & κ.
Noribogaine - Metabolite of Ibogaine. Potent SRI, κ antagonist, weak μ full agonist
Pericine -
Voacangine - precursor to Ibogine used by iboga plant. Displays similar effects towards addiction as Ibogaine.

DIPHENYLMETHYLPIPERAZINES

BW373U86 - Selective δ agonist at 15x stronger affinity. Analgesic and anti-depressant properties along with BDNF release. Produces convulsions at high doses and reverses respiratory depression produced by μ agonism. Also protects heart muscle cells from death during oxygen deprivation, a result of heart attacks.
DPI-227 - highly selective δ agonist with antidepressant effects but produces fewer convulsions than most other dugs in it's family.
DPI-3290 - Potent δ & μ agonist but produces little respiratory depression.

OPIOID PEPTIDES

Biphalin - endogenous eptide with high affinity for δ & μ receptors. Potency almost 7x greater than Etorphine and 7000x M. Low side effects; no dependancy caused.
Casomorphins - opiates found in Cow's milk.
DAMGO - synthetic opiate peptide with high μ selectivity. When administered alongside M for 7 days, M had the same effect at the same dose as the first day. I.e. removes tolerance.
Deltorphin - High affinity and selectivity, naturally occuring δ opioid agonist.
Dermorphin - South American Tree frog skin. Natural opioid peptide. High potency (30-40x M) and selectivity to μ but may be less likely to cause tolerance and addiction.
Dynorphins - endogenous opioid peptides, primarily k agonists. Useful in the analysis of addiction.
Leu-enkephalin - Endogeneous opioid petide that acts as a δ & μ agonist with strong selectivity for δ.
Met-enkephalin - Opioid Growth Factor (OGF), Endogenous opioid peptide. Primary ligand of the δ receptor along with Leu-enkephalin (high potency and selectivity at δ). Low BA & is metabolised rapidly.
Opiorphin - Endogenous opioid isolated from human saliva.

OTHERS

3-HO-TCP - PCP analogue. More glutamergic than the PCP analogue.
3-HO-BCP - substitutes for both cocaine and morphine at ~5mg (made-up)
AD-1211 - Structure looks unrelated to /most/ other opioid drugs. Mixed Agonist-antagonist at opioid recepts similar to pentazocine. Little to no developement of tolerance/dependence in animal studies.
AH-7921 - Selective μ agonist, with 80% potency of M. distributed as an RC, TRs show that it has very little euphoria, indicating euphoria comes from somewhere else. Perhaps sigma? Other opioids are heavily potentiated by it. Perhaps μ agonism is purely analgesic and high comes from a combination of μ & δ with each multiplying the affect of the other. This indicates ultimate opiate high would be moderately selective δ agonist
Azaprocin - ~10x potency of M. Faster onset and short duration of action. Discoved in 1963, never been marketed. The derivative subbed on the phenyl ring with a p-nitro group would be more potent by roughly 2.5. (So 25x potency of M) The open ringed 2,6-Dimethylpiperazine analouges would also be active.
BRL-52537 - Highly potent and selective κ agonist. Neuroprotective.
Bromadol (BDPC) - 500-10,000x potency of M. Similar to PCP analogues & -HO bonds within them.
C-8813 (Thiobromadol) - 591x potency of M. μ agonist & δ antagonist to reduce repiratory depression. Making the drug safer.
Ciramadol - Opioid related to PCP, Tramadol & Tapentadol. mixed ant.-ag. for μ, low abuse potential and ceiling on respiratory depression.
Enadoline - Highly selective κ agonist. Produces visual distortions, dissociation and of course dysphoria similar to Salvia.
Herkinorin - Analogue of Salvinorin A but the complete opposite. 100x higher μ affinity and 50x lower κ affinity. Also; "does not promote the recruitment of β-arrestin-2 to the intracellular domain of the μ-opioid receptor, or induce receptor internalization". This means Herkinorin may not produce tolerance or dependance.
HZ-2 - κ-opioid agonist, same potency as morphine, long duration, high oral BA
ICI-199,441 - high potency, highly selective κ agonist with analgesic effects
Methopholine - Isoquinilone derivative with same efficacy as codeine. Could produces corneal opacity. Analogues are more potent with 4'-nitromethopholine at 20x codeine.
MT-45 - 80% of M. mixed ant.-ag. and mild NMDA antagonist
Nortilidine - Equipotency of M. Opioid activity is in (1S,2R) iso, NMDA antagonism is in (1R,2S) iso. Also acts as a DRI.
O-Desmethyltramadol - metabolite of Tramadol. Considerably more potent than Tramadol. Both (+) & (-) isomers lose SRI function but (-) retains NRI functionality. RC.
Salvinorin A - Highly potent κ agonist and even more potent D2 partial agonist. Use in therapy for addiction.
Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether - semi-synthetic analogue of Salv. A. Longer duration @ ~3hrs, active at 50ug & 3000x (!) selectivity over μ & δ
Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether - Similar to ^^ but less selective. 5x potency as Salvinorin A. Deacetylised from Salvinorin A.
SC-17599 - selective μ agonist with little or no affinity for δ & κ. Potency in between pethidine & morphine.
RWJ-394674 - potent and selective δ agonist, however once inside body it is dealkylated to its monodesethyl metabolite RWJ-413216 which is a potent μ agonist with less affinity for δ. δ activity counteracts the respiratory depression the μ causes. Only prominent side effect is sedation (and euphoria!)
TAN-67 - potent and selective δ1 agonist. Has analgesic properties & releases dopamine in the brain. Neuro & cardiac protective properties.
Tapentadol - μ & σ agonist & SNRI. 2x Tram.
Tifluradom - Benzo derivative but without GABAa agonism. Instead selective κ agonism.
U-50488 - highly selective κ agonist with analgesic effects
U-69,593 - Potent and selective κ1 agonist. Produces; antinociception, anti-inflammation, anxiolysis (low doses), respiratory depression & diuresis. Also inhibits periphery oxytocin secretion. Not sure if hallucinogenic.
W-15 - 5.4x Morphine. RC.
W-18 - 10,000x potency of M, structure abstract from any other drug. These super potent opioids are used in vetenarian practice for tranquilising elephants.

OPIOID ANTAGONISTS AND INVERSE AGONISTS - (selective δ antagonists may reduce physical addiction without causing w/d if attatched to an opioid)

Chloronaltrexamine - Irreversible mixed ant.-ag. at μ opioid. 22x more potent than M
Cyprodime - Selective μ opioid antagonist with no affinity for κ or δ receptors
Diprenorphine - Strongest opiate antagonist available. 100x potency of Nalorphine. Used to reverse effects of super-potent opioids.
Levallorphan - μ opioid antagonist, when used with opiate, it potentiates it and removes addiction potential or induces withdrawal in addicts.
Nalbuphine - mixed ant.-ag. as is common with this class, there occurs analgesia with no addictive properties.
Naloxazone - Irreversible μ opioid receptor antagonist
Naloxonazine - Very Potent Irreversible μ opioid antagonist. dimerizes from Naloxazone under acidic conditions
Naltrexone - Competitive antagonist at μ & κ receptors, and to a lesser extent, δ. Modulation of the dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway makes it good for countering alcohol dependance as well as Opiate addiction. Blocks the euphoric effects of opioids and is used in rapid detoxification and attenuation of withdrawal. If opiates are used simultaneously, oD may occur.
Samidorphan - selective μ antagonist. potential for addiction treatment.
IBNtxA - Naltrexone analogue. It is a u opioid agonist however it is not percieved as rewarding in animals, it also does not produce respiratory depression or constipation.

UNCATEGORISED OPIOIDS

FE 200665 - Is an all D-Amino acid peptide that acts as a restucted K-opioid receptor agnoist. Was dosed at 0.36mg/kg IV. Was compared to 15mg oxycodone. Slightly less than the potency of hydrocodone. Caused Hyperalgesic response in a skin pinch test. Also known as CR665.
SoRI-9409 - mixed μ agonist & δ antagonist. moderate analgesia without development of tolerance. Anti-addictive effects for all dopaminergic drugs.
'Synthetic Conotoxin' - Snail toxin derived painkiller 1000x potency of morphine. Non-addictive

RELATED COMPOUNDS

Amiphenazole - treatment for OD. counteracts respiratory depression. If Morphine-N-oxide is taken on this, M's potency will increase.
Chitosan - linear polysaccharide that can give Morphine up to 60% BA intranasally. Powdered & the ratio is 1.3g : 6.7g (morpine : chitosan)
BIMU-8 - NOOTROPIC
NMDA antagonists - Inhibit development of tolerance to morphine
Tezampanel - ANXIOLYTIC
Ibudilast - NOOTROPIC
Nuciferine - Not sure where to start with this one... Structurally related to Apomorphine. Associated with Dopamine Receptor Blockade.
Tetrahydropalmatine - ANXIOLYTIC
Lofexidine - ANXIOLYTIC
d & l Phenylalanine (DLPA) - Increases dopamine and endorphin levels, reducing opiate tolerance and even providing an analgesic effect of it's own.

CCK ANTAGONISTS

Proglumide - Acts as a d opioid agonist and non selective CCK antagonist. Enhances analgesia produced by opioids and can prevent or even reverse the development of tolerance
Devazepide - No affinity for GABAa, selective CCKa antagonist.
Lorglumide - Selective CCKa antagonist for treatment of gastrointestinal problems and some forms of cancer as well as Opioid interacting properties.

NOCICEPTINERGIC DRUGS (ORL-1 ant. & ag.'s)

J-113,397 - Highly selective ORL-1 antagonist. Prevents development of opiate tolerance, stimulates dopamine release, cognitive enhancer
SB-612,111 - Selective ORL-1 antagonist but several times the potency of ^^
MCOPPB - Potent, selective ORL-1 agonist with only moderate affinity for μ, even less for δ & κ. Anxiolytic with no inhibition of memory, motor function or sedation
NNC 63-0532 - Potent, selective ORL-1 agonist.
Ro64-6198 - Potent, selective ORL-1 agonist with 100x selectivity over others. In rats produced anxiolytic but no anticonvulsant effects. Impairs Short term memory & increases appetite. Reduces analgesic effects of M but no preventing tolerance. In primates it showed analgesic behaviour without respiratory depression.
Menabitan - potent cannabinoid receptor agonist with anti-nociceptive effects

ENKEPHALIN PROTEASE INHIBITORS

RB-101*** - Inhibits enzymes responsible for breaking down enkephalin (regulates nociceptin). Weak μ & δ affinity and slight σ1. Potentiates opiates, stops withdrawal symptoms, no addiction potential, produces no respiratory depression. Also exerts very potent antidepressant and anxiolytic effects. Not orally active so analogues vv were developed.
RB-120 - Orally active version of ^^. This is best atm.
RB-3007 - Another Enkeph. PI & Nociceptin antagonist

Opioid Notes

2017-11-06T13:02:41Z

Sleep:

OPIATES:

OPIUM DERIVATIVES

OPIUM ALKALOIDS
Thebaine - 6, 14 dimethoxy version of OM. Stimulant rather than analgesic, high dose causes OD
Narceine - Bitter, Crystalline, formerly used as a substituted for Morphine.
Noscapine - Acts on Sigma, non painkilling. Used commonly in Antitussives. Uninteresting. Blocks Bradykinine B-2 receptors in Stroke patients.

ALKALOID SALT MIXTURES
Pantopon - Preparation of all alkaloids present in opium without plant matter. Injectable and almost as potent as morphine.

MORPHINE FAMILY
6-MDDM - 80x potency of M, faster onset and less body load
Azidomorphine - 40x potency of M with high affinity to μ
Hydromorphinol - Derivative of M but more potent, with a steeper dose-response curve and a longer half life. Script in Sweden.
Methyldesorphin - 15x potency of M. Is found in Krokodil
Morphinan-6-one (MR-2096) - OM analogue at roughly 5-7mg dosage. RC. FULL NAME: (N-tetrahydrofurfuryl)noroxymorphone
N-Phenethylnormorphine - 8-14x potency of M.
RAM-378* - N-Phenethyl analogue of Hydromorphinol. It is probably more potent as a result.

3, 6 MORPHINE DIESTERS
Diacetyldihydromorphine - Occasionally used an alternative to diamorphine, of which it is faster acting, longer lasting and has less side effects such as euphoria and addiction. However it is equipotent with morphine.
Dipropanoylmorphine - Ester of M used to treat severe pain. Rarely used but considered to be safer and less adictive than M. As such carries less side effects, such as euphoria. Slower acting, longer lasting and slightly more potent than M.
Nicomorphine - 2-3x the potency of M and commonly prescribed in German speaking countries

CODEINE-DIONINE FAMILY
Heterocodeine - Reverse isomer of codeine. 6x potency of M, while Codeine is a prodrug, HC is a direct agonist.
Myrophine* - Morphine + 3-benzyl & 6-myristyl chain and acts as a prodrug to M. Has a slow onset of effects and longer duration but reduced potency. Does NOT produce addiction or dependance regardless of dose.
Acetyldihydrocodeine - Used in Germany. Close relative of Thebacon, where only the 6-7 bond is unsaturated. 6-Acetyl derivative of dihydrocodeine. Metas into Dihydromorphine. Higher lipophilicity than codeine. Would probably be more potent and longer lasting. Higher BA than codiene. Sch. 1.

MORPHINONES AND MORPHOLS
14-Cinnamoyloxycodeinone - 100x potency of M, interesting.
14-Methoxymetopon - 500x potency of M, can be up to one million x the potency of M if injected into spine.
14-Phenylpropoxymetopon - 2000+x potency of M, when injected into spine up to 1,000,000x. 14-MOP has ceiling effect on respiratory depression (!!) but 14-PPOP untested
3-Acetyloxymorphone - Acetylated analogue of OM
7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone - odd OM analogue, selective d agonist
Acetylmorphone - Acetoxy version of Hydromorphone, has a higher BA as a result.
Chloroxymorphamine - Derivative of OM and irreversible full agonist
Methyldihydromorphine - Related to heterocodeine not dihydrocodeine. Could be 6-9x potency of morphine and a drug of abuse.
Metopon - Methylated Hydromorphone, less potent. Interesting though, could have more euphoria
N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon - 60x potency of M but produces less constipation. d & u agonist.
Oxymorphol - 6-hydrogenated OM, coming soon...
Pentamorphone - few x stronger than fent. short duration but low respiratory depression.
Semorphone - 2x potency of M. Partial u agonist and has a ceiling effect on both analgesia and respiratory depression.
Thebacon - Thebaine analogue and fairly uninteresting. 6-8x as potent as codiene per mg. Synthesis is easy, same process as methylazation of hydrocodone to hydromorphone with hydromorphinaol/oxymorphinol and a few others as intermediates.

MORPHIDES - HALOGEN EXTENSION NEED TO BE PRODUCED.
Chloromorphide - 10x potency of M, Chlorine group attached to the 3 position. Extension of this into other halogens must be made.
Fluromorphide - Fluro group attached to the 3 pos.

HYDRAZONES
Oxymorphazone - half potency as OM but higher doses last up to 48hrs - irreversible full μ agonist

HALOGENATED MORPHINE DERIVATIVES
1-Iodomorphine - While an increase in activity had not been noted, research into fluorinated morphine analogues is being conducted.
1-Bromocodeine -
1-Chlorocodeine -
1-Bromo-4-5-epoxy-3,6-dimethoxy-17-methyl-morphin-7-ene

MORPHINANS

Butorphanol - partial ant.-ag. at μ opioid and competitive antagonist/partial agonist at κ opioid. dysphoria is common at normal dose.
Drotebanol - Morphinan derivative synthesised from Thebaine with analgesic effects several times more potent than codeine but weaker than morphine. Moderately addictive but limited physical dependance. Under Metabanyl when available as a script.
Dextromethorphan (-) - NMDA antagonist / σ1 & σ2 sigma agonist / a3b4, a4b2, a7 nACH antagonist, (very weak) μ, δ & κ opioid agonist, SERT & NET inhibitor, NADPH Oxidase inhibitor. (Race)Methorphan = racemic
Dextrorphan (-) - NMDA antagonist / σ1 & σ2 sigma agonist / a3b4, a4b2, a7 nACH antagonist, L-Type voltage-gated calcium channel (LVGCC) blocker, SRI.
Cyclorphan - mixed antagonist-agonist with affinity for κ
Levophenacylmorphan - 10x potency of M
Levofurethylnormorphanol (Ro4-1539) - potent μ opioid agonist 30-60x potency of Levorphanol.
Levomethorphan (+) - NDMA antagonist, σ1 & σ2 sigma agonist, μ, δ & κ opioid agonist.
Levorphanol (+) - μ, κ & δ agonist, 4-8x potency of M, long duration, no cross tolerance with morphine
Norlevorphanol - Opioid analgesic, uninteresting.
Phenomorphan - 10x potency of Levorphanol.
└--> N-(2-(2-furyl)ethyl) analogue - 60x Levorphanol
└--> N-(2-(2-thienyl)ethyl) analogue - 45x Levorphanol
Proxorphan - partial κ agonist, lesser partial μ agonist
Ro4-1539 (Furethylnorlevorphanol) - 30-60x the potency of M. One of the more potent u agonists from the Morphans.

(Race)Methorphan: L(eft) (+) Levomethorphan >< Dextromethorphan (-) D(exter) --> l=OPIATE >< d=HALLUCINOGENIC OPIATE
└--> Racemic mix of both isomers, embodying their properties.

Morphinan (Racemorphan): l (+) Levorphanol >< Dextrorphan (-) d --> l=OPIATE >< d=HALLUCINOGENIC OPIATE
└--> Racemic mix of both isomers, embodying their properties.

(Race)Allorphan: l (+) Levallorphan >< Dextrallorphan (-) d --> l= ANTI-OPIOID >< d=NMDA ANTAGONISTS
└--> Racemic mix of both isomers, embodying their properties.

3-Hydroxymorphinan: l (+) Norlevorphanol >< Nordextrorphan (-) d --> l=OPIATE >< d=NOOTROPIC
└--> Racemic mix of both isomers, embodying their properties.

Oxilorphan: μ antagonist & weak partial κ agonist
Dimemorfan - SIGMAERGIC DRUG
Xorphanol - mixed ant.-ag. produces convulsions at highest dose tested.
Cyprodime - Selective μ opioid antagonist with no affinity for κ or δ receptors
Samidorphan - selective μ antagonist. potential for addiction treatment.

BENZOMORPHANS

Butinazocine - benzomorphan opioid that was never marketed-----------------\ The Benzomorphans have
Carbazocine - benzomorphan opioid that was never marketed \ to be my favourite structures.
Etazocine - partial opioid agonist with mixed ant.-ag. effects. low potency \_ The Cubist narcotics.
Ethylketocyclozocine - partial opioid agonist with mixed ant.-ag. effects The Picassopiates.
Ibazocine - benzomorphan opioid that was never marketed They serve no real function
Moxazocine - 10x potency of M, partial/mixed ant.-ag. _ except to look pretty to
Tonazocine - partial agonist at μ & δ, no adverse effects on breathing / afficionados such as I.
Volazocine - benzomorphan opioid that was never marketed / As do I to afficionados such
Fluorophen - radioligand, full μ agonist (6x M) & lower affinity for δ / as they, and they to afficonados
Zenazocine - partial agonist at μ & δ-------------------------------------/ such as we, and we are such afficionados.
Eptazocine - Japanese κ agonist & μ antagonist
Pentazocine - mixed ant.-ag. (-) is the κ agonist side, the (+) displays 10x the affinity for sigma receptors. NO μ agonism
Phenazocine - related to ^ but stronger analgesic, 4x potency of M
Cyclazocine - mixed ant.-ag.
Dezocine - Mixed ant.-ag. with high κ antagonism. Low dose=euphoria (μ) High dose=dysphoria (κ). Wierd structure
8-Carboxamidocyclazocine (8-CAC) - κ & μ agonist, long duration.
Bremazocine - κ agonist related to Pentazocine
Metazocine - analgesic; mixed ant.-ag. at μ, activity also at κ and sigma
Alazocine - σ1 agonist, κ opioid agonist & slight NMDA antagonist

4-PHENYLPIPERIDINES

MEPERIDINES
4-Fluoropethidine - In comparison to pethidine, it is 50% less potent as an analgesic but 50% more potent as a DRI. (4-iodo & 3, 4-dichloro only increase these differences)
Anileridine - Another banned pethidine analogue, probably abused. Higher analgesia than Meperidine due to n-aminophenyl group and acts withing 15 mins orally, lasting 2-3 hours.
Benzethidine - 4-phenylpiperidine analogue of pethidine. Probably somewhat more potent and euphoric. Never scripted.
Carperidine - fairly normal opiate but unused in medicine and currently LEGAL (08/06/2013)
Furethidine - 4-Phenylpiperidine analogue of pethidine. Probably a lot more potent and abuse prone. Never prescribed.
Morpheridine - related to meperidine but 4x the potency and does not cause convulsions
Phenoperidine - 20-200x the potency of Pethidine. Less hypnotic and than morphine but more emetic (nausea). This can be cured by Haloperidol.
Piminodine - similar dose to M, used in 60's and 70's but was banned. It was probably abused widely.

PRODINES
Allylprodine - Prodine analogue 23x potency of M
Prosidol - Russian Prodine analogue

KETOBEMIDONES
Acetoxyketobemidone - Unschedualed analogue of ketobemidone
Bemidone - Analogue of Pethidine but significantly less potent, however it has NMDA antagonism like KetoB.
Ketobemidone - μ opioid antagonist & NMDA antagonist. More addictive than M

OTHER
Loperamide - Peripheral opioid so it cannot cross BBB. useful anti-Diarrhoea med. When used in conjuction with Quinine or Omerprazole can cross BBB and opioid effects are seen.
Picenadol - R isomer (or Levopicenadol) is pure μ agonist while S is antagonist. Racemic is mixed that casues low abuse potential but has low κ activity

OPEN CHAIN OPIOIDS

AMIDONES
4,4-Diphenyl-7-Pyrrolidin-1-ylheptan-3-one - Experimental analoge of Dipipanone and Phenadoxone
Dipipadone - Lost Ark of the Covenant.
Phenadoxone - methadone analogue, similar dose to M, lasts 1-4 hours
Levacetylmethadol - Methadone analogue with u agonism and noncompetitive a3b4 NACh antagonism. Brand name Orlaam, prescribed to those unresponsive to methadone or subutex. Long half life (3 days) and heavier affect.
Norpipanone - Was not under international control until case reports of addiction arose.
Isomethadone - Previously used in medicine. μ- δ- agonism. S-isomer more potent.

METHADOLS
Dimepheptanol - related to methadone, has two isomers which also have two isomers so 6 possible isomers including racemic

MORAMIDES
Palfium (Dextomoramide) - 3x potency of M but shorter acting. High BA & fast acting, oral feels like shooting. Low LD50 & inconsistent potency (one day you may need 5mg, next day 3mg)

THIAMBUTENES
Thiambutenes - Dimethyl-TAB, Diethyl-TAB, Ethylmethyl-TAB. Used in vetinary medicine in Japan. Banned in virtually all countried due to high abuse potential. Anticholinergic and antihistamine properties!

PHENALKOXAMS
Dextropropoxyphene - Low potency opiate not absorbed by CYP2D6. Also is a potent, noncompetitive α3β4 NACh antagonist and a weak SRI.
Dimenoxadol - Benzillic Acid derivative related to methadone. Banned due to high abuse potential it seems.
Dioxaphetyl butyrate - Banned opioid similar to methadone. Possibly in use or previously in use as a med under the names Amidalgon & Spasmoxal.

AMPROMIDES
Diampromide - Banned Analgesic related to Propiram. Similar potency to M.
Propiram - Slightly more potent than codeine, 3-6hr duration. mixed μ ant.-ag. favouring agonism. affinity for κ & δ, sigma and nmda. 97% oral BA!
Phenampromide

OTHERS
IC-26 - Methadone analogue with similar potency but Unscheduled.
Lefetamine - Weak opiate on the same scale as codeine but has DRI properties.
R-4066 - methadone analogue with 212x the potency but a much shorter duration at 3 hours.
2,5-dimethylpiperazine -

ANILIDOPIPERIDINES

3-Methylfentanyl - 400-6000x potency of M depending on isomer (cis-iso more potent)
Alfentanil - 1/4 the potency and 1/3 the duration of fent but 4x quicker onset. The businessman's lunch of opiates.
Betahydroxythiofentanyl - one of the more favoured fent. analogues by addicts, implying euphoria.
Carfentanil - 100x potency of fent., 10000x the potency of M. Used in spetznaz hostage crisis. 10,000x potency of M. Activity in humans starts at 1μg.
Lofentanil - more potent and with a longer duration than carfentanil.
Mirfentanil - fent. analogue with strong selevtivity over μ. Lower doses it antagonises effects caused by lesser opioids but at higher doses is resistant to antagonists, suggesting it has non-opioid mechanisms.
Ohmefentanyl - 6300x morphine at it's most active isomer. Analogues of this are even stronger with one possessing 30,000x the potency of M.
Parofluorofentanyl - 150-200x morphine. Sold breifly in 1980.
R-30490 - analogue of carfentanil. Most selective μ agonist of all fentanyl analogues
Remifentanil - Potent ultra short acting fent. analogue. Potency from between 20 and 100ug. Used in medicine as an anaesthetic under Ultiva.
Sufentanil - ~2x Morphine.

ORIPAVINE DERIVATIVES

7-PET - 300x potency of M, 3-OH derivative is 2200x potency of M. Unscheduled.
Acetorphine - 8700x potency of M
BU-48 - Etorphine derivative. Selective δ agonist and produces only convulsions with slight antidepression.
Buprenorphin - Subutex
Cyprenorphine - Buprenorphine analogue, ant.-ag. effects but with higher affinity towards κ.
Dihydroetorphine -1000-12000x potency of M depending on RoA. Less addictive than other opiates and is used in a similar fashion to Subutex in China.
Etorphine - 1000-3000x potency of M. μ, κ & δ opioid agonist. weak affinity for ORL1 nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor.

PIRINITRAMIDES

Bezitramide - Prodrug that hydrolyzises in the GI tract to despropionyl-bezitramide. Pulled from the NL's in 2004 after fatal overdose cases.
Piritramide - 0.65-0.75x M but still effect is strong and long lasting. Has a small but dedicated fanclub on the 'street'

BENZIMIDAZOLES

Etonitazene - Most potent nitazene at 1000-1500x potency of M. Strange structure, abstract from other opioids, with an indole body.
xxxNitazene - Differing potencies depending on substitution on the lower 4-phenyl.

INDOLES

18-Methoxycoronaridine - Ibogaine derivative, selective α3β4 nicotinic antagonist, however no affinity for α4β2, NMDA or seretonin. Retains modest affinity at μ & κ opioid.
7-Hydroxymitragynine - Alkaloid in Kratom. Some 17x potency of M. 30x potency of Mitragynine.
Conolidine -
Eseroline - Metabolite of the ACh inhibitor physostigmine but potent μ agonist
Hodgkinsine - alkaloid found in Psychotria colorata plants. Has antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal properties. Also μ opioid agonist & NMDA antagonist.
Ibogaine - Addiction CURE. HT2a agonist, κ opioid agonist, NMDA antagonist
Mitragynine - Alkaloid in Kratom. Fairly selective μ agonist but little affinity for δ & κ.
Noribogaine - Metabolite of Ibogaine. Potent SRI, κ antagonist, weak μ full agonist
Pericine -
Voacangine - precursor to Ibogine used by iboga plant. Displays similar effects towards addiction as Ibogaine.

DIPHENYLMETHYLPIPERAZINES

BW373U86 - Selective δ agonist at 15x stronger affinity. Analgesic and anti-depressant properties along with BDNF release. Produces convulsions at high doses and reverses respiratory depression produced by μ agonism. Also protects heart muscle cells from death during oxygen deprivation, a result of heart attacks.
DPI-227 - highly selective δ agonist with antidepressant effects but produces fewer convulsions than most other dugs in it's family.
DPI-3290 - Potent δ & μ agonist but produces little respiratory depression.

OPIOID PEPTIDES

Biphalin - endogenous eptide with high affinity for δ & μ receptors. Potency almost 7x greater than Etorphine and 7000x M. Low side effects; no dependancy caused.
Casomorphins - opiates found in Cow's milk.
DAMGO - synthetic opiate peptide with high μ selectivity. When administered alongside M for 7 days, M had the same effect at the same dose as the first day. I.e. removes tolerance.
Deltorphin - High affinity and selectivity, naturally occuring δ opioid agonist.
Dermorphin - South American Tree frog skin. Natural opioid peptide. High potency (30-40x M) and selectivity to μ but may be less likely to cause tolerance and addiction.
Dynorphins - endogenous opioid peptides, primarily k agonists. Useful in the analysis of addiction.
Leu-enkephalin - Endogeneous opioid petide that acts as a δ & μ agonist with strong selectivity for δ.
Met-enkephalin - Opioid Growth Factor (OGF), Endogenous opioid peptide. Primary ligand of the δ receptor along with Leu-enkephalin (high potency and selectivity at δ). Low BA & is metabolised rapidly.
Opiorphin - Endogenous opioid isolated from human saliva.

OTHERS

3-HO-TCP - PCP analogue. More glutamergic than the PCP analogue.
3-HO-BCP - substitutes for both cocaine and morphine at ~5mg (made-up)
AD-1211 - Structure looks unrelated to /most/ other opioid drugs. Mixed Agonist-antagonist at opioid recepts similar to pentazocine. Little to no developement of tolerance/dependence in animal studies.
AH-7921 - Selective μ agonist, with 80% potency of M. distributed as an RC, TRs show that it has very little euphoria, indicating euphoria comes from somewhere else. Perhaps sigma? Other opioids are heavily potentiated by it. Perhaps μ agonism is purely analgesic and high comes from a combination of μ & δ with each multiplying the affect of the other. This indicates ultimate opiate high would be moderately selective δ agonist
Azaprocin - ~10x potency of M. Faster onset and short duration of action. Discoved in 1963, never been marketed. The derivative subbed on the phenyl ring with a p-nitro group would be more potent by roughly 2.5. (So 25x potency of M) The open ringed 2,6-Dimethylpiperazine analouges would also be active.
BRL-52537 - Highly potent and selective κ agonist. Neuroprotective.
Bromadol (BDPC) - 500-10,000x potency of M. Similar to PCP analogues & -HO bonds within them.
C-8813 (Thiobromadol) - 591x potency of M. μ agonist & δ antagonist to reduce repiratory depression. Making the drug safer.
Ciramadol - Opioid related to PCP, Tramadol & Tapentadol. mixed ant.-ag. for μ, low abuse potential and ceiling on respiratory depression.
Enadoline - Highly selective κ agonist. Produces visual distortions, dissociation and of course dysphoria similar to Salvia.
Herkinorin - Analogue of Salvinorin A but the complete opposite. 100x higher μ affinity and 50x lower κ affinity. Also; "does not promote the recruitment of β-arrestin-2 to the intracellular domain of the μ-opioid receptor, or induce receptor internalization". This means Herkinorin may not produce tolerance or dependance.
HZ-2 - κ-opioid agonist, same potency as morphine, long duration, high oral BA
ICI-199,441 - high potency, highly selective κ agonist with analgesic effects
Methopholine - Isoquinilone derivative with same efficacy as codeine. Could produces corneal opacity. Analogues are more potent with 4'-nitromethopholine at 20x codeine.
MT-45 - 80% of M. mixed ant.-ag. and mild NMDA antagonist
Nortilidine - Equipotency of M. Opioid activity is in (1S,2R) iso, NMDA antagonism is in (1R,2S) iso. Also acts as a DRI.
O-Desmethyltramadol - metabolite of Tramadol. Considerably more potent than Tramadol. Both (+) & (-) isomers lose SRI function but (-) retains NRI functionality. RC.
Salvinorin A - Highly potent κ agonist and even more potent D2 partial agonist. Use in therapy for addiction.
Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether - semi-synthetic analogue of Salv. A. Longer duration @ ~3hrs, active at 50ug & 3000x (!) selectivity over μ & δ
Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether - Similar to ^^ but less selective. 5x potency as Salvinorin A. Deacetylised from Salvinorin A.
SC-17599 - selective μ agonist with little or no affinity for δ & κ. Potency in between pethidine & morphine.
RWJ-394674 - potent and selective δ agonist, however once inside body it is dealkylated to its monodesethyl metabolite RWJ-413216 which is a potent μ agonist with less affinity for δ. δ activity counteracts the respiratory depression the μ causes. Only prominent side effect is sedation (and euphoria!)
TAN-67 - potent and selective δ1 agonist. Has analgesic properties & releases dopamine in the brain. Neuro & cardiac protective properties.
Tapentadol - μ & σ agonist & SNRI. 2x Tram.
Tifluradom - Benzo derivative but without GABAa agonism. Instead selective κ agonism.
U-50488 - highly selective κ agonist with analgesic effects
U-69,593 - Potent and selective κ1 agonist. Produces; antinociception, anti-inflammation, anxiolysis (low doses), respiratory depression & diuresis. Also inhibits periphery oxytocin secretion. Not sure if hallucinogenic.
W-15 - 5.4x Morphine. RC.
W-18 - 10,000x potency of M, structure abstract from any other drug. These super potent opioids are used in vetenarian practice for tranquilising elephants.

OPIOID ANTAGONISTS AND INVERSE AGONISTS - (selective δ antagonists may reduce physical addiction without causing w/d if attatched to an opioid)

Chloronaltrexamine - Irreversible mixed ant.-ag. at μ opioid. 22x more potent than M
Cyprodime - Selective μ opioid antagonist with no affinity for κ or δ receptors
Diprenorphine - Strongest opiate antagonist available. 100x potency of Nalorphine. Used to reverse effects of super-potent opioids.
Levallorphan - μ opioid antagonist, when used with opiate, it potentiates it and removes addiction potential or induces withdrawal in addicts.
Nalbuphine - mixed ant.-ag. as is common with this class, there occurs analgesia with no addictive properties.
Naloxazone - Irreversible μ opioid receptor antagonist
Naloxonazine - Very Potent Irreversible μ opioid antagonist. dimerizes from Naloxazone under acidic conditions
Naltrexone - Competitive antagonist at μ & κ receptors, and to a lesser extent, δ. Modulation of the dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway makes it good for countering alcohol dependance as well as Opiate addiction. Blocks the euphoric effects of opioids and is used in rapid detoxification and attenuation of withdrawal. If opiates are used simultaneously, oD may occur.
Samidorphan - selective μ antagonist. potential for addiction treatment.
IBNtxA - Naltrexone analogue. It is a u opioid agonist however it is not percieved as rewarding in animals, it also does not produce respiratory depression or constipation.

UNCATEGORISED OPIOIDS

FE 200665 - Is an all D-Amino acid peptide that acts as a restucted K-opioid receptor agnoist. Was dosed at 0.36mg/kg IV. Was compared to 15mg oxycodone. Slightly less than the potency of hydrocodone. Caused Hyperalgesic response in a skin pinch test. Also known as CR665.
SoRI-9409 - mixed μ agonist & δ antagonist. moderate analgesia without development of tolerance. Anti-addictive effects for all dopaminergic drugs.
'Synthetic Conotoxin' - Snail toxin derived painkiller 1000x potency of morphine. Non-addictive

RELATED COMPOUNDS

Amiphenazole - treatment for OD. counteracts respiratory depression. If Morphine-N-oxide is taken on this, M's potency will increase.
Chitosan - linear polysaccharide that can give Morphine up to 60% BA intranasally. Powdered & the ratio is 1.3g : 6.7g (morpine : chitosan)
BIMU-8 - NOOTROPIC
NMDA antagonists - Inhibit development of tolerance to morphine
Tezampanel - ANXIOLYTIC
Ibudilast - NOOTROPIC
Nuciferine - Not sure where to start with this one... Structurally related to Apomorphine. Associated with Dopamine Receptor Blockade.
Tetrahydropalmatine - ANXIOLYTIC
Lofexidine - ANXIOLYTIC
d & l Phenylalanine (DLPA) - Increases dopamine and endorphin levels, reducing opiate tolerance and even providing an analgesic effect of it's own.

CCK ANTAGONISTS

Proglumide - Acts as a d opioid agonist and non selective CCK antagonist. Enhances analgesia produced by opioids and can prevent or even reverse the development of tolerance
Devazepide - No affinity for GABAa, selective CCKa antagonist.
Lorglumide - Selective CCKa antagonist for treatment of gastrointestinal problems and some forms of cancer as well as Opioid interacting properties.

NOCICEPTINERGIC DRUGS (ORL-1 ant. & ag.'s)

J-113,397 - Highly selective ORL-1 antagonist. Prevents development of opiate tolerance, stimulates dopamine release, cognitive enhancer
SB-612,111 - Selective ORL-1 antagonist but several times the potency of ^^
MCOPPB - Potent, selective ORL-1 agonist with only moderate affinity for μ, even less for δ & κ. Anxiolytic with no inhibition of memory, motor function or sedation
NNC 63-0532 - Potent, selective ORL-1 agonist.
Ro64-6198 - Potent, selective ORL-1 agonist with 100x selectivity over others. In rats produced anxiolytic but no anticonvulsant effects. Impairs Short term memory & increases appetite. Reduces analgesic effects of M but no preventing tolerance. In primates it showed analgesic behaviour without respiratory depression.
Menabitan - potent cannabinoid receptor agonist with anti-nociceptive effects

ENKEPHALIN PROTEASE INHIBITORS

RB-101*** - Inhibits enzymes responsible for breaking down enkephalin (regulates nociceptin). Weak μ & δ affinity and slight σ1. Potentiates opiates, stops withdrawal symptoms, no addiction potential, produces no respiratory depression. Also exerts very potent antidepressant and anxiolytic effects. Not orally active so analogues vv were developed.
RB-120 - Orally active version of ^^. This is best atm.
RB-3007 - Another Enkeph. PI & Nociceptin antagonist

Opioid Notes

2017-11-06T13:02:02Z

Sleep: I'm doing a test

Heroin

2017-11-03T12:05:53Z

Sleep:

==History==

Heroin (Diacetylmorphine, Morphine Diacetate and also Diamorphine) was first synthesized in 1874 by English chemist C.R. Wright. But its commercial value was first recognized in 1897 by Heinrich Dreser and Felix Hoffman at the Bayer pharmaceutical laboratory - the same researchers who invented aspirin, which is is made by a similar process. Heroin was intended to be a less-addictive substitute for other common opiates.

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, heroin was common in over-the-counter medicines, but it was made illegal in the United States in 1924 through the Heroin Act. In the second half of the twentieth century, heroin was widely stigmatized as the quintessential illicit drug, as images of urban heroin addicts were propagated by media reports.

== Types of heroin ==

'''1''': Morphine Freebase or Morphine HCl.

'''2''': Heroin Acetate or Heroin Freebase.

'''3''': "Officially" it is 60% Heroin HCl and 40% Caffeine HCl. Though it is usually found in as Heroin Freebase, which needs something, usually citric acid to dissolve.

'''4''': Heroin HCl, which is a white or grey-ish substance that is easily dissolved and injected.

Black Tar Heroin. In a sense does not fall under the above number, as it uses a completely different method from Opium to Heroin. Contains 6-MAM and 3-MAM (which binds relatively weak to the μ-Opioid receptors).

== Dosage ==

Note: Purity varies wildly, and with such the dose does also.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Intravenous
|-
| Common (no tolerance) || 5-15mg
|-
| Strong (no tolerance) || 10-20mg
|-
| Common (with tolerance) || 20-30mg
|-
| Strong (with tolerance) || 30-50mg
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Smoked
|-
| Common || 10-20mg
|-
| Strong || 20-30mg
|}

== Duration ==

When injected intravenously, smoked, or insufflated, heroin produces a wash of euphoria followed by a period of sedation lasting for 2-4 hours. Intramuscular and subcutaneous injection typically lack the initial wave of intense euphoria, and cause feelings of sedation lasting three to five hours.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Intravenous
|-
| Onset || 3-5 seconds
|-
| Total || 4-5 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Smoked
|-
| Onset || 5-15 seconds
|-
| Peak || 5-10 minutes
|-
| Total || 3-5 hours
|}

== Harm Reduction ==

* Always have Narcan when using heroin, which can save your life if you OD. Be in the presence of other people who can help you if you OD

* Do not drive or use heavy machinery

* Do not mix heroin (or other opiates) with benzos or alcohol. For a full list of interactions view [[Drug combinations]]

=== Potentiators ===

A common misconception is that Grapefruit juice potentiates Morphine and/or Heroin. It does not.

Any first generation anti-histamines.

=== Conversion from freebase Heroin to a salt ===

Converting the freebase version of Heroin to a salt version impacts the chemical in subjectively positive and negative effects, lets begin with listing those.

Pros:
- Easily water soluble (Easy IVing and snorting, also snorting has an notable increase in potency as the heroin is now able to easily pass the mucous membrane)
- You have 'more' as you add powder to your Heroin but depending on your route of administration (RoA from now on) this can even increase potency

Neutral:
- It changes the color of the Heroin

Cons:
- Not smokeable anymore (freebase Heroin is made for that and thus way better if your RoA is smoking/vaping)

So basically if you got freebase Heroin and wanna smoke/vape it? Stay with your freebase. You wanna IV or snort it though? Definitely get some kind of acid! These are your safe, and most of the time, cheap options:
- ascorbic acid powder (vitamin C) -> turns your Heroin into Heroin Ascorbate
- citric acid powder (DO NOT, I REPEAT DO NOT USE LEMON JUICE TO IV HEROIN. IT CAN MAKE YOU BLIND) -> turns your Heroin into
- vinegar (same as above! it's just listed it for completions sake, I highly recommend to use ascorbic acid ) -> turns your Heroin into Heroin Citrate (same as popular 'ECP')

I could sadly not find any information on difference in strength but I suppose all 3 CAN be slightly different and depending on your body, metabolism and more.

So whats the ratio? You only need very little of one of those 3 options and all the heroin should dissolve in water, but if you snort it you must mix it up pretty good in order for it to work exactly how it's supposed to and with full strength.

=== Some words from a fellow member ===

Hello fellow & former opiate/heroin addicts. I have some very important information that may save your life one day.

There's a good chance you've heard it before, but cannot emphasize how strong its so important to know the following critical information:

*If you relapse after having a week or more clean time, you have very well may die. Why, you ask? Most cases involve an individual who managed to get clean for a fair amount of time and relapse, often using the same dose they normally would use. Sometimes even less. In fact, I'd wager that at least 70% of heroin related deaths are from who make this lethal mistake. I feel obligated to make this post, as one of my closest friends died last month after making this common mistake. There is more to keep in mind. Many people are not very bright, and don't realize how serious drug interactions can be, ESPECIALLY with little to no tolerance. A lot of other overdoses occur from people mixing heroin/opiates/alcohol with benzos. Without serious tolerance to all/any of these drugs, especially benzos, this is an incredibly potential lethal combination. I have been using opiates/heroin for well over 5 years now, and nearly every time I hear about someone overdosing & dying, it is either a result of benzos+opiates/alcohol, or from relapsing without stopping to think about how low their tolerance has become. A third killer is easily a result from mixing heroin with cocaine. It is true that many experienced users are able to handle a speedball, but even with a high tolerance, people still have died. And I assure you, cocaine overdose is NOT fun. The majority of users don't speedball, and if you haven't tried coke+heroin IV, do yourself a favor and just don't try it or your addiction will get far worse. I sincerely hope any heroin/opiate/benzo/alcohol users will heed my warning & remember this vital information forever. Share it with your friends, but most of all, be SAFE.

~ soli

[[Category:Drugs]]

[[Category:Opioid]]

[[Category:Depressant]]

Uncommon Benzodiazepines

2017-10-28T15:43:00Z

Sleep: ... Don't even know what to say.

BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVES -> Agonise the GABAa receptors which result in sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties. They are useful in treating anxiety, insomnia, agitation, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures. However due to these effects they are considered to be major drugs of abuse. If they are used intravenously and are non-water soluble (as the vast majority of benzos are); abscesses, cellulitis, thrombophlebitis, arterial puncture, deep vein thrombosis, and gangrene can occur.
In general, benzodiazepines are safe (very high LD50) but can be taken in overdoses and can cause dangerous deep unconsciousness. If mixed with other classes of sedatives, opioids or alcohol (the main cause of fatality when mixed with heavy alcohol use); the potential for toxicity and fatal overdose increases.
Very effective in short term use, although cognitive impairments and paradoxical effects such as aggression or behavioral disinhibition can occur. A minority react reverse and contrary to what would normally be expected.
Long-term use is controversial due to concerns about adverse psychological and physical effects, increased questioning of effectiveness, and, because benzodiazepines are prone to cause tolerance, physical dependence, and, upon cessation of use after long-term use, a withdrawal syndrome.
The elderly are at an increased risk of suffering from both short- and long-term adverse effects,810 including an associated roughly 50% increase in the risk of dementia, especially with Triazolam which can cause death in the elderly.

COMMON

Alprazolam - Short acting anxiolytic. High affinty for AX BZD subunits

Clonazepam - Chlorinated derivative of nitrazepam. Up to 50 hour HL

Diazepam - The gold standard. Used in Alcohol withdrawals and benzodiazepine withdrawals.

Flurazepam - Very long half life (Up to 250 hours) which makes it practically useless as a hypnotic, but... hmm. Interesting.

Lorazepam - 3-OH benzo. Has mild affinity for all subunits.

Lormetazepam - ^^

Midazolam - Water soluble, Is now used other than Pentobarbital in Lethal Injection.

Nitrazepam - Typical benzo. Tolerance raises fast.

Oxazepam - Typical benzo. Moderate affinity for all. Slow onset.

Prazepam - Long half life (up to 224hrs) however fewer side effects than normal benzos.

Temazepam - 3-OH hypnotic. Approved in the US for short term treatment of insomnia. Typical benzo, but is fairly euphoric.

COMMON OVERSEAS

Bentazepam - Only Spain.

Cinolazepam - Pretty much just as a Hypnotic.

Clotiazepam - Thienodiazepine, Stage 2 NREM sleep is significantly increased by this drug. Effective in short term management of anxiety. Used in France/Japan. 95+ BA orally. 6-18 HL.

Cloxazolam - Metabolised into delorazepam. Uh... Increased heart rate for some? No sense. Typical benzo other than that.

Loprazolam - Imidazole deriv. Marketed for short term treatment of insomnia.

Medazepam - Must have someone smarter than me read this as I understand none of it. But yeah... *

Nordazepam - Active metabolite of Diazepam/Chlordiazepoxide/Clorazepate/Prazepam/Pinazepam/Medazepam. Up to 200 hour half life.

Tofisopam - anxiolytic but no anticonvulsant, sedative, skeletal muscle relaxant, motor skill-impairing or amnestic properties. PDE10A inhibitor, so could be useful in schizophrenia

SOUTH-EAST ASIAN

Etizolam - Unscheduled in Western countries, so has become an RC too.

Fludiazepam - Strong Diazepam analogue, 4x binding affinity of Diazepam.

Flutazolam - Japanese benzo

Flutoprazepam - Longer acting and more potent than diazepam. Japanese.

Haloxazolam - Marketed in Japan. Comparing Estazolam and Haloxazolam found that haloxazolam only affects gamma motor neurons, where the other effects both.

Mexazolam - Benzo derivative effective for only one week and losing effectiveness at 3 weeks

Nimetazepam - Sold under "Erimin" and is scripted short term for severe insomnia. 95%+ Oral BA. Hypnotic effects felt within 30 minutes. And hits peak plasma level within an hour, and the mean HL is 14-30 hours. N-Methyl analogue of Nitrazepam, to which it partially metabolises into. Which has a long half life, so, carefulness. (lol being careful)

Rilmazafone - Water soluble japanese benzo

Adinazolam - Triazolobenzodizepine (TBZD) Was apparently made to enhance the antidep effect of alprazolam. Odd drug. Metabolites are A-OH-alprazolam (Nomenclature blows) and estazolam.

Brotizolam - Extremely potent benzo active at 80-100ug.

Camazepam - Benzo with reduced side effects such as impaired cognition. Metabolites into Temazepam.

Clobazepam - selective ω2 agonist on the GABAa receptor. Non-hypnotic. GABA(B)

Flumazenil - GABA(A) ANTAGONIST. I don't understand this at all. It's something.

Flunitrazepam - High potency, causes heavy amnesia (commonly referred to as a date-rape drug). Only prescribed in the worst of cases for insomnia and is only prescribed for short-term use.

Ketazolam - Similar effects to Diazepam. With less sedation.

Pinazepam - Fucking odd wiki page. Something something fetus... But, has a propargyl group for whatever reason. Appears to produce anxiolytic shit in animals. Main metabolites are nor-desmethyldiazepam and oxazepam.

Quazepam - Trifluoroethyl, Selectively targets GABA(A) subtype A1 which is responsible for sleep. Subs completely in animals in Ambien/Lunesta.

Tetrazepam - Weak muscle relaxing anxiolytic

Triazolam - Short activity, heavy sedative, very euphoric. Was a common benzo in the US until it was found that use in the elderly was known to cause deaths, now it is rarely prescribed.

Zolazepam - Used with Tiletamine as a veterinary anaesthetic. Telazol is 1:1 ratio of the compounds. 4x potency of diazepam.

Flubromazepam - Slightly weaker than Diazepam, focuses mainly on anxiolytic effects.

Diclazepam - 2-choloro of Diazepam. Faster onset, less "hangover" the next day.

Estazolam - Superior to Triazolam

Nifoxipam - Metabolite of Flunitrazepam

Phenazepam - Potent soviet benzo, now RC.

Pyrazolam - Water soluble benzo, that is mostly anxiolytic.

1,4-BENZODIAZEPINES

Cyprazepam - Typical benzo.

Delorazepam - Typic benzo. Delorean-azepam!

Doxefazepam - Deriv. of flurazepam, and was 2-4x potent, and also being half as toxic.

Elfazepam - Typical benzo but stimulates appetite like Devazepide.

Flutemazepam - 3-hydroxy analogue of temazepam, looks fucking perfect on paper! COME ON GUYS.

Fosazepam - water soluble analogue of diazepam however low potency. (.6:1)

Gidazepam - Soviet benzo.

Halazepam - Less potential to cause hostility and aggression than diazepam.

Meclonazepam - Showing up on the RC market. Just think legal Clonazepam, and that's probably what we have here. Also has anti-parasitic effects against the parasitic worm "Schistosoma Mansoni"

Menitrazepam - Similar in structure to tetrazepam and nimetazepam. 7-chloro group of tetrazepam replaced with nitro by the looks. Mainly hypnotic, but effects take longer to come up.

QH-II-66 - Highly selective GABAa5 agonist which was created to replicate the effects of alcohol.

Quazepam - 200-hour half-life hypnotic benzo.

Reclazepam - Similar effects to other benzo deriv's. A short duration of action.

Ro5-2904 - High affinity for GABA(A)

Sulazepam - Thioamide deriv. of Diazepam. Metabolised into diazepam/desmethyldiazepam/oxydiazepam. No clue on potency.

Tolufazepam - Nothing on it. Sulphur is in... I dunno anymore.

1, 5-BENZODIAZEPINES

CP-1414S - Related to Clobazam potency nearly similar, but more sedation.

Triflubazam - Related to Clobazam, long half life and duration.

2, 3-BENZODIAZEPINES

Girisopam - selective anxiolytic action with no sedative, anticonvulsant or muscle relaxant effects

Talampanel - Noncompetitive antagonist of the AMPA receptor.

TRIAZOLOBENZODIAZEPINES

Flubromazolam - Related to triazolam and pyrazolam. Maybe a mix in the middle in potency. So .75 ~= 10 Diazepam?

IMIDAZOBENZODIAZEPINES

Bretazenil - Highly potent, partial GABAa agonist with less tolerance than normal. A possible base for a better social drug than alcohol.

Climazolam - Similar in structure to triazolam and is used in veterinary medicine for anaesthetizing animals. Interesting.

FG-8205 - Related to Bretazenil, slight selectivity for a1, little sedation.

Imidazenil - Partial GABAa agonist, blocks sedative effects of other benzos, does not produce tolerance or addiction.

Iomazenil (123I) -

Remimazolam - Similar to Midazolam but faster acting and shorter lasting than <<. Water soluble.

Ro48-6791 - Similar to Midazolam but 4-6x the potency, faster acting and shorter lasting than <<. Water soluble.

SH-053-R-CH3-2′F - Has high selectivity, binding affinity and efficacy at the a5 subtype, also blocks the nootropic effects of an inverse agonist? No shit.

OXAZOLOBENZODIAZEPINES

Oxazolam - Prodrug for desmethyldiazepam.

THIENODIAZEPINES

Ciclotizolam - Partial agonist at GABA(A), similar binding affinity to brotizolam, but a low efficacy... very very interesting.

PYRIDODIAZEPINES

Lopirazepam - Pyridodiazepine analogue of lorazepam. Assume same effects yet less potent, never marketed. Yet scheduled. Thanks america.

Zapizolam - Pyridodiazepine analogue of triazolam. Less in potency I'd assume.

PYRAZOLODIAZEPINES

Ripazepam - Related to Zolazepam.

Zomebazam - Anxiolytic properties, structurally related to Razobazam and Zometapine.

PYRROLODIAZEPINES

Premazepam - Partial GABA(A) agonist. More "derpy" than diazepam itself the first day, but more than one day apparently that switches? Hmm. Odd. 7.5mg ~= 5mg Diazepam. HL = 10-13 hours

TETRAHYDROISOQUINOBENZODIAZEPINES

Clazolam - Fused benzodiazepine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative. Anxiolytic and antidepressant properties.

BENZODIAZEPINE PRODRUGS

Avizafone - Water soluable prodrug to Diazepam, can be IM'd. Used mainly as an antidote to poisoning with Organophosphate nerve agents.

Dxm calculator

2017-10-23T09:59:15Z

Sleep: Please don't just paste source-code.

Uncommon Benzodiazepines

2017-09-05T23:49:09Z

Sleep: Fixing my dumbass errors, again.

BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVES -> Agonise the GABAa receptors which result in sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties. They are useful in treating anxiety, insomnia, agitation, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures. However due to these effects they are considered to be major drugs of abuse. If they are used intravenously and are non-water soluble (as the vast majority of benzos are); abscesses, cellulitis, thrombophlebitis, arterial puncture, deep vein thrombosis, and gangrene can occur.
In general, benzodiazepines are safe (very high LD50) but can be taken in overdoses and can cause dangerous deep unconsciousness. If mixed with other classes of sedatives, opioids or alcohol (the main cause of fatality when mixed with heavy alcohol use); the potential for toxicity and fatal overdose increases.
Very effective in short term use, although cognitive impairments and paradoxical effects such as aggression or behavioral disinhibition can occur. A minority react reverse and contrary to what would normally be expected.
Long-term use is controversial due to concerns about adverse psychological and physical effects, increased questioning of effectiveness, and, because benzodiazepines are prone to cause tolerance, physical dependence, and, upon cessation of use after long-term use, a withdrawal syndrome.
The elderly are at an increased risk of suffering from both short- and long-term adverse effects,810 including an associated roughly 50% increase in the risk of dementia, especially with Triazolam which can cause death in the elderly.

COMMON

Alprazolam - Short acting anxiolytic. High affinty for AX BZD subunits

Clonazepam - Chlorinated derivative of nitrazepam. Up to 50 hour HL

Diazepam - The gold standard. Used in Alcohol withdrawals and benzodiazepine withdrawals.

Flurazepam - Very long half life (Up to 250 hours) which makes it practically useless as a hypnotic, but... hmm. Interesting.

Lorazepam - 3-OH benzo. Has mild affinity for all subunits.

Lormetazepam - ^^

Midazolam - Water soluble, Is now used other than Pentobarbital in Lethal Injection.

Nitrazepam - Typical benzo. Tolerance raises fast.

Oxazepam - Typical benzo. Moderate affinity for all. Slow onset.

Prazepam - Long half life (up to 224hrs) however fewer side effects than normal benzos.

Temazepam - 3-OH hypnotic. Approved in the US for short term treatment of insomnia. Typical benzo, but is fairly euphoric.

COMMON OVERSEAS

Bentazepam - Only Spain.

Cinolazepam - Pretty much just as a Hypnotic.

Clotiazepam - Thienodiazepine, Stage 2 NREM sleep is significantly increased by this drug. Effective in short term management of anxiety. Used in France/Japan. 95+ BA orally. 6-18 HL.

Cloxazolam - Metabolised into delorazepam. Uh... Increased heart rate for some? No sense. Typical benzo other than that.

Loprazolam - Imidazole deriv. Marketed for short term treatment of insomnia.

Medazepam - Must have someone smarter than me read this as I understand none of it. But yeah... *

Nordazepam - Active metabolite of Diazepam/Chlordiazepoxide/Clorazepate/Prazepam/Pinazepam/Medazepam. Up to 200 hour half life.

Tofisopam - anxiolytic but no anticonvulsant, sedative, skeletal muscle relaxant, motor skill-impairing or amnestic properties. PDE10A inhibitor, so could be useful in schizophrenia

SOUTH-EAST ASIAN

Etizolam - Unscheduled in Western countries, so has become an RC too.

Fludiazepam - Strong Diazepam analogue, 4x binding affinity of Diazepam.

Flutazolam - Japanese benzo

Flutoprazepam - Longer acting and more potent than diazepam. Japanese.

Haloxazolam - Marketed in Japan. Comparing Estazolam and Haloxazolam found that haloxazolam only affects gamma motor neurons, where the other effects both.

Mexazolam - Benzo derivative effective for only one week and losing effectiveness at 3 weeks

Nimetazepam - Sold under "Erimin" and is scripted short term for severe insomnia. 95%+ Oral BA. Hypnotic effects felt within 30 minutes. And hits peak plasma level within an hour, and the mean HL is 14-30 hours. N-Methyl analogue of Nitrazepam, to which it partially metabolises into. Which has a long half life, so, carefulness. (lol being careful)

Rilmazafone - Water soluble japanese benzo

Adinazolam - Triazolobenzodizepine (TBZD) Was apparently made to enhance the antidep effect of alprazolam. Odd drug. Metabolites are A-OH-alprazolam (Nomenclature blows) and estazolam.

Brotizolam - Extremely potent benzo active at 80-100ug.

Camazepam - Benzo with reduced side effects such as impaired cognition. Metabolites into Temazepam.

Clobazepam - selective ω2 agonist on the GABAa receptor. Non-hypnotic. GABA(B)

Flumazenil - GABA(A) ANTAGONIST. I don't understand this at all. It's something.

Flunitrazepam - High potency, causes heavy amnesia (commonly referred to as a date-rape drug). Only prescribed in the worst of cases for insomnia and is only prescribed for short-term use.

Ketazolam - Similar effects to Diazepam. With less sedation.

Pinazepam - Fucking odd wiki page. Something something fetus... But, has a propargyl group for whatever reason. Appears to produce anxiolytic shit in animals. Main metabolites are nor-desmethyldiazepam and oxazepam (wat?)

Quazepam - Trifluoroethyl (Make it a methyl god dammit) Selectively targets GABA(A) subtype A1 which is responsible for sleep. Subs completely in animals in Ambien/Lunesta (PLEASE GET ME THIS)

Tetrazepam - Weak muscle relaxing anxiolytic

Triazolam - Short activity, heavy sedative, very euphoric. Was a common benzo in the US until it wa found that use in the elderly was known to cause deaths, now it is rarely prescribed.

Zolazepam - Used with Tiletamine as a veterinary anaesthetic. Telazol is 1:1 ratio of the compounds. 4x potency of diazepam.

Flubromazepam - Slightly weaker than Diazepam, focuses mainly on anxiolytic effects.

Diclazepam - 2-choloro of Diazepam. Faster onset, less "hangover" the next day.

Estazolam - Superior to Triazolam

Nifoxipam - Metabolite of Flunitrazepam

Phenazepam - Potent soviet benzo, now RC.

Pyrazolam - Water soluble benzo, that is mostly anxiolytic.

1,4-BENZODIAZEPINES

Cyprazepam - Typical benzo.

Delorazepam - Typic benzo. Delorean-azepam!

Doxefazepam - Deriv. of flurazepam, and was 2-4x potent, and also being half as toxic.

Elfazepam - Typical benzo but stimulates appetite like Devazepide.

Flutemazepam - 3-hydroxy analogue of temazepam, looks fucking perfect on paper! COME ON GUYS.

Fosazepam - water soluble analogue of diazepam however low potency. (.6:1)

Gidazepam - Soviet benzo.

Halazepam - Less potential to cause hostility and aggression than diazepam.

Meclonazepam - Showing up on the RC market. Just think legal Clonazepam, and that's probably what we have here. Also has anti-parasitic effects against the parasitic worm "Schistosoma Mansoni"

Menitrazepam - Similar in structure to tetrazepam and nimetazepam. 7-chloro group of tetrazepam replaced with nitro by the looks. Mainly hypnotic, but effects take longer to come up.

QH-II-66 - Highly selective GABAa5 agonist which was created to replicate the effects of alcohol.

Quazepam - 200-hour half-life hypnotic benzo.

Reclazepam - Similar effects to other benzo deriv's. A short duration of action.

Ro5-2904 - High affinity for GABA(A)

Sulazepam - Thioamide deriv. of Diazepam. Metabolised into diazepam/desmethyldiazepam/oxydiazepam. No clue on potency.

Tolufazepam - Nothing on it. Sulphur is in... I dunno anymore.

1, 5-BENZODIAZEPINES

CP-1414S - Related to Clobazam potency nearly similar, but more sedation.

Triflubazam - Related to Clobazam, long half life and duration.

2, 3-BENZODIAZEPINES

Girisopam - selective anxiolytic action with no sedative, anticonvulsant or muscle relaxant effects

Talampanel - Noncompetitive antagonist of the AMPA receptor.

TRIAZOLOBENZODIAZEPINES

Flubromazolam - Related to triazolam and pyrazolam. Maybe a mix in the middle in potency. So .75 ~= 10 Diazepam?

IMIDAZOBENZODIAZEPINES

Bretazenil - Highly potent, partial GABAa agonist with less tolerance than normal. A possible base for a better social drug than alcohol.

Climazolam - Similar in structure to triazolam and is used in veterinary medicine for anaesthetizing animals. Interesting.

FG-8205 - Related to Bretazenil, slight selectivity for a1, little sedation.

Imidazenil - Partial GABAa agonist, blocks sedative effects of other benzos, does not produce tolerance or addiction.

Iomazenil (123I) -

Remimazolam - Similar to Midazolam but faster acting and shorter lasting than <<. Water soluble.

Ro48-6791 - Similar to Midazolam but 4-6x the potency, faster acting and shorter lasting than <<. Water soluble.

SH-053-R-CH3-2′F - Has high selectivity, binding affinity and efficacy at the a5 subtype, also blocks the nootropic effects of an inverse agonist? No shit.

OXAZOLOBENZODIAZEPINES

Oxazolam - Prodrug for desmethyldiazepam.

THIENODIAZEPINES

Ciclotizolam - Partial agonist at GABA(A), similar binding affinity to brotizolam, but a low efficacy... very very interesting.

PYRIDODIAZEPINES

Lopirazepam - Pyridodiazepine analogue of lorazepam. Assume same effects yet less potent, never marketed. Yet scheduled. Thanks america.

Zapizolam - Pyridodiazepine analogue of triazolam. Less in potency I'd assume.

PYRAZOLODIAZEPINES

Ripazepam - Related to Zolazepam.

Zomebazam - Anxiolytic properties, structurally related to Razobazam and Zometapine.

PYRROLODIAZEPINES

Premazepam - Partial GABA(A) agonist. More "derpy" than diazepam itself the first day, but more than one day apparently that switches? Hmm. Odd. 7.5mg ~= 5mg Diazepam. HL = 10-13 hours

TETRAHYDROISOQUINOBENZODIAZEPINES

Clazolam - Fused benzodiazepine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative. Anxiolytic and antidepressant properties.

BENZODIAZEPINE PRODRUGS

Avizafone - Water soluable prodrug to Diazepam, can be IM'd. Used mainly as an antidote to poisoning with Organophosphate nerve agents.

Uncommon Benzodiazepines

2017-09-05T23:45:51Z

Sleep: Fixing my dumbass errors.

BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVES -> Agonise the GABAa receptors which result in sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties. They are useful in treating anxiety, insomnia, agitation, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures. However due to these effects they are considered to be major drugs of abuse. If they are used intravenously and are non-water soluble (as the vast majority of benzos are); abscesses, cellulitis, thrombophlebitis, arterial puncture, deep vein thrombosis, and gangrene can occur.
In general, benzodiazepines are safe (very high LD50) but can be taken in overdoses and can cause dangerous deep unconsciousness. If mixed with other classes of sedatives, opioids or alcohol (the main cause of fatality when mixed with heavy alcohol use); the potential for toxicity and fatal overdose increases.
Very effective in short term use, although cognitive impairments and paradoxical effects such as aggression or behavioral disinhibition can occur. A minority react reverse and contrary to what would normally be expected.
Long-term use is controversial due to concerns about adverse psychological and physical effects, increased questioning of effectiveness, and, because benzodiazepines are prone to cause tolerance, physical dependence, and, upon cessation of use after long-term use, a withdrawal syndrome.
The elderly are at an increased risk of suffering from both short- and long-term adverse effects,810 including an associated roughly 50% increase in the risk of dementia, especially with Triazolam which can cause death in the elderly.

COMMON

Alprazolam - Short acting anxiolytic. High affinty for AX BZD subunits

Clonazepam - Chlorinated derivative of nitrazepam. Up to 50 hour HL

Diazepam - The gold mother fucking standard. Used in Alcohol withdrawals and benzodiazepine withdrawals.

Flurazepam - Very long half life (Up to 250 hours) which makes it practically useless as a hypnotic, but... hmm. Interesting.

Lorazepam - 3-OH benzo. Has mild affinity for all subunits.

Lormetazepam - ^^

Midazolam - Water soluable, shit burns snorted. wat. Is now used other than Pentobarbital in Lethal Injection.

Nitrazepam - Typical benzo. Tolerance raises fast.

Oxazepam - Typical benzo. Moderate affinity for all. Slow onset.

Prazepam - Long half life (up to 224hrs) however less side effects than normal benzos.

Temazepam - 3-OH hypnotic. Approved in the US (ofc) for short term treatment of insomnia. Typical benzo, but is fairly euphoric.

COMMON OVERSEAS

Bentazepam - Only Spain.

Cinolazepam - Pretty much just as a Hypnotic.

Clotiazepam - Thienodiazepine, Stage 2 NREM sleep is significantly increased by this drug. Effective in short term management of anxiety. Used in France/Japan. 95+ BA orally. 6-18 HL.

Cloxazolam - Metabolised into delorazepam. Uh... Increased heart rate for some? No sense. Typical benzo other than that.

Loprazolam - Imidazole deriv. Marketed for short term treatment of insomnia.

Medazepam - Must have someone smarter than me read this as I understand none of it. But yeah... *

Nordazepam - Active metabolite of Diazepam/Chlordiazepoxide/Clorazepate/Prazepam/Pinazepam/Medazepam God damn. Up to 200 hour half life.

Tofisopam - anxiolytic but no anticonvulsant, sedative, skeletal muscle relaxant, motor skill-impairing or amnestic properties. PDE10A inhibitor, so could be useful in schizophrenia

SOUTH-EAST ASIAN

Etizolam - Unscheduled in Western countries, so has become an RC too.

Fludiazepam - strong Diazepam analogue, 4x binding affinity of Diazepam.

Flutazolam - Japanese benzo

Flutoprazepam - Longer acting and more potent than diazepam. Japanese.

Haloxazolam - Marketed in Japan. Comparing Estazolam and Haloxazolam found that haloxazolam only affects gamma motor neurons, where the other effects both.

Mexazolam - Benzo derivative effective for only one week and losing effectiveness at 3 weeks

Nimetazepam - Sold under "Erimin" and is scripted short term for severe insomnia. 95%+ Oral BA. Hypnotic effects felt within 30 minutes. And hits peak plasma level within an hour, and the mean HL is 14-30 hours. N-Methyl analogue of Nitrazepam, to which it partially metabolises into. Which has a long half life, so, carefulness. (lol being careful)

Rilmazafone - Water soluble japanese benzo

Adinazolam - Triazolobenzodizepine (TBZD) Was apparently made to enhance the antidep effect of alprazolam. Odd drug. Metabolites are A-OH-alprazolam (Nomenclature blows) and estazolam.

Brotizolam - Extremely potent benzo active at 80-100ug.

Camazepam - Benzo with reduced side effects such as impaired cognition. Metabolites into Temazepam.

Clobazepam - selective ω2 agonist on the GABAa receptor. Non-hypnotic. GABA(B)

Flumazenil - GABA(A) ANTAGONIST. I don't understand this at all. It's something.

Flunitrazepam - High potency, causes heavy amnesia (commonly referred to as a date-rape drug). Only prescribed in the worst of cases for insomnia and is only prescribed for short-term use.

Ketazolam - Similar effects to Diazepam. With less sedation.

Pinazepam - Fucking odd wiki page. Something something fetus... But, has a propargyl group for whatever reason. Appears to produce anxiolytic shit in animals. Main metabolites are nor-desmethyldiazepam and oxazepam (wat?)

Quazepam - Trifluoroethyl (Make it a methyl god dammit) Selectively targets GABA(A) subtype A1 which is responsible for sleep. Subs completely in animals in Ambien/Lunesta (PLEASE GET ME THIS)

Tetrazepam - Weak muscle relaxing anxiolytic

Triazolam - Short activity, heavy sedative, very euphoric. Was a common benzo in the US until it wa found that use in the elderly was known to cause deaths, now it is rarely prescribed.

Zolazepam - Used with Tiletamine as a veterinary anaesthetic. Telazol is 1:1 ratio of the compounds. 4x potency of diazepam.

Flubromazepam - Slightly weaker than Diazepam, focuses mainly on anxiolytic effects.

Diclazepam - 2-choloro of Diazepam. Faster onset, less "hangover" the next day.

Estazolam - Superior to Triazolam

Nifoxipam - Metabolite of Flunitrazepam

Phenazepam - Potent soviet benzo, now RC.

Pyrazolam - Water soluble benzo, that is mostly anxiolytic.

1,4-BENZODIAZEPINES

Cyprazepam - Typical benzo.

Delorazepam - Typic benzo. Delorean-azepam!

Doxefazepam - Deriv. of flurazepam, and was 2-4x potent, and also being half as toxic.

Elfazepam - Typical benzo but stimulates appetite like Devazepide.

Flutemazepam - 3-hydroxy analogue of temazepam, looks fucking perfect on paper! COME ON GUYS.

Fosazepam - water soluble analogue of diazepam however low potency. (.6:1)

Gidazepam - Soviet benzo.

Halazepam - Less potential to cause hostility and aggression than diazepam.

Meclonazepam - Showing up on the RC market. Just think legal Clonazepam, and that's probably what we have here. Also has anti-parasitic effects against the parasitic worm "Schistosoma Mansoni"

Menitrazepam - Similar in structure to tetrazepam and nimetazepam. 7-chloro group of tetrazepam replaced with nitro by the looks. Mainly hypnotic, but effects take longer to come up.

QH-II-66 - Highly selevctive GABAa5 agonist which was created to replicate the effects of alcohol.

Quazepam - 200 hour half-life hypnotic benzo.

Reclazepam - Similar effects to other benzo deriv's. Short duration of action.

Ro5-2904 - High affinity for GABA(A)

Sulazepam - Thioamide deriv. of Diazepam. Metabolised into diazepam/desmethyldiazepam/oxydiazepam. No clue on potency.

Tolufazepam - Nothing on it. Sulphur is in... I dunno anymore.

1, 5-BENZODIAZEPINES

CP-1414S - Related to Clobazam potency nearly similar, but more sedation.

Triflubazam - Related to Clobazam, long half life and duration.

2, 3-BENZODIAZEPINES

Girisopam - selective anxiolytic action with no sedative, anticonvulsant or muscle relaxant effects

Talampanel - Noncompetitive antagonist of the AMPA receptor.

TRIAZOLOBENZODIAZEPINES

Flubromazolam - Related to triazolam and pyrazolam. Maybe a mix in the middle in potency. So .75 ~= 10 Diazepam?

IMIDAZOBENZODIAZEPINES

Bretazenil - Highly potent, partial GABAa agonist with less tolerance than normal. Possible base for better social drug than alcohol.

Climazolam - Similar in structure to triazolam and is used in veterinary medicine for anesthetizing animals. Interesting.

FG-8205 - Related to Bretazenil, slight selectivity for a1, little sedation.

Imidazenil - Partial GABAa agonist, blocks sedative effects of other benzos, does not produce tolerance or addiction.

Iomazenil (123I) -

Remimazolam - Similar to Midazolam but faster acting and shorter lasting than <<. Water soluble.

Ro48-6791 - Similar to Midazolam but 4-6x the potency, faster acting and shorter lasting than <<. Water soluble.

SH-053-R-CH3-2′F - Has high selectivity, binding affinity and efficacy at the a5 subtype, also blocks the nootropic effects of an inverse agonist? No shit.

OXAZOLOBENZODIAZEPINES

Oxazolam - Prodrug for desmethyldiazepam.

THIENODIAZEPINES

Ciclotizolam - Partial agonist at GABA(A), similar binding affinity to brotizolam, but a low efficacy... very very interesting.

PYRIDODIAZEPINES

Lopirazepam - Pyridodiazepine analogue of lorazepam. Assume same effects yet less potent, never marketed. Yet scheduled. Thanks america.

Zapizolam - Pyridodiazepine analogue of triazolam. Less in potency I'd assume.

PYRAZOLODIAZEPINES

Ripazepam - Related to Zolazepam.

Zomebazam - Anxiolytic properties, strucutally related to Razobazam and Zometapine.

PYRROLODIAZEPINES

Premazepam - Partial GABA(A) agonist. More "derpy" than diazepam itself the first day, but more than one day apparently that switches? Hmm. Odd. 7.5mg ~= 5mg Diazepam. HL = 10-13 hours

TETRAHYDROISOQUINOBENZODIAZEPINES

Clazolam - Fused benzodiazepine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative. Anxiolytic and antidepressant properties.

BENZODIAZEPINE PRODRUGS

Avizafone - Water soluable prodrug to Diazepam, can be IM'd. Used mainly as an antidote to poisoning with Organophophate nerve agents.

Test Kits

2017-07-17T07:44:10Z

Sleep:

The vast majority of synthetic drugs are white powders. A reagent test kit is the only way you can safely attempt to verify the identity of a substance without expensive and complicated lab equipment. This article is an introduction to the various kinds of common test kits including a variety of worldwide sources. It should be noted that these test kits cannot measure the purity of a drug, only its presence. If you've got more than one drug in a powder, it's possible that a reagent test may show the presence of only one of the drugs.

A color change reference chart for the four main reagents can be found at [http://www.dancesafe.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/kit-instructions-back.jpg Dancesafe] ([http://i.imgur.com/0a9jBcd.jpg Imgur mirror]). Erowid.org also has a great [https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/mdma/mdma_faq_testing_kits.shtml Ecstasy Testing Kit FAQ.] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime [http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1975-01-01_1_page008.html Field and laboratory tests results for raw and prepared opium.]

==Marquis Reagent==

Marquis' reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify alkaloids as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of formaldehyde and concentrated sulfuric acid, which is dripped onto the substance being tested. The United States Department of Justice method for producing the reagent is the addition of 100 mL of concentrated (95–98%) sulfuric acid to 5 mL of 40% formaldehyde.

===Canada===

* [http://testkitplus.ca/product/mdma-test-kit/ TestKitPlus]
* [https://qktest.com/products-page/product-category/marquis-reagent/ QKTest]

===Europe===

* [http://www.eztestkits.com/en/ez-testing-kits/marquis10pack-ez-testing-kit eztestkits]
* [http://www.safetest4.co.uk/ SafeTest4]
* [http://www.reagent-tests.uk/ Reagent Tests UK]
** Use 'tripsitwiki' for 10% off reagent test kits!

===USA===

* [http://www.dancesafe.org/product/marquis-reagent-testing-kit/ Dancesafe]

==Mandelin Reagent==

The Mandelin reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify alkaloids as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of ammonium metavanadate and concentrated sulfuric acid. Its primary use is for the detection of ketamine and PMA. The United States Department of Justice method for producing the reagent is the addition of 100 mL of concentrated (95–98%) sulfuric acid to 1 g of ammonium vanadate.

====Canada====

* [http://testkitplus.ca/product/ketamine-pma-mandelin-test-kit/ TestKitPlus]
* [https://qktest.com/products-page/product-category/mandelin-reagent/ QKTest]

===Europe===

* [http://www.reagent-tests.uk/ Reagent Tests UK]
** Use 'tripsitwiki' for 10% off reagent test kits!
* [http://www.eztestkits.com/en/ez-testing-kits/mandelin10-ez-testing-kit eztestkits]
* [http://www.safetest4.co.uk/ SafeTest4]

===USA===

* [http://www.dancesafe.org/product/mandelin-reagent-testing-kit/ Dancesafe]

==Mecke Reagent==

The Mecke reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify alkaloids as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of selenious acid and concentrated sulfuric acid, which is dripped onto the substance being tested. The United States Department of Justice method for producing the reagent is the addition of 100 mL of concentrated (95-98%) sulfuric acid to 1 g of selenious acid.

====Canada====

* [http://testkitplus.ca/product/mecke-test-kit/ TestKitPlus]
* [https://qktest.com/products-page/product-category/mecke-reagent/ QKTest]

===Europe===

* [http://www.eztestkits.com/en/ez-testing-kits/mecke10-ez-testing-kit eztestkits]
* [http://www.safetest4.co.uk/ SafeTest4]
* [http://www.reagent-tests.uk/ Reagent Tests UK]
** Use 'tripsitwiki' for 10% off reagent test kits!

===USA===

* [http://www.dancesafe.org/product/mecke-reagent-testing-kit/ Dancesafe]

==Ehrlich's Reagent==

The Ehrlich's reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify alkaloids. It is prepared by dissolving 0.5-2.0 g of p–dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB) in 50 mL of 95% ethanol and 50 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid. It is best prepared fresh.

===Europe===

* [http://www.reagent-tests.uk/ Reagent Tests UK]
** Use 'tripsitwiki' for 10% off reagent test kits!

===Canada===

* [http://testkitplus.ca/product/lsd-test-kit/ TestKitPlus]

===USA===
*[https://dancesafe.org/product/ehrlichs-reagent-testing-kit/ DanceSafe]

==Other==

===Australia===

* Marquis, Mandelin, Mecke, Simon 4-in-1 [http://ecstasypilltest.com/product/basic-ecstasy-test-kit/ Ecstasy Pill Test] (Also shipped worldwide)

===Canada===

* Marquis, Mandelin, Mecke 3-in-1: [http://testkitplus.ca/product/complete-screening-kit-marquis-mecke-mandelin/ TestKitPlus]
* Froehde, Simon's Reagent A & B, Ferric Chloride: [https://qktest.com/products-page/ QKTest]

===Europe===

* [http://www.eztest.com/ eztestkits]
* UK [http://www.safetest4.co.uk/ SafeTest4]
* [http://www.reagent-tests.uk/ Liebermann and Froehde - Reagent Tests UK]
** Use 'tripsitwiki' for 10% off reagent test kits!

===USA===

* Marquis, Mandelin, Mecke, Simon 4-in-1: [http://www.dancesafe.org/product/coomplete-adulterant-screening-kit/ Dancesafe]
* Simon's reagent - [http://www.dancesafe.org/product/simons-reagent-testing-kit/ Dancesafe]
* [http://www.copquest.com/43-2100_nik-narcotic-test-kits.htm CopQuest NIK Narcotic Test Kits]

[[Category:Guides]]

Test Kits

2017-07-17T07:43:08Z

Sleep:

The vast majority of synthetic drugs are white powders. A reagent test kit is the only way you can safely attempt to verify the identity of a substance without expensive and complicated lab equipment. This article is an introduction to the various kinds of common test kits including a variety of worldwide sources. It should be noted that these test kits cannot measure the purity of a drug, only its presence. If you've got more than one drug in a powder, it's possible that a reagent test may show the presence of only one of the drugs.

A color change reference chart for the four main reagents can be found at [http://www.dancesafe.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/kit-instructions-back.jpg Dancesafe] ([http://i.imgur.com/0a9jBcd.jpg Imgur mirror]). Erowid.org also has a great [https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/mdma/mdma_faq_testing_kits.shtml Ecstasy Testing Kit FAQ.] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime [http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1975-01-01_1_page008.html Field and laboratory tests results for raw and prepared opium.]

==Marquis Reagent==

Marquis' reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify alkaloids as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of formaldehyde and concentrated sulfuric acid, which is dripped onto the substance being tested. The United States Department of Justice method for producing the reagent is the addition of 100 mL of concentrated (95–98%) sulfuric acid to 5 mL of 40% formaldehyde.

===Canada===

* [http://testkitplus.ca/product/mdma-test-kit/ TestKitPlus]
* [https://qktest.com/products-page/product-category/marquis-reagent/ QKTest]

===Europe===

* [http://www.eztestkits.com/en/ez-testing-kits/marquis10pack-ez-testing-kit eztestkits]
* [http://www.safetest4.co.uk/ SafeTest4]
* [http://www.reagent-tests.uk/ Reagent Tests UK]
** Use 'tripsitwiki' for 10% off reagent test kits!

===USA===

* [http://www.dancesafe.org/product/marquis-reagent-testing-kit/ Dancesafe]

==Mandelin Reagent==

The Mandelin reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify alkaloids as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of ammonium metavanadate and concentrated sulfuric acid. Its primary use is for the detection of ketamine and PMA. The United States Department of Justice method for producing the reagent is the addition of 100 mL of concentrated (95–98%) sulfuric acid to 1 g of ammonium vanadate.

====Canada====

* [http://testkitplus.ca/product/ketamine-pma-mandelin-test-kit/ TestKitPlus]
* [https://qktest.com/products-page/product-category/mandelin-reagent/ QKTest]

===Europe===

* [http://www.reagent-tests.uk/ Reagent Tests UK]
** Use 'tripsitwiki' for 10% off reagent test kits!
* [http://www.eztestkits.com/en/ez-testing-kits/mandelin10-ez-testing-kit eztestkits]
* [http://www.safetest4.co.uk/ SafeTest4]

===USA===

* [http://www.dancesafe.org/product/mandelin-reagent-testing-kit/ Dancesafe]

==Mecke Reagent==

The Mecke reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify alkaloids as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of selenious acid and concentrated sulfuric acid, which is dripped onto the substance being tested. The United States Department of Justice method for producing the reagent is the addition of 100 mL of concentrated (95-98%) sulfuric acid to 1 g of selenious acid.

====Canada====

* [http://testkitplus.ca/product/mecke-test-kit/ TestKitPlus]
* [https://qktest.com/products-page/product-category/mecke-reagent/ QKTest]

===Europe===

* [http://www.eztestkits.com/en/ez-testing-kits/mecke10-ez-testing-kit eztestkits]
* [http://www.safetest4.co.uk/ SafeTest4]
* [http://www.reagent-tests.uk/ Reagent Tests UK]
** Use 'tripsitwiki' for 10% off reagent test kits!

===USA===

* [http://www.dancesafe.org/product/mecke-reagent-testing-kit/ Dancesafe]

==Ehrlich's Reagent==

The Ehrlich's reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify alkaloids. It is prepared by dissolving 0.5-2.0 g of p–dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB) in 50 mL of 95% ethanol and 50 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid. It is best prepared fresh.

===Europe===

* [http://www.reagent-tests.uk/ Reagent Tests UK]
** Use 'tripsitwiki' for 10% off reagent test kits!

===Canada===

* [http://testkitplus.ca/product/lsd-test-kit/ TestKitPlus]

===USA===
*[https://dancesafe.org/product/ehrlichs-reagent-testing-kit/]

==Other==

===Australia===

* Marquis, Mandelin, Mecke, Simon 4-in-1 [http://ecstasypilltest.com/product/basic-ecstasy-test-kit/ Ecstasy Pill Test] (Also shipped worldwide)

===Canada===

* Marquis, Mandelin, Mecke 3-in-1: [http://testkitplus.ca/product/complete-screening-kit-marquis-mecke-mandelin/ TestKitPlus]
* Froehde, Simon's Reagent A & B, Ferric Chloride: [https://qktest.com/products-page/ QKTest]

===Europe===

* [http://www.eztest.com/ eztestkits]
* UK [http://www.safetest4.co.uk/ SafeTest4]
* [http://www.reagent-tests.uk/ Liebermann and Froehde - Reagent Tests UK]
** Use 'tripsitwiki' for 10% off reagent test kits!

===USA===

* Marquis, Mandelin, Mecke, Simon 4-in-1: [http://www.dancesafe.org/product/coomplete-adulterant-screening-kit/ Dancesafe]
* Simon's reagent - [http://www.dancesafe.org/product/simons-reagent-testing-kit/ Dancesafe]
* [http://www.copquest.com/43-2100_nik-narcotic-test-kits.htm CopQuest NIK Narcotic Test Kits]

[[Category:Guides]]

Test Kits

2017-07-17T07:42:24Z

Sleep:

The vast majority of synthetic drugs are white powders. A reagent test kit is the only way you can safely attempt to verify the identity of a substance without expensive and complicated lab equipment. This article is an introduction to the various kinds of common test kits including a variety of worldwide sources. It should be noted that these test kits cannot measure the purity of a drug, only its presence. If you've got more than one drug in a powder, it's possible that a reagent test may show the presence of only one of the drugs.

A color change reference chart for the four main reagents can be found at [http://www.dancesafe.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/kit-instructions-back.jpg Dancesafe] ([http://i.imgur.com/0a9jBcd.jpg Imgur mirror]). Erowid.org also has a great [https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/mdma/mdma_faq_testing_kits.shtml Ecstasy Testing Kit FAQ.] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime [http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1975-01-01_1_page008.html Field and laboratory tests results for raw and prepared opium.]

==Marquis Reagent==

Marquis' reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify alkaloids as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of formaldehyde and concentrated sulfuric acid, which is dripped onto the substance being tested. The United States Department of Justice method for producing the reagent is the addition of 100 mL of concentrated (95–98%) sulfuric acid to 5 mL of 40% formaldehyde.

===Canada===

* [http://testkitplus.ca/product/mdma-test-kit/ TestKitPlus]
* [https://qktest.com/products-page/product-category/marquis-reagent/ QKTest]

===Europe===

* [http://www.eztestkits.com/en/ez-testing-kits/marquis10pack-ez-testing-kit eztestkits]
* [http://www.safetest4.co.uk/ SafeTest4]
* [http://www.reagent-tests.uk/ Reagent Tests UK]
** Use 'tripsitwiki' for 10% off reagent test kits!

===USA===

* [http://www.dancesafe.org/product/marquis-reagent-testing-kit/ Dancesafe]

==Mandelin Reagent==

The Mandelin reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify alkaloids as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of ammonium metavanadate and concentrated sulfuric acid. Its primary use is for the detection of ketamine and PMA. The United States Department of Justice method for producing the reagent is the addition of 100 mL of concentrated (95–98%) sulfuric acid to 1 g of ammonium vanadate.

====Canada====

* [http://testkitplus.ca/product/ketamine-pma-mandelin-test-kit/ TestKitPlus]
* [https://qktest.com/products-page/product-category/mandelin-reagent/ QKTest]

===Europe===

* [http://www.reagent-tests.uk/ Reagent Tests UK]
** Use 'tripsitwiki' for 10% off reagent test kits!
* [http://www.eztestkits.com/en/ez-testing-kits/mandelin10-ez-testing-kit eztestkits]
* [http://www.safetest4.co.uk/ SafeTest4]

===USA===

* [http://www.dancesafe.org/product/mandelin-reagent-testing-kit/ Dancesafe]

==Mecke Reagent==

The Mecke reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify alkaloids as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of selenious acid and concentrated sulfuric acid, which is dripped onto the substance being tested. The United States Department of Justice method for producing the reagent is the addition of 100 mL of concentrated (95-98%) sulfuric acid to 1 g of selenious acid.

====Canada====

* [http://testkitplus.ca/product/mecke-test-kit/ TestKitPlus]
* [https://qktest.com/products-page/product-category/mecke-reagent/ QKTest]

===Europe===

* [http://www.eztestkits.com/en/ez-testing-kits/mecke10-ez-testing-kit eztestkits]
* [http://www.safetest4.co.uk/ SafeTest4]
* [http://www.reagent-tests.uk/ Reagent Tests UK]
** Use 'tripsitwiki' for 10% off reagent test kits!

===USA===

* [http://www.dancesafe.org/product/mecke-reagent-testing-kit/ Dancesafe]

==Ehrlich's Reagent==

The Ehrlich's reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify alkaloids. It is prepared by dissolving 0.5-2.0 g of p–dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB) in 50 mL of 95% ethanol and 50 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid. It is best prepared fresh.

===Europe===

* [http://www.reagent-tests.uk/ Reagent Tests UK]
** Use 'tripsitwiki' for 10% off reagent test kits!

===Canada===

* [http://testkitplus.ca/product/lsd-test-kit/ TestKitPlus]

===USA===
*https://dancesafe.org/product/ehrlichs-reagent-testing-kit/

==Other==

===Australia===

* Marquis, Mandelin, Mecke, Simon 4-in-1 [http://ecstasypilltest.com/product/basic-ecstasy-test-kit/ Ecstasy Pill Test] (Also shipped worldwide)

===Canada===

* Marquis, Mandelin, Mecke 3-in-1: [http://testkitplus.ca/product/complete-screening-kit-marquis-mecke-mandelin/ TestKitPlus]
* Froehde, Simon's Reagent A & B, Ferric Chloride: [https://qktest.com/products-page/ QKTest]

===Europe===

* [http://www.eztest.com/ eztestkits]
* UK [http://www.safetest4.co.uk/ SafeTest4]
* [http://www.reagent-tests.uk/ Liebermann and Froehde - Reagent Tests UK]
** Use 'tripsitwiki' for 10% off reagent test kits!

===USA===

* Marquis, Mandelin, Mecke, Simon 4-in-1: [http://www.dancesafe.org/product/coomplete-adulterant-screening-kit/ Dancesafe]
* Simon's reagent - [http://www.dancesafe.org/product/simons-reagent-testing-kit/ Dancesafe]
* [http://www.copquest.com/43-2100_nik-narcotic-test-kits.htm CopQuest NIK Narcotic Test Kits]

[[Category:Guides]]

2C-X

2017-06-29T11:22:07Z

Sleep: Spelling.

[[File:2cc.jpg|thumb|150px|2C-C vial and powder]]

The '''2C family''' is a group of [[Psychedelics|psychedelic]] phenethylamines that share the same basic 2C structure. The name '2C' is an acronym for the two carbons between the benzene ring and the amino group in all 2C chemicals. There are also two methoxy groups on the the 2 and 5 positions of the benzene ring. The -x denotes a number of different varieties of 2C's that differ in their substituents on the 3 and 4 positions of the benzene ring.

== History ==
Alexander Shulgin coined this term and also synthesized the majority of the 2C's, publishing detailed information about their synthesis in his book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved).

== 2C Family ==

* [[2C-B]] (Dimethoxybromophenethylamine)
* [[2C-B-FLY]] (Dihydrodifuran-2C-B)
* [[2C-BCB]] (Dimethoxybromo(cyclobutylphenyl)ethylamine) (Also known as TCB-2)
* [[2C-C]] (Dimethoxychlorophenethylamine)
* [[2C-CN]] (2,5-dimethoxy-4-cyanophenyl)-2-aminoethane)
* [[2C-COOH]] (2,5-dimethoxy-4-carboxyphenethylamine)
* [[2C-CP]] (4-cyclopropyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
* [[2C-D]] (Dimethoxymethylphenethylamine)
* [[2C-E]] (Dimethoxyethylphenethylamine)
* [[2C-EF]] (Fluoroethylmethoxyphenethylamine)
* [[2C-F]] (4-fluoro-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
* [[2C-G]] (Dimethyldimethoxyphenethylamine)
* [[2C-G3]] (2,5-dimethoxy-3,4-(Trimethlene)Phenetyhylamine)
* [[2C-G4]] (2,5-Dimethoxy-3,4-(Tetramethlene)Phenethylamine)
* [[2C-G5]] (3,6-Dimethoxy-4-(2-Aminoethyl)Benzonorbornane)
* [[2C-G-N]] (1,4-Dimethoxynaphthyl-2-Ethylamine)
* [[2C-H]] (2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
* [[2C-I]] (Dimethoxyiodophenethylamine)
* [[2C-N]] (Dimethoxynitrophenethylamine)
* [[2C-O-4]] (2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(i)-Propoxyphenethylamine)
* [[2C-P]] (Dimethoxypropylphenethylamine)
* [[2C-iP]] (Dimethoxyisopropylphenethylamine)
* [[2C-T]] (Dimethoxymethylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-2]] (Dimethoxyethylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-3]] (Dimethoxymethylallylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-4]] (Dimethoxyisopropylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-5]] (Dimethoxycyclohexylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-6]] (Dimethoxyphenylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-7]] (Dimethoxypropylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-8]] (Dimethoxycyclopropylmethylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-10]] (Dimethoxypyridylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-11]] (Dimethoxypara-bromophenylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-12]] (Dimethoxymorpholinothiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-13]] (Dimethoxy(beta-methoxy)ethylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-14]] (Dimethoxymethylthioethylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-15]] (Dimethoxycyclopropylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-16]] (Dimethoxyallylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-17]] (Dimethoxysec-butylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-19]] (Dimethoxybutylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-21]] (Dimethoxyfluoroethylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-21.5]] (Dimethoxydifluuoroethylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-22]] (Dimethoxytrifluoroethylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-28]] (Dimethoxyfluoropropylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-30]] (Dimethoxyfluorobutylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-TFM]] (Dimethoxytrifluorophenethylamine)
* [[2C-YN]] (Dimethoxyethynylphenethylamine)

== Images ==

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
Image:2cb.jpg|''2C-B''
Image:2cc.jpg|''2C-C''
Image:2ce.jpg|''2C-E''
</gallery>

[[Category:Psychedelic]]
[[Category:Drugs]]

AMT

2017-06-10T01:46:38Z

Sleep: Spelling/Grammatical fixes.

[[File:Amt.jpg|thumb|right]]

'''α-Methyltryptamine''' is a long-lasting euphoric stimulant and a psychedelic, a research chemical which was first discovered in the 60s.

== History ==

It was originally developed in the USA in the 60s by the Upjohn company during research into anti-depressants, and the alpha-ethylated homologue became available as a commercial anti-depressant in the US (under the name Monase). However, αMT itself was available during the 60s for use as an anti-depressant in 5 and 10mg doses in the Soviet Union, sold under the brand name Indopan.

As with many research chemicals, it was examined by Alexander Shulgin and details of its effects and synthesis were described in the book TiHKAL. Both during his own experiences noted in the entry, and in his further notes drawing from the experiences of others he concludes that the chemical seems to have a wide variation in many of its properties between users and even individual experiences - particularly in effects and onset.

It was one of the first 'research chemicals' which became widely available on the Internet during the 1990s, and as a result became illegal in the USA in 2003. The drug remained relatively obscure up until this point, though it was used in certain psychotherapeutic studies during the 60s, and there are some reports which suspect recreational use took place as early as the 1960s, as a result of the chemical supply for these studies being diverged.

With the rising popularity of research chemical use on the Internet during the 21st century, it has seen increasing levels of use - and while it remains legal in most countries in the world recent efforts have been made by certain governments to illegalize it.

== Dosage ==

{{#tdose: amt}}

== Duration ==

Note: Duration can be significantly longer with higher doses.

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Oral

|-

| Onset || 30-120 minutes

|-

| Total || 10-16 hours

|}

== Effects ==

=== Positive ===

* Increase in energy (stimulation)

* Mood lift, smiling

* Visual patterning and closed eye visuals

* Increased awareness & appreciation of music

* Empathogenic qualities

=== Neutral ===

* General change in consciousness (as with most psychoactive compounds)

* Blurred vision

* Restlessness

* Yawning

* Dilated pupils

* Decreased appetite

* Dry mouth, overstimulated taste, and resulting difficulty eating

* Extreme, vision-obscuring visuals at high doses: "obnoxiously visual"

=== Negative ===

* Anxiety, tension

* Nausea and vomiting

* Decrease in coordination

* Muscle aching

* Headaches

* Jaw clenching (Bruxism)

* Extreme confusion at high doses

== Harm Reduction ==

As a [[stimulants|stimulating]] psychedelic, it carries a heavy body load, and care must be taken to observe physical side-effects such as vasoconstriction, which increase rapidly with dose. Toxic effects have been described at larger doses, so care must be taken to dose accurately.

Many users report experiencing particular nausea when ingesting the drug, which is abated after vomiting. If you feel the need to vomit, do not fight it.

Avoid other [http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/maois/maois_info3.shtml MAOIs].

See [[Psychedelics#Harm_Reduction|Psychedelic Harm Reduction]] for general information.

== Chemistry and Pharmacology ==

αMT acts as a relatively balanced reuptake inhibitor and releasing agent of the main three monoamines; serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, and as a non-selective serotonin receptor agonist.

αMT is a reversible MAOI in higher doses (the danger rises exponentially as αMT doses approach 150 mg due to increased monoamine release and increased MAO inhibition), can cause Serotonin Syndrome when combined with monoamine releasers, [[Antidepressants#SSRIs|SSRI]]s or other MAO inhibitors.

== Legal Status ==

αMT is scheduled in the US, Australia, Austria, Denmark, Germany, Greece,

Hungary, Japan, Lithuania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and soon in the UK as well.

== Links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine Wikipedia]

* [https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/amt/amt.shtml Erowid]

* [https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal48.shtml TiHKAL Entry]

[[Category:Drugs]]

[[Category:Psychedelic]]

[[Category:Stimulant]]

[[Category:Research Chemical]]

Research Chemicals

2017-06-10T01:41:13Z

Sleep: Spelling/Grammatical fixes.

'Research Chemical' is a term used to refer to any chemical that has not been well researched and does not have an established long-term safety profile.

==Definition==

'Research chemical' is a term used to indicate a chemical which has not had a history of research or human use, and is therefore considered to be at a 'research stage.' There is no official body which determines a research chemical, or when a research chemical has accrued enough history of use to cease its classification as one. Some have suggested that these chemicals should be called "unresearched chemicals" or another term "Experimental Chemicals". Some are new, while others have been around for years; and little is known about most of them besides first-hand accounts of use. There are research chemicals of many different types of drugs: while many drugs are qualified as research chemicals, the term itself is more of a flag than a category.

The expression can be considered somewhat of a misnomer, as drugs in this category have often not actually been researched, or at least have almost no history of human use. Many research chemicals in use today were originally discovered and published by Alexander Shulgin in PiHKAL and TiHKAL, and a lot more have been found based on these works. The term partially came from the fact that substances in the recreational markets were drugs that had been discovered in labs and only examined in-vitro or low-level animal studies. However, the 'research' more readily applies to the fact that these drugs were usually found through a process of research - such as through exploring analogues of existing psychoactive substances. Very little to no research has been used to establish the toxicology or human pharmacology of these drugs.

'Legal highs' commonly sold on a grey-area market are usually one or more research chemicals made to mimic the effects of other illicit drugs. There is currently a very large market for the production, sale and use of research chemicals, driven by their implicit legality; vendors and users alike pursue research chemicals to avoid legal troubles encountered from being involved with the more traditional chemicals. Governments tend to ban research chemicals a short while after they become popular, and this, in turn, leads to more being discovered and sold. Some legal systems, such as that of the USA, have moved against research chemicals with acts of law implicitly banning analogues of drugs which are already banned.

==Risks==

As many of these drugs are very new and may not have a well-established safety profile, there are a variety of stronger risk factors in using them. It is likely that many research chemicals have undocumented side-effects, interactions or contraindications.

===Misrepresentation===

One major risk associated with research chemicals is that they are often misrepresented; it is relatively common for a purportedly new chemical to actually consist of a blend of other research chemicals or banned chemicals.

When seeking to acquire research chemicals it is strongly advised to avoid 'blends', or branded products for which the active ingredients are often unknown or unlisted.

Not only does buying research chemicals in this manner keep you from being able to use any of what little research there may be on the active ingredient(s), but there have been published analysis results indicating that there is a very real risk of chemical synergy.

Consider the case of URB-754, wherein a blend marketed as a cannabinoid product was sold with some of the active ingredients listed. Upon analysis, researchers learned that it contained not only unlisted cannabinoids but was also found to contain a previously unreported cathinone. While misrepresentation in the RC market is not uncommon, in this case, closer inspection revealed an unexpected chemical reaction upon combustion, where some of the cannabinoids actually formed an entirely new previously unknown class of chemical when they reacted with the unlisted cathinone!

To put it simply, often the vendors themselves don't even really know what their product contains or the potential outcome of mixing chemicals.

===Analogue Misconception===

Remember, just because it is an analogue of something, does not mean it will behave the same way.

An example of this can be seen in the following comparison of two structurally related chemicals [[MDAI]] and [[MDMA]]. MDMA has been documented since the late 60's. MDAI is an analogue of MDMA, and while it produces some similar effects to MDMA it differs in that it's non-neurotoxic.

Or we can take [[2C-B]] and its analogues such as [[BK-2C-B]], 25B-NBXXX, TCB-2, DOB, Bromo-Dragon-Fly, 2C-B-FLY. The parent drug in this example is much safer than the rest. There is no record of a death from 2C-B alone, with 25B-NBOMe there have been reports of multiple deaths during its short history of release.

==Harm Reduction Precautions==

While there is a certain element of risk involved in all experimentation/use of research chemicals. There are some basic precautions one can take in an effort to make an inherently risky behaviour less dangerous than otherwise.

===Research===

While most readily available anecdotal information on research chemicals cannot be entirely trusted (due to the nature of research chemicals most data available on RC's is just that, a series of anecdotes), even for very new drugs there is usually a fair amount of information available which can give a good idea of what to expect. It is important that you do your own research and make your own informed decisions; don't take people's word for what a drug can/will do to/for you at face value as the same drug can effect people differently.

* The TripSit [http://drugs.tripsit.me/ factsheets] often have data on new drugs, and our Wiki includes harm reduction information for research chemicals in each drug class on their respective pages.

* While Erowid is usually slow to publish full vaults on research chemicals, there are usually a number of experience reports published for even very new drugs. These can give a good idea about what can be expected from the experience itself, as well as more anecdotal information about dosages and the like.

* Forums such as Bluelight.org and drugs-forum.com often have the first discussions and experience reports for very new chemicals, however, reports can be somewhat dubious as in many cases very new drugs are often falsely sold, so the reports actually pertain to another chemical.

===Preparation===

When experimenting with any new drug a little forethought can go a long way, especially when it comes to drugs about which very little is actually known.

Usually, if you're experimenting with a new drug (or even just a drug that is new to you) it's best practice to have a sober sitter with you, just in case something goes wrong. Some types of drugs produce effects that are more risky to go into alone than others but if you're using something new and you are unaware of how it will affect you, it's never a bad idea to be accompanied by a trustworthy person, such as a close friend, to help guide you through a difficult experience or just someone to keep an eye on how your body reacts to something.

===Dosing===

As these chemicals are generally very new, and little information exists as to their effect on humans, there is also a lack of information about recommended doses. Often, speculative doses can be found on the Internet. When a new research chemical is released, the first results can often be found on forums such as Bluelight or drugs-forum. These consist of anecdotal trip reports, and cannot be trusted very much since in the early days of a drug's release, vendors will often sell other drugs under the newer name. After a time, and once some verifiable reports about the drug have been collected, tiered summaries are compiled by resources such as [http://factsheet.tripsit.me/factsheet/ TripSit Factsheets] and [https://www.erowid.org Erowid], which can provide more conclusive dosage guidelines. However, even when speculative doses are published, they should not be fully trusted due to the lack of long-term testing a drug has received at this point. Drugs which do not have much reliable information pertaining to their dose will generally be tagged.

With a chemical that has never been tested in vivo (animal subjects) for most substances you would want to start around 25ug's and titrate your dosage up to 50ug's in increments of 25ug's Leaving a week minimum between the 25ug test and 50ug, and work your way up. But this isn't needed for every chemical, such as BK-2C-I. You can use BK-2C-B as a "reference" of sorts, of it being 10x weaker than the parent compound(BK-2C-B). It is much safer to start at a lower dose than what would be an active dose to see if your body can handle the drug.Some might say that you can gauge an activity with just SAR's (Structure-Activity relationship) which in the most part true, yet in cases such as Lophophine and IRIS, there is a very good reason why it should be active, yet it isn't. That can also go in the other way, as IRIS is one of the "Ten Classic Ladies" or the ten possible homologues of DOM. While DOM is active around 3mg's, yet IRIS is inactive.

Therefor, because of the importance of using sub-threshold tester-doses, and since many of these new chemicals are highly potent anyways it is imperative that one has a reliable way to accurately measure chemicals in low doses.

It is not safe to assume any consumer-grade scale will be reliably accurate <50mg, however, there is a way to measure accurately low doses of chemicals using a method known as 'volumetric dosing', [[Quick guide to volumetric dosing]]. While this technique is not particularly difficult it does require some planning and precision.

If you intend to employ volumetric measuring techniques, or when working with new chemicals (or any chemicals for that matter) it is important to be sure to use the most accurate scale available on a consumer level. Unfortunately, there are no scales that are reliably accurate for weights under approximately 25 mg that are readily available to the average consumer. That being said, there are some scales for sale for under $100, which if used correctly, can be safely used to prepare a solution for volumetric dosing of a substance. For more information on how to correctly use a scale, and sources for reasonably reliable scales to buy, check [[Scales]].

==Links==

* [http://drugs.tripsit.me/category/research-chemical Research Chemical Factsheets]
* [https://erowid.org/psychoactives/research_chems/research_chems.shtml Erowid Research Chemicals Vault]

==References==

(1) * [http://www.fsijournal.org/article/S0379-0738(12)00434-3/abstract URB-754: A new class of designer drug and 12 synthetic cannabinoids detected in illegal products]

[[Category:Drug class]]

Staff Commands

2017-05-26T22:29:43Z

Sleep: Added /mode -/+b

== TripBot ==

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" | Moderating
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
|-
|| ~notify [#channel] <message>
| colspan="2" | Notify staff of a channel of a message. This can be run in either PM or in the channel.
|-
|| ~quiet [time] [#channel] <user> [reason]
| colspan="2" |
|-
|| ~timeout <user> [reason]
| colspan="2" | Will apply a 10 minute quiet on the user. After 3 timeouts in an hour, a ban is applied.
|-
|| ~unquiet [#channel] <user>
| colspan="2" |
|-
|| ~warn <user> <reason>
| colspan="2" | This will add a warning to the user and show a link to all warnings of that user in #tripsit.me.
|-
|| ~rmwarning <user> <warn>
| colspan="2" |
|-
|~nban [time] <user> [reason] [#kline or #specialk]
| colspan="2" | Ban a user from the network. #kline and #specialk tags will also automatically k-line the user.
|-
|| ~nunban <user> [reason]
| colspan="2" | Unban a user from the network.
|-
|| ~ban <user> [command]
| colspan="2" | Ban a user from using a command. Command may be replaced with '*,' which will ban a user from use of all commands. Users banned from all commands will still be subject to module listeners.
|-
|| ~unban <user> [command]
| colspan="2" | Unban a user from using a given command. If a user was previously banned using the '*' wildcard, they may also be unbanned from such by replacing command with an asterisk here as well.
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" | Community Gardening
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
|-
|| ~alias [user]
| colspan="2" | If an alias is provided, this command will return the primary user for which this is an alias for. If a primary user is provided, it will return a confirmation of this fact and a count of how many aliases belong to the user.
|-
|| ~setaliasparent <newparent>
| colspan="2" | Set a nick which is currently serving as an alias to the primary user, while setting what was previously the primary user as an alias of the new primary user. Requires moderator level access by default.
|-
|| ~mergeusers <primaryuser> <secondaryuser>
| colspan="2" | This command merges two nicks which are recorded as primary users into one user. The secondary user and all of their aliases will be merged under primaryuser. Requires moderator level access by default.
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" | Quote Management
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
|-
| colspan="2" | List of quotes to be deleted: http://nourishedbutt.com:1337/quoteremovals ||
|-
|| ~rmstatus
| colspan="2" | Show how many quotes are currently in the removal cache, and whether they will be randomly removed.
|-
|| ~rmconfirm
| colspan="2" | Confirm that the quotes currently in the removal cache are okay to be removed, and permanently delete them.
|-
|| ~rmdeny
| colspan="2" | Re-instate the quotes that are currently in the removal cache back into the main quote database.
|-
| ~setdrug <drug> <property> <info> || Sets the property with the info you provided || ~setdrug 2cb effects giggling, halucinations, etc.
|-
|| ~rmdrug <drug> <property>
| colspan="2" | Removes the property from the factsheet.
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" | Tripbot Management
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
|-
|| ~join <channel>
| colspan="2" | Join the given channel.
|-
|| ~part <channel>
| colspan="2" | Leave the given channel.
|-
|| ~opme [channel]
| colspan="2" | Gives the caller ops in a given channel if possible. If called without a channel, it will attempt to give the caller ops in the current channel.
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" | Admin
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
|-
|| ~greload
| colspan="2" | Perform a git pull, and then execute the 'reload' command. Saves a lot of time updating!
|-
|| ~reload
| colspan="2" | Reload all of the modules currently in use by DBot. By using this, all module functionality should be reloadable and replaceable without having to restart the bot or interrupt the connection to the server.
|-
|| ~load <module>
| colspan="2" | Load a new module. This works by adding a module name to the roster and then triggering a reload of all modules, at which point the new module is actually loaded by the standard DBot process.
|-
|| ~unload <module>
| colspan="2" | Unload a currently loaded module. This removes the module, and then triggers a reload of all modules.
|-
|| ~setconfig
| colspan="2" | Set a config key.
|-
|~showconfig
| colspan="2" | Show a config key.
|}

== Thanatos ==

Thanatos primarily works with tripbot to handle filtering for racial slurs, known-sourcing site links, spam/flood protection, and assorted shenanigans. Due to thana's specific design philosophy, coding strategy, and quality of his scripts (none, for all of those), he sometimes has really /fun/ and sometimes exciting bugs. Please ping toasterlizard on irc/telegram when thana's acting strange or it seems like his insidey-parts are broken. <3

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" | Moderators
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
|-
|%amode <mode> [mask] || Sets <mode> in all channels thanatos is opped in. ||%amode +zq *!*@tripsit/sysop/toasterlizard
|-
|%aq <mask> || Quiets <mask> in all channels thanatos is opped in. ||%aq *!*@tripsit/sysop/toasterlizard
|-
|%aunq <mask> || Unquiets <mask> in all channels thanatos is opped in. ||%aunq *!*@tripsit/sysop/toasterlizard
|-
|%findnicks [option] <nick> || Searches for past connections/disconnections of <nick> and returns previously used IPs and nicks. || "%findnicks Sqwonk", "%findnicks --alsuti Sqwonk", "%fi --timeout=90 Medic"
|-
|%grepbans <string> <#channel> || Checks the ban/quiet list in <#channel> for everything matching <string>. || "%grepbans 50.153 #drugs", "%grepbans Gordon #drugs"
|
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" | Operators
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
|-
|%akill on || Turns on DNSBL auto-kill for "Possibly Naughty" connections. ||
|-
|%akill off || Turns off DNSBL auto-kill for "Possibly Naughty" connections. ||
|-
|%op [#channel] <nick> || Ops <nick> in either [#channel] or (if [#channel] is not specified) the current channel. ||%op #drugs toasterlizard
|-
|%deop [#channel] <nick> || De-ops <nick> in either [#channel] or (if [#channel] is not specified) the current channel. ||%deop #drugs toasterlizard
|-
|%voice [#channel] <nick> || Voices <nick> in either [#channel] or (if [#channel] is not specified) the current channel. ||%voice #drugs toasterlizard
|-
|%devoice [#channel] <nick> || De-voices <nick> in either [#channel] or (if [#channel] is not specified) the current channel. ||%devoice #drugs toasterlizard
|-
|%join <#channel> || Join the channel <#channel>. ||%join #pantaloons
|-
|%part <#channel> || Leaves the channel <#channel>. ||%part #pantaloons
|-
|%act <#channel> <action> || Performs <action> in <#channel>. ||%act #drugs hugs tripbot
|-
|%say <target> <text> || Messages <target>, which may be a channel or a nickname, with <text>. ||%say #drugs tripbot: ily <3
|-
|}

== If Tripbot is down ==

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" | Banning/Unbanning
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |
|-
|| /mode #channel +b nickname | /mode #channel -b nickname
| colspan="2" | This will ban that user from the channel. | This will unban a user from the channel.
|}

Dissociatives

2017-05-26T05:36:32Z

Sleep: Getting better all the time...

[[File:Ketaminedxomxepcp.png|200px|thumb|right]]
'''Dissociatives''' are a class of [[hallucinogen]] which reduce or block signals to the conscious mind from other parts of the brain. In comparison to [[psychedelics]] and [[deliriants]], they are a very new class of hallucinogen, with the first classical dissociative being synthesized in 1926 (PCP). They offer a trip that is characterised by dissociation and bizarre feelings of detachment from reality, with anaesthetic-like effects and dream-like states.

This guide is in reference to all of the classical Dissociatives, or more specifically, [[Ketamine]], [[MXE]], [[DXM]], [[PCP]] and [[3-MeO-PCP]]. This list excludes [[Nitrous Oxide]], which feels completely atypical in comparison.

It’s worth noting that Dissociatives can be addictive and bad for your health with regular long term usage, so you’ll need to do some independent research before trying these. Although these hallucinations are completely different to anything found with psychedelics, they should not be underestimated, and allow you to go equally as "deep" in a completely different mental landscape. However, they are not nearly as powerful when it comes to introspection and resolving personal problems.

All of the classical Dissociatives are pharmacologically categorised as [[NMDA receptor]] antagonists, which are a class of anaesthetics that work to antagonise, or inhibit the action of, the N-methyl d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). The NMDA receptor is a receptor that allows for the transfer of electrical signals between neurones in the brain and in the spinal column. These receptors are located at the end of dendrites on a neurone cell. The dendrites send messages to other neurones through these, but when a drug that blocks the NMDA activity is taken, they are partially or entirely blocked, decreasing the brain's ability to transfer information across itself. Disconnecting the neurones and causing feelings of extreme dissociation or detachment, leading to hallucinatory states. Causing states of moderate to extreme dissociation in the user as the subconscious brain begins to fill in these sensory gaps with entirely imagined hallucinations and dreamlike states.

==Common Dissociatives==

* [[Ketamine]]
* [[DXM]]
* [[MXE]]
* [[PCP]]
* [[Nitrous]]
* [[Diphenidine]]

==Effects==

===Dissociation and detachment===
[[File:RWY72.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
Feelings of detachment are the most noticeable component of a dissociative trip. Which is entirely triggered by the blocking of NMDA receptors.

At lower states of dissociation, this essentially feels like an obvious but still difficult to pinpoint feeling of detachment from the external environment and body. The greatest analogy to depict this is that if we look at the world through a window during our day to day lives when a person becomes dissociated they are standing increasingly further back from this window proportionally to the dosage consumed. Creating a feeling of being mentally withdrawn from the environment, allowing people to look at their lives from an almost third person perspective and analyse it without bias, surprisingly resulting in an enjoyable state of deep introspection and a profound drunkenness. These states are often described by people as:
[[File:OtakQ.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
*Feeling generally separate from the external world.
*Feeling physically and mentally autonomous.
*Feeling as though life is being watched through a screen.
*Feeling as though life is a film or a dream.
*Feeling as though you are physically further from the external world.
*Feeling as though you are looking through somebody else’s eyes.

States of dissociation and detachment increase proportionally to dosage until they become completely detached from the external environment and eventually their own bodies causing them to slip into the famous dissociative hole.

A process which can be broken down into three distinct levels of increasing intensity.

1. '''Partial detachment'''

Feelings of surrealness and general detachment from the external environment. As described in detail above.
detachment from the environment.

As the detachment increases the environment becomes physically further away in distance and increasingly disconnected from a person's sensory perception. Blurred vision sets in while anaesthetic like effects and tactile numbness begin to take place. At this point, motor control and balance become moderately to completely suppressed in a way that is proportional to dosage. In terms of sound, the hearing also seems to become muffled and distant.

2. '''Detachment from body'''

Complete disconnection from the body. It is here where the tripper finds themselves out of their body has slipped into a what can only be described as a hallucinatory hole or an empty void.

3. '''Detachment from mind and sense of self'''

The final level of dissociation and detachment is a complete disconnection from a person's mind and sense of self-resulting in ego death. Giving the profound experience that there is no longer an “I” experiencing the intensity of the trip anymore, there is just the trip as it is and by itself.

In terms of the thought patterns and general mental processes, dissociative ego death is very similar to its psychedelic equivalent in a number of ways. Characterised by an extreme loss or failure of a person’s short term memory. This means that a person who is experiencing ego death cannot hold onto the memory of where they are and what they are doing for more than a second or two, instantly forgetting everything as soon as it happens to them. Long-term memory, however, seems to remain mostly intact, with people usually capable of remembering things like who they are and what they are unless they are experiencing ego death at a, particularly high level.

===Double vision===
[[File:Tumblr_mfv8dhHwqV1r7wwr6o1_1280.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
As a person begins to become disconnected and detached from their external environment. The visual field not only becomes blurred and indistinct but completely doubled onto itself as well. This feels as if you are seeing out of both of your eyes at once with the two images no longer being spliced and merged together into a unified whole. Forcing people to close one of their eyes if they want to perform any task which requires fine vision or reading.

===Perspective distortions===
[[File:Aliceinwonderlandsyndrome.png|200px|thumb|right]]
Another very common mental component of a classic dissociative trip is one of a profound shift in perspective; this generally consists of drastic changes in the size and distance attributed either to a person’s body or their external environment.

Feelings of suddenly having an impossibly giant or tiny body are very common and can be quite an incredible experience. This feeling is already known by the scientific literature as “Alice in Wonderland Syndrome”. It is known as a temporary condition often associated with migraines, brain tumors, and of course the use of psychoactive drugs. With dissociatives at least it can also be more specifically attributed to the room around you or certain body parts. For example feelings of having a huge head or tiny limbs are quite common. This specific mental component has limitless potential in terms of size and the feeling of being simultaneously huge and tiny or having a body that feels larger than the entire universe is not unheard of.

Perspective distortions can also affect distance, making specific objects or the entire external environment seem physically closer or further away.
Another common manifestation of this effect changes in noise volume, making sounds seem extremely quiet or extremely loud.

===Scenery slicing===
[[File:slice.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
Scenery slicing is a fairly uncommon visual but appears across multiple people and regularly enough to make it worth mentioning. This effect usually happens spontaneously with no obvious trigger and makes the external environment appear as if it has been cut remarkably cleanly into separate slices with a razor blade Which then slides across each other in separate directions causing the visual field to split apart into sections.

===Closed eye visuals===
[[File:Vusr5.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
Visuals are an effect triggered by Dissociatives that can be described as the sensation of a person’s field of closed eye vision being partially or completely encompassed by shifting geometric patterns, shapes, structures and colour. Whilst LSD and Mushrooms merely display visuals on a veil in front of your visual field with no sense of particular size attributed them. Dissociatives take you directly into the center of them as if they are surrounding you. They also have a sense of physical size attributed to them.

Dissociative visuals are more simplistic and less intricate than psychedelic visuals. They tend to be darker and slower in terms of how fast they change, only displaying themselves when the tripper has their eyes closed. Simply put, the visuals are more solid and realistic than psychedelic visuals with an actual sense of physical size and 3-Dimensional depth but never quite as detailed or complex.

===Spaces and holes===
The spaces and holes encountered on Dissociatives are something that is experienced once the detachment has reached level 3. When you have finally become completely disconnected from your physical body. Causing you to undergo an out of body experience and be pulled into a place that feels as if it is outside of reality.

A place that is commonly referenced to by the dissociative community as a hole. With drug specific manifestations of this state being known as “the K-hole” for Ketamine and the “M-hole” for MXE. Commonly described as a complete loss of bodily awareness and sensations of floating or falling through a dark and infinite void over great physical distances. Often done on what feels like some sort of invisible rail. A feeling that is interpreted by many people as flying through space or the night sky. With many trippers stating that they feel as though their perceptions are located so deep inside the mind that the real world seems so distant that it might as well not exist.

In terms of its appearance, a typical dissociative hole is usually completely dark with occasional clouds of slow moving amorphous colour clouds in the background. At their lowest level they are completely empty, but as dosage is increased they are accompanied by and filled with a wide variety of elaborate and complex structures which are described in detail below.

===Hallucinatory structures===
[[File:SI6XZ.png|200px|thumb|right]]
Dissociative induced hallucinatory structures are the only feature found within what would otherwise be completely empty spaces and holes. They can generally be described as 3-Dimensional and monolithic shapes or structures of infinite variety and size that float above, below or in front of you as they gradually zoom, rotate or pan into focus and become unveiled before your eyes at a slow pace. These structures can take any static comprehensible shape possible but can commonly be experienced as vast and giant pillars, columns, blocks, teardrops, wheels and pyramids. Often fractal in nature and capable of being manifested in any variety of colours but usually following darker themes and tones. In terms of the materials that they appear to be comprised of and the complexity of detail in which they are perceived in, dissociative structures can be broken into 4 basic levels.

'''1. 2-Dimensional Structures'''

The most basic level of structural complexity confines it’s geometry to strictly 2-Dimensional shapes. These shapes are usually very flat and dark in their colour and often “felt” instead of seen in a way that cannot be described adequately to the uninitiated. In terms of their size, these structures take up the entirety of a person's visual field but do not appear to have any particular size attributed to them.

'''2. Partially defined 3-Dimensional Structures'''

Above this, the structures become better defined and 3-Dimensional in shape with basic detail in their lighting and shadow. Appearing to be made of semi-transparent condensed colour or solidified shimmering visuals that are seen as ill-defined, soft and out of focus around their edges. In terms of size, these structures appear to be extremely large, stretching out across hundreds and hundreds of metres.

'''3. Fully defined 3-Dimensional Structures'''

Once hallucinatory structures reach their third level of complexity they become fully defined in their shape, edges, lighting, shadow and detail. Often appearing to be made of solid and dense realistic materials such as stone and metal. They are capable of being thousands of miles across themselves and extremely complex in form.

'''4. Self transforming mechanistic structural universes'''
[[File:WZah0.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
As dosage increases, the detail continues to complexity proportionally until the sensation of seeing the entire universe condensed into an infinitely vast and intricate self-transforming machine structure becomes present. Accompanied by the sudden realization that you are the structure that you are staring down upon and that the structure is also you. In terms of its appearance, this state is extremely hard to describe. The structure can take any form but usually appears to be consistently shaped machine-like structures or clouds that are infinite in size and felt at every point of detail across themselves. This is immediately interpreted through some sort of innate instinct as “the universe” or at least, “everything” by everybody who undergoes the experience.

Structures typically last anywhere from 30 seconds to several minutes before the person slips back into reality or into the presence of another structure. There are three different methods through which these hallucinatory structures are shifted between.

*'''Structural Transformations''' - structures can switch between each other by morphing around you in a static, comprehensible way. Something that usually unfolds in front of you in a rather slow, step by step morphing process.
*'''Structural Panning''' - structures can switch between each other by remaining completely static in their shape but simply panning out of view until they are no longer within your field of vision. It’s from here that another structure usually comes into view from behind your physical body within a few seconds to a couple of minutes. Allowing the cycle of continuous spontaneous structures to go on undisturbed.
*'''Travelling over great distances''' - The third method of transitioning is experienced when the structures appear to be stuck in place whilst you are floating silently between them over what feels like a huge and physical distance. This is often done on an invisible rail through the vast and infinite dissociative hole. A feeling that is interpreted by many people as flying through space or the night sky.

===Hallucinatory states===
Hallucinations and scenarios are only possible during very high dose trips and an intensely realistic component of the Dissociative experience. They could be anything but generally fall under common archetypes such as contact with autonomous entities, imagined landscapes, alternate dimensions, replayed memories and situations that seem so unlike anything previously experienced that they are in all probability, untranslatable into English. Starting out by following a feeling of detachment from the hallucination itself, for example watching autonomous people and entities going about their daily business oblivious to your existence, playing out as if it were a film. At higher doses of hallucinatory states they become increasingly involved, accessing distant memories from your past is also completely possible. Replayed memories can feel like weeks and weeks of real time hallucinations and are perfect in every detail.

In comparison to psychedelics, they are more solid and not made of a closed eye visual based material. The solidity and detachment from these scenarios are what separates them in my opinion from any entity contact or hallucinations experienced on drugs such as Mushrooms or LSD.

==Harm Reduction==

*Driving or operating machinery under the influence of dissociatives is strongly discouraged. Your spatial awareness is extremely limited, even when mildly intoxicated.
*On higher does coordination is imparted to the point that any movement should be as limited as possible. A safe environment without hazards is recommended (such as a bed). Most of the damage imparted by dissociatives are through users hurting themselves while attempting to move around while impaired.
*Nausea can happen on many dissociatives, usually directly after dosing - usually only if there are stomach contents. It is best to not eat for 3-4 hours before dosing.
*Dissociatives may be neurotoxic.<ref>http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.2660263</ref> Moderation is advised.
*Some dissociatives (such as ketamine) are known to have negative impacts on bladder health.<ref>http://www.hkmj.org/article_pdfs/hkm1002p6.pdf</ref>, and it is suspected in others.
*If using a new substance having a sober person available may limit the fallout from unexpected effects.
*Doctors usually prescribe Ativan (Lorazepam/Benzodiazepine) and Haldol (anti-psychotic) to treat overdoses.
*As always, contact emergency professionals if you think you are a danger to yourself or others.
* Excessive use or overdose of dissociatives has been known to cause muscle breakdown (or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis rhabdomyolysis]), which is a potentially fatal condition.

===Interactions===

It is generally unwise to mix CNS depressants, such as benzodiazepines or alcohol, as it increases the risk of an overdose through respiratory depression. Certain dissociatives also carry particular constraints in terms of interactions. See the [[Drug combinations]] chart for more information.

===Research Chemicals===

The dangers of research chemical dissociatives inherit many of the potential dangers of the more traditional dissociatives including overdose mania, muscle degradation etc and as with most well established dissociatives most of the new RCs carry a heavy risk of addiction. However, due to the new and unresearched nature of these drugs the thresholds at which these negative effects occur is relatively unknown. [[MXE]] was created with the express intent of reducing the risk of urinary tract damage through higher potency, users with a high tolerance to the drug will take large amounts of material to experience effects, and there is no information about how it differs from other dissociatives with respect to such damage.

As with some more well-established dissociatives, there is often a wide range of isomer configurations which lead to inconsistencies in effects from one batch to another.

It is fairly common practice for vendors to misrepresent their product in various ways. There have been batches of RC dissos released which have been found to contain chemicals left-over from manufacture. There have also been many anecdotes reporting incidents of batches being sold with other active cuts. Since these drugs are all very new there have been very few actual laboratory analysis reports on the exact content of various RC dissos, and as such there is a fair bit of speculation and misinformation circulating about all RCs. Furthermore vendors and manufacturers have been known to make exaggerated claims that have never been actually proven (for example, the theory that MXE will be less physically destructive than its cousin [[Ketamine]] originated from one of the first vendors to carry the product)

Consider the case of Methoxyphenidine, which was named as such and abbreviated as 'MXP' specifically to be marketed as an MXE replacement, where in reality MXP is closer to PCP than it is to MXE in chemical structure and effects.

See the [[Research Chemicals]] page for more information.

==Links==
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative

==References==

<references />

[[Category:Drug class]]

Hallucinogens

2017-05-10T00:12:20Z

Sleep: Fixed a fair amount of small grammatical/spelling errors.

[[File:Lsdpatterns.png|thumb|500px|An example of visual patterning experienced on LSD]]

There are a variety of visual effects caused by hallucinogens, which have only recently started to be categorised and described. Many of these effects are traditionally thought of as being solely the result of [[Psychedelics|Psychedelic]] use, however as part of the larger group of hallucinogens, which also include [[Deliriants]] and [[Dissociatives]], the effects described occur as components of the 'Psychedelic Experience,' which may also be triggered by non-psychedelics.

===Enhancement of Vision===
Enhancement of vision is an effect most consistently reported form of psychedelic hallucination, occurring even at smaller doses and regardless of the manner of visual stimuli. It can be generally defined as an overall increase in the level of visual input attributed to the external environment of a person experiences.

====Increased Visual Acuity====
Visual acuity is defined by the medical literature as acuteness or clearness of vision, which is dependent on the sharpness of the retinal focus within the eye and the sensitivity of the interpretative faculty of the brain.

The most commonly reported form of hallucination is a sharp increase in visual acuity which can be described as a new found ability to comprehend the entire visual field at once, including the peripheral vision. Instead of just being able to perceive the small area that a person's eye is currently focused on, which is the case normally. This results in the level of visual detail attributed to external the environment heightening to the point where the edges of objects become extremely well defined, sometimes making it appear as if all of the air has been pumped out of the room - leaving the environment extremely well-focused, clear and defined.

====Enhancement of Colour====
[[File:VIu6h.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Example of colour enhancement in a nature scene]]
Although this is one of the more basic visual effects, to be understood completely it needs to be experienced. During the onset of a trip, almost all people notice that colours start to stand out more, becoming extremely bright and vivid. Reds will seem “Redder”, Greens will seem “Greener” and all colours can become much more distinct, powerful and intense than they would be normally. A consistent way to reproduce this effect is in a natural environment, including many different colours with great detail.

====Enhanced Pattern Recognition====
[[File:UKSdk.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Colour enhancement and patterning on tree bark]]

Pattern recognition does not outright change the appearance of the external environment but is rather an effect of the level of detail is being seen in it. During even a mild trip it is common for people to suddenly notice patterns and textures that they may have never previously appreciated or paid any attention to previously. For example, when looking at a carpet, a pavement or tree bark the complexity and beauty of the texture suddenly becomes obvious.

A person’s sense of Pareidolia is also increased many times over - this is the brain's ability to recognise significant imagery (usually faces) in almost any vague stimuli. Common examples of this in day to day sober life include spotting faces in everyday objects and viewing clouds as fantastical objects. This is an innate ability of pattern recognition for human beings that is increased dramatically during a psychedelic experience. For example, every single leaf on a tree may look like many tiny green faces, scenery may look remarkably like people or objects and clouds might appear to be easily recognizable as fantastical objects.

===Distortions===
Distortions are generally described as open eye alterations and changes in perception attributed to the external environment. They are always obviously grounded in reality and gradually increase as a person stares but are completely non-permanent, meaning that they reset to normal once a person "double takes."

====Breathing====
Breathing is a very common place visual that can happen to any surface or object but is usually associated with the walls of a room. This effect makes objects appear to be steadily breathing in and out, expanding and contracting in the same way a person's chest does when they slowly inhale and exhale. A fairly consistent way to reproduce this visual is to stare at a blank wall and lose focus.
[[File:Animatedmelting.gif|300px|thumb|right|An animated example of colors breathing. Click to view gif.]]

====Flowing Textures====
Flowing, shifting, rippling or moving textures on surfaces are a strong visual effect that can happen to virtually anything in a number of different styles. A classic example of this, however, could be wood grain or carpets flowing like a river in a seamless and looped animation. A consistent way to reproduce this visual is to stare at wood grain and lose focus.

====Tracers====
Tracers are the simple experience of trails being left behind moving objects such as people, birds or cars. Tracers are usually very obvious and are similar in appearance to the same sort of trails found behind moving objects in long exposure photographs. Manifesting themselves as smooth trails or multiple layers of the same repeated image which progressively fades into the background with each repetition. The trails can be exactly the same colour as the moving object that is producing it or can sometimes be a randomly selected colour of its own. Usually floating in the air for approximately 2 – 3 seconds.

The deepest or most extreme form of this occurs generally on only high doses, wherein your entire visual field becomes encompassed by tracers - giving the appearance that your visual field is smudging into a huge indistinct blur every time you simply move your eyes.

A consistent way to reproduce this visual is to move your hand in front of your face or throw an object.

====Shifting Colours====
Quite often the colours of various objects, particularly brightly coloured out of place objects, will become subject to an effect that shifts and changes the colours through a repeated cycling of hues in a sort of strange fluid motion across its surface. For example, Moss on a rock could physically shift from green to red, to blue and then back to green again in a very short space of time.

====Melting====
It is not unusual to for objects and sceneries to be completely or partially melting. They begin at lower doses as a drifting of straight edges in the visual field. At higher doses, they become impossible to ignore with the lines, textures and colour between solid objects appearing to blend and morph into one another in an extremely liquid fashion. Often until the original object becomes completely unrecognisable. It is also common for objects to appear to be melting before your eyes despite never making any actual progress at the same time. This part of the effect needs to be experienced to be understood.

====Texture repetition====
This is yet another visual effect that applies to textures. Instead of simply distorting textures or making them more interesting it seems to completely replace them with often fantastical versions of themselves. Seemingly generated through the textures suddenly beginning to repeat into themselves in a symmetrical nature, revealing new, previously unseen images and patterns. A consistent way to produce this visual is to stare at rough surfaces such as grass, tarmac and gravel.

====Depth Perception Distortions====
It is very common to experience both extreme and subtle distortions in depth perception during a psychedelic experience. This is where the depths and layers of the scenery in front of you can become exaggerated, skewed or completely mixed up. A classic example of this is the swapping of layers in a scenery. This is where objects in the background come into the foreground and objects in the foreground get pushed into the background. Another example of skewed depth perception is a complete loss of it, when the different sections of a scenery both close up and far away will unify into one flat image momentarily.

An almost consistent way to reproduce this visual is by laying down under a tree and looking through the branches at the sky, consistently causing the sections of sky in between the branches to come into the foreground whilst the branches get pushed into the background.

====Scenery Slicing====
Scenery slicing is a fairly uncommon visual but appears across multiple people and regularly enough to make it worth mentioning. This effect usually happens spontaneously and makes the scenery appear as if it has been cut remarkably cleanly into separate slices with a razor blade. These separate slices can be as simple as 3 separate sections or as complex as multiple slices of a moving interlocking spiral that’s been cut into your field of vision.

===Psychedelic Visuals===
Psychedelic Visuals can be classified as visuals which encompass the visual field by fast moving geometric forms and are manifested in a wide variety of ways. They differ from the previously described visual effects in that they generally do not build from the surrounding environment, new forms are conceived.

Visuals can be described as the sensation of a person’s field of open and closed eye vision being partially or completely encompassed by fast-moving kaleidoscopic and indescribably complex geometric patterns, form constants, shapes, fractals, structures and colour. Common descriptions of visuals are generally along the lines of the geometry being fractal representations of repeating forms, embedded within each other. This geometry commonly includes vast and intricate form constants that among many other things, take the style of webs, grids, checkerboards, spirals and funnels in a huge variety of colours.

Fractals are an extremely common feature of psychedelic visuals. They are a concept which exists within mathematics and can be described as complex patterns that repeat infinitely into themselves allowing for the same self-similar image to be found no matter how far you zoom into any part of the image.

Psychedelic visuals generally never stand still at any point and are extremely fast changing in terms of their shape and style of themselves. This happens whilst they are naturally drifting laterally or radially across the visual field to create overlapping webs of many arising and decaying geometric patterns, all of which are visible within a single perceptual frame.

When experienced, visuals somehow have a deep sense of profoundness and importance attributed to them and feel as if they are perfectly fitting geometric representations of your current mind state. There are 5 different levels of psychedelic visuals, each one increasingly dramatic and incomprehensible.

'''Visual Noise''' – This is the most basic level of CEV’s and can be experienced in a completely sober state. It can be described as the random light and dark red regions that can be seen under the eyelids.

'''Light / Dark Flashes''' – This level is also easily obtainable without psychedelics and usually appears as regions of fleeting dark/light flashes of colour.

'''Patterns, Motion and Colour''' – Complex indescribable shapes and patterns begin to show themselves. Reaching a level of detail that is brightly coloured and very fractal-like. Only manifest themselves when a person is closing their eyes at first but eventually becoming laid across your field of vision as a flat translucent veil in front of your eyes.

'''3D Geometry''' – Visuals will become fully three dimensional and sprawled out across the surfaces, walls, objects and furniture of your environment instead of displaying themselves across a simple flat veil.

'''Overriding Physical Perception''' – CEV’s have become so intense, vivid and bright that they have begun to block out and replace the external world - the environment begins to be replaced by visuals, with objects and scenery transforming into sprawling masses of geometry. As this increases the environment eventually becomes completely replaced. Giving the sensation that you are breaking through into another reality.

'''Perceived oneness with the universe''' - The final and most profound level of visuals occurs when the environment has been completely replaced with visuals. As they reach their highest possible level, the mind feels as if every point within the brain has become completely interconnected with every other point. Leaving the tripper under the literal sensation of experiencing everything within the universe all at once. Something that can be described as an infinite sea of geometry, concepts and fractals that are always perceived to contain within it, all of the existence, all that there ever was and all that there ever will be. A vast ocean of mind that is not just seen in front of the eyes but physically felt through each of the senses in an incomprehensible level of detail across every point of itself. The experience is immediately perceived to be the “entire universe”, or at least “everything”.

At its lower levels, visuals will fluctuate wildly, pulling trippers in and out of the room in a fashion that many find extremely disorientating. Instead of remaining constant and static it is triggered by the experience of a concept. For example, if somebody were to say the word “internet” to a person who is currently in this state, they would see the mind's concept of the internet immediately manifested in a perfectly fitting geometric form. A form that quickly branches out from itself like some sort of ineffable spider diagram, enveloping the concepts which you associate with the internet and then branching out to include the concepts you associate with those. This spreads out exponentially and within 2 - 3 seconds, quickly grows in a sudden flash to include every single stored concept within the entire universe. Completely disconnecting the tripper from their external environment before re-stacking them back into the room, until something triggers the process again, usually immediately. Snapping trippers in and out of the room repeatedly as the process is triggered continuously. It can to a certain extent, however, be held at bay through continuous physical movement, stopping the process from branching out into everything by not giving it the time it needs to lock onto a concept.

As dosage is increased however the process becomes easier and easier to trigger whilst extending in length and duration. Eventually resulting in a stable state of complete disconnection from the external environment and a lasting sense of oneness with the universe.

== Hallucinatory states ==
The third sensory effect is perhaps the most profound subjective sensory effect that the psychedelic experience has to offer. Hallucinatory states are the fourth and final category of psychedelic hallucination. They are extremely varied in their intensity but eventually become full on 3D scenarios that feel completely realistic.

====Imagery====
Hallucinatory states, begin at lower doses as imagery embedded within the visuals. Which can be described as spontaneous moving or still scenes, objects, people, animals, concepts, places or anything you could possibly imagine. They are often formed out of visuals themselves and are displayed in varying levels of detail ranging from “cartoonish” in nature to completely realistic, rarely holding form for more than a few seconds before fading or shifting into another image.

On certain psychedelics, the imagery is manifested as an exact visual representation of whatever you are currently thinking about in your mind's eye, turning abstract ideas into a concrete image and completely limitless in its abilities. An experience which is also found by some people during hypnagogia (the state between awake and sleep) and is known by the scientific community as “auto-symbolism”.

====Transformations====
Psychedelic transformations are essentially open eye imagery. They are progressive in nature, which means they form by arising from patterns or objects, and then over a period of seconds drift, smooth, or lock into an entirely new appearance of still or animated objects, people, animals, concepts, places or anything you could possibly imagine. Usually enhanced by the separate visual effect of enhanced pattern recognition. Causing vague stimuli which already look vaguely like abstract concepts thanks to our inbuilt sense of pareidolia to transform into extremely detailed versions of what they were already perceived as.

The process of smoothing or locking which transformations seem to be fuelled by requires some minimal amount of focus and concentration to sustain. Losing concentration for an instant can cause the image to fade away or shift into another image. Holding the eyes still, will increase the intensity of progressive transformation.

====Hallucinations====
As these states of imagery become increasingly elaborate (proportional to dosage), they eventually become all encompassing fully-fledged 3D hallucinations. These could be anything but generally fall under common archetypes such as induced mystical states, contact with autonomous entities, imagined landscapes, spirit dimensions and situations that seem so unlike anything previously experienced that they are in all probability untranslatable into English. Hallucinations often feel extremely mystical, spiritual and religious in nature regardless of the trippers theistic beliefs and it’s not uncommon for people to report that high-level psychedelic hallucinations feel infinitely “more real” than anything the person has previously experienced.

Contact with autonomous entities are very common, these entities generally appear to be the inhabitants of a perceived independent reality. They are expectant of your appearance and enjoy interacting with them in various ways. The behaviour of a typical entity is one of a loving kind intelligence that simply wants to show you as much of their hyperdimensional space, bestowing specific pieces of knowledge upon you as quickly as possible before you begin to come down or slip into another hallucination. This is often done by directly manipulating what you can see and view; intentionally propelling trippers in different directions at disorienting speeds, forcing them to view or pass directly through macro and microscopic scale settings, including: planetary systems, galaxies, quasars, natural environments, space habitats, technological utopias, neurons, DNA, mitochondria, trilobites, cephalopods, bryozoa, and artificial self-replicating machines. Once the comedown inevitably begins to happen they are genuinely saddened by your disappearance, often wave goodbye and encourage you to visit more often.

Entities can literally take any form but common subconscious archetypes are definitely present and contact with bodiless super intelligent Humanoids, Aliens, Elves, Giant Spheres, Insectoids, Beings of Light, Plants and Robotic Machines are common.

These creatures and entities are comprised of a non-physical psychedelic visual based material. Communicating with trippers via a combination of telepathy, visual linguistics, mathematics and morphing coloured structures of different textures. This complex visual language is capable of expressing pure meaning in a way that our current system of small mouth noises will never be able to become close to matching.

Lower levels of simple entity contact can be described as a sensed presence of “The Other” that is clearly there but unable to fully manifest itself and communicate with you due to too low of a dosage.

===Miscellaneous, unique and rare visual effects===
The psychedelic experience is still a subjective experience and not by any means confined and limited to these visual components. As occasionally, just occasionally rare and one time only visual effects seep their way into the trips. These effects can be anything and usually occur at higher doses. Unique visual effects are completely personal to you and something that nobody else on the planet has ever seen before or will ever likely get to experience again.

[[Category:Guides]]

List of staff and their roles

2017-05-10T00:05:08Z

Sleep:

If your name is on this list, feel free to add to your duties, responsibilities, and how you are contributing to the network or would like to contribute to the network!

If you wish to become part of the TripSit staff, please fill out an [[application]] and send it to a staff member (~staff application).

== Staff List ==

=== Administrators ===
* reality
* Teknos

=== Sysops ===
* Physical
* toasterlizard

=== Moderators ===
* aesirus
* Bjorn Bjornsen
* ghost
* jimmycarr
* RecursiveGecko
* Rubote
* Saga
* Sleep
* Scritch

=== Tripsitters ===
* Crystal
* Itchy_Robot
* Manele
* PhilosophicalDuck
* Sykonaut
* TinFoil

===Editors===
* trees

===Contributors===
* cyrilio
* Dread
* Xibeca

=== Bots ===
* thanatos - The IRC bot that loves to beep and go through logs!
* tob - CustaiCo's eggdrop for finding content via web services
* tripbot - The IRC bot you've come to know and love

=== VIP's and Special Exceptions ===
* Borax - Mod of [http://www.reddit.com/r/drugs /r/drugs] and drug knowledge consultant
* Bryce - Our [http://www.maps.org MAPS] partner
* Klafka - Our [http://dancesafe.org DanceSafe] partner

== Organisational Structure ==

Aside from primary staff positions, we organise ourselves based on a tree.

=== Concepts ===

====Trunk====
*Base of the team, responsible for making sure everything is running okay.
*reality, Teknos

====Branches====
*"Projects" or "teams" that work on their own objectives.
*Branch leaders report to admins on the status of projects and direct their team (leaves) on how to proceed.

====Leaves====
*Staff who work on projects with their branch leaders.

=== Branches and their Point of Contacts ===

====tripbot Branch====
*Branch Leader: reality
*Description: Enhancing tripbot's code to better serve TripSit.
*Resources: [http://github.com/reality/dbot dbot], [https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/List_of_IRC_bot_commands commands], [http://tripbot.tripsit.me/ web interface].

====TripSit App Branch====
*Branch Leader: Jimmycarr
*Description: Developing and maintaining the [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=me.tripsit.tripmobile TripSit app].
*Resources: #content

====Radio Branch====
*Branch Leader: Physical
*Description: Run the music community on TripSit. Manage TripSit.FM.
*Resources: [http://radio.tripsit.me TripSit Radio], #music.

====Steam Branch====
*Branch Leader: Teknos
*Description: Steam Game Group.
*Resources: [http://steamcommunity.com/groups/tripsit Steam Group], #gaming.

====TripSit Department of Psychonautical Informatics====
*Branch Leader: reality
*Description: Continuing to update our Wiki and other resources to include useful harm reduction information for the world.
*Resources: [http://wiki.tripsit.me Wiki], [http://tripbot.tripsit.me/factsheet Factsheets].

====Department of Psychonautics====
*Branch leader: Teknos
*Description: Getting attention to our network from the Psychonaut community.
*Resources: #psychonaut.

[[Category:TripSit]]

PCP

2017-05-09T02:17:42Z

Sleep:

[[File:Pcp.jpg|right]]

'''PCP''' is a powerful dissociative. The acronym PCP stems from its organic name 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl) piperidine, which alludes to its relatively simple production from the arylcyclohexylamine piperidine. It is best known for stories of the strange and sometimes violent behavior of people under its influence. However, studies by the Drug Abuse Warning Network in the 1970s show that media reports of PCP-induced violence are greatly exaggerated and that incidents of violence are unusual and often (but not always) limited to individuals with reputations for aggression regardless of drug use. It has been implicated as a major cause of psychiatric decompensation and has a number of clinical syndromes described in the literature. In addition, PCP has been shown to cause significant medical morbidity and mortality. It is found in a variety of forms including crystals/powder, tablets, and liquid. Recently PCP seems to be available on the underground market most commonly in form of cannabis joints, regular cigarettes or cannabis leaf which are dipped in liquid PCP, and usually marketed as something else, seldom as 'PCP'.

== History ==

Phencyclidine was first synthesized in 1926. In 1956 it was approved as an anaesthetic for animals (Sernylan), and in 1963 for humans (Sernyl) in Germany. However, due to hallucinations experienced by patients under its influence, it was already removed from the market in 1965. In 1967 PCP first appeared at music festivals in the US. Like ketamine, PCP was formerly used as a pre-induction anaesthetic and animal tranquillizer, hence it has street eponyms such as “horse tranquillizer", ”hog”, and “elephant”.

== Dosage ==

Note: 20 mg may put an individual into a comatose state, and 70 mg may induce seizures.

{{#tdose: pcp }}

== Duration ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Smoked
|-
| Onset || 2-20 minutes
|-
| Duration || 4-6 hours
|-
| After-effects || Up to 24 hours
|}

== Effects ==

Behavioural effects can vary by dosage. Low doses produce a numbness in the extremities and intoxication, characterised by staggering, unsteady gait, slurred speech, bloodshot eyes, and loss of balance. Moderate doses (5–10 mg intranasal, or 0.01–0.02 mg/kg intramuscular or intravenous) will produce analgesia and anaesthesia. High doses may lead to convulsions. Users frequently do not know how much of the drug they are taking due to its potency and tendency of the drug to be made illegally in uncontrolled conditions.

Psychological effects include severe changes in body image, loss of ego boundaries, paranoia and depersonalization. Hallucinations, euphoria, and suicidal impulses are also reported, as well as occasional aggressive behavior. Like many other drugs, phencyclidine has been known to alter mood states in an unpredictable fashion, causing some individuals to become detached, and others to become animated. PCP may induce feelings of strength, power, and invulnerability as well as a numbing effect on the mind.

=== Postive ===

* Increase in energy

* Euphoria

* Pleasant mental and/or body high

* Disconnected thoughts

* Sense of calm

* Increased sociability, loss of inhibitions

* Closed- and open-eye visuals

* Shifts in perception of reality

* Improvement in charisma

* Can improve depression

=== Neutral ===

* Increased salivation

* Change in body temperature regulation, sweating

* Increased heart rate (lower doses)

* Altered time perception

* Disrupted speech patterns

* Analgesia (decreased pain awareness) and numbness

* Feelings of invulnerability

* Distorted sensory perceptions, hallucinations

* Unusual and unpredictable behavior

* Mild to moderate dissociation (common)

* Confusion, disorientation (common)

* Nystagmus (rhythmic eye movement)

=== Negative ===

* Disturbing hallucinations and/or delusions

* Severe anxiety, paranoia

* Severe dissociation, depersonalization

* Ataxia (loss of motor coordination)

* Severe confusion, disorganised thinking

* Psychotic episodes

* Physical aggression

* Nausea, vomiting

* Temporary amnesia

* Severe distortion or loss of auditory/visual perception

* Decreased heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration (high doses)

* Seizures (high doses)

* Hangover including dizziness, numbness and lethargy; may last 24 hours or more

* Coma (high doses, increased risk when combined with depressants)

* Possible neurotoxicity (controversial)

*Increase in body temperature, leading to dehydration and users to remove clothes

*Potential for violence or unpredictable behavior

== Harm Reduction ==

If you think you are overdosing on PCP, please seek emergency medical attention immediately.

* At an Emergency Room. , Doctors usually provide a [https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/Benzodiazepines benzodiazepine] or Phenobarbital and between 1-10mg Haloperidol (anti-psychotic) to combat PCP overdoses and violent or unpredictable behavior.

* Do not drive or operate heavy machinery.

* Avoid walking or moving in general if possible.

* Always experiment with drugs with a sober friend in a safe place. Start low, increase until the desired effect.

* A full stomach may lead to nausea; consider fasting 3-4+ hours before usage.

See [[Dissociatives#Harm_Reduction|Dissociative Harm Reduction]] for general information.

=== Potentiators ===

* Alchohol

* Benzodiazepines

=== Interactions ===

* Acts as a Central Nervous System depressant. Interacts negatively with the above potentiators

== Chemistry and Pharmacology ==

In chemical structure, PCP is an arylcyclohexylamine derivative, and, in pharmacology, it is a member of the family of dissociative anaesthetics. PCP works primarily as a NMDA receptor antagonist, which blocks the activity of the NMDA receptor and, like most anti-glutamatergic hallucinogens, is significantly more dangerous than other categories of hallucinogens.

The clinical picture may wax and wane between extreme agitation and sedation because PCP can produce CNS stimulation and depression through its different clinical effects in the CNS. With increasing concentrations, the drug binds to NMDA receptors, acts as a monoamine reuptake inhibitor, stimulates σ-opioid receptors, as well as nicotinic, muscarinic and GABA receptors.

There are more than 125 known derivates of PCP.

== Legal status ==

PCP is Schedule II in the United States. This means it is illegal to sell without a DEA license and illegal to buy or possess without a license or prescription.

It is also banned in the UK, Germany, Poland, Canada and New Zealand.

== Links ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phencyclidine Wikipedia ]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olney%27s_lesions Olney's lesions]

[https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/pcp/ Erowid]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22970762 Use of haloperidol in PCP-intoxicated individuals.]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2859735/ Phencyclidine Intoxication and Adverse Effects: A Clinical and Pharmacological Review of an Illicit Drug]

[[Category:Drugs]]

[[Category:Dissociative]]

PCP

2017-05-09T01:54:12Z

Sleep: Fixed a fair amount of small grammatical/spelling errors. Also changed "Lorazepam" to "a benzodiazepine" under Harm reduction.

[[File:Pcp.jpg|right]]

'''PCP''' is a powerful dissociative. The acronym PCP stems from its organic name 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl) piperidine, which alludes to its relatively simple production from the arylcyclohexylamine piperidine. It is best known for stories of the strange and sometimes violent behavior of people under its influence. However, studies by the Drug Abuse Warning Network in the 1970s show that media reports of PCP-induced violence are greatly exaggerated and that incidents of violence are unusual and often (but not always) limited to individuals with reputations for aggression regardless of drug use. It has been implicated as a major cause of psychiatric decompensation and has a number of clinical syndromes described in the literature. In addition, PCP has been shown to cause significant medical morbidity and mortality. It is found in a variety of forms including crystals/powder, tablets, and liquid. Recently PCP seems to be available on the underground market most commonly in form of cannabis joints, regular cigarettes or cannabis leaf which are dipped in liquid PCP, and usually marketed as something else, seldom as 'PCP'.

== History ==

Phencyclidine was first synthesized in 1926. In 1956 it was approved as an anaesthetic for animals (Sernylan), and in 1963 for humans (Sernyl) in Germany. However, due to hallucinations experienced by patients under its influence, it was already removed from the market in 1965. In 1967 PCP first appeared at music festivals in the US. Like ketamine, PCP was formerly used as a pre-induction anaesthetic and animal tranquillizer, hence it has street eponyms such as “horse tranquillizer", ”hog”, and “elephant”.

== Dosage ==

Note: 20 mg may put an individual into a comatose state, and 70 mg may induce seizures.

{{#tdose: pcp }}

== Duration ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Smoked
|-
| Onset || 2-20 minutes
|-
| Duration || 4-6 hours
|-
| After-effects || Up to 24 hours
|}

== Effects ==

Behavioural effects can vary by dosage. Low doses produce a numbness in the extremities and intoxication, characterised by staggering, unsteady gait, slurred speech, bloodshot eyes, and loss of balance. Moderate doses (5–10 mg intranasal, or 0.01–0.02 mg/kg intramuscular or intravenous) will produce analgesia and anaesthesia. High doses may lead to convulsions. Users frequently do not know how much of the drug they are taking due to its potency and tendency of the drug to be made illegally in uncontrolled conditions.

Psychological effects include severe changes in body image, loss of ego boundaries, paranoia and depersonalization. Hallucinations, euphoria, and suicidal impulses are also reported, as well as occasional aggressive behavior. Like many other drugs, phencyclidine has been known to alter mood states in an unpredictable fashion, causing some individuals to become detached, and others to become animated. PCP may induce feelings of strength, power, and invulnerability as well as a numbing effect on the mind.

=== Postive ===

* Increase in energy

* Euphoria

* Pleasant mental and/or body high

* Disconnected thoughts

* Sense of calm

* Increased sociability, loss of inhibitions

* Closed- and open-eye visuals

* Shifts in perception of reality

* Improvement in charisma

* Can improve depression

=== Neutral ===

* Increased salivation

* Change in body temperature regulation, sweating

* Increased heart rate (lower doses)

* Altered time perception

* Disrupted speech patterns

* Analgesia (decreased pain awareness) and numbness

* Feelings of invulnerability

* Distorted sensory perceptions, hallucinations

* Unusual and unpredictable behavior

* Mild to moderate dissociation (common)

* Confusion, disorientation (common)

* Nystagmus (rhythmic eye movement)

=== Negative ===

* Disturbing hallucinations and/or delusions

* Severe anxiety, paranoia

* Severe dissociation, depersonalization

* Ataxia (loss of motor coordination)

* Severe confusion, disorganised thinking

* Psychotic episodes

* Physical aggression

* Nausea, vomiting

* Temporary amnesia

* Severe distortion or loss of auditory/visual perception

* Decreased heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration (high doses)

* Seizures (high doses)

* Hangover including dizziness, numbness and lethargy; may last 24 hours or more

* Coma (high doses, increased risk when combined with depressants)

* Possible neurotoxicity (controversial)

*Increase in body temperature, leading to dehydration and users to remove clothes

*Potential for violence or unpredictable behavior

== Harm Reduction ==

If you think you are overdosing on PCP, please seek emergency medical attention immediately.

* At an Emergency Room. , Doctors usually provide a [https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/Benzodiazepines benzodiazepine] and between 1-10mg Haloperidol (anti-psychotic) to combat PCP overdoses and violent or unpredictable behavior.

* Do not drive or operate heavy machinery.

* Avoid walking or moving in general if possible.

* Always experiment with drugs with a sober friend in a safe place. Start low, increase until the desired effect.

* A full stomach may lead to nausea; consider fasting 3-4+ hours before usage.

See [[Dissociatives#Harm_Reduction|Dissociative Harm Reduction]] for general information.

=== Potentiators ===

* Alchohol

* Benzodiazepines

=== Interactions ===

* Acts as a Central Nervous System depressant. Interacts negatively with the above potentiators

== Chemistry and Pharmacology ==

In chemical structure, PCP is an arylcyclohexylamine derivative, and, in pharmacology, it is a member of the family of dissociative anaesthetics. PCP works primarily as a NMDA receptor antagonist, which blocks the activity of the NMDA receptor and, like most anti-glutamatergic hallucinogens, is significantly more dangerous than other categories of hallucinogens.

The clinical picture may wax and wane between extreme agitation and sedation because PCP can produce CNS stimulation and depression through its different clinical effects in the CNS. With increasing concentrations, the drug binds to NMDA receptors, acts as a monoamine reuptake inhibitor, stimulates σ-opioid receptors, as well as nicotinic, muscarinic and GABA receptors.

There are more than 125 known derivates of PCP.

== Legal status ==

PCP is Schedule II in the United States. This means it is illegal to sell without a DEA license and illegal to buy or possess without a license or prescription.

It is also banned in the UK, Germany, Poland, Canada and New Zealand.

== Links ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phencyclidine Wikipedia ]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olney%27s_lesions Olney's lesions]

[https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/pcp/ Erowid]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22970762 Use of haloperidol in PCP-intoxicated individuals.]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2859735/ Phencyclidine Intoxication and Adverse Effects: A Clinical and Pharmacological Review of an Illicit Drug]

[[Category:Drugs]]

[[Category:Dissociative]]

List of staff and their roles

2017-05-07T01:30:31Z

Sleep:

If your name is on this list, feel free to add to your duties, responsibilities, and how you are contributing to the network or would like to contribute to the network!

If you wish to become part of the TripSit staff, please fill out an [[application]] and send it to a staff member (~staff application).

== Staff List ==

=== Administrators ===
* reality
* Teknos

=== Sysops ===
* Physical
* toasterlizard

=== Moderators ===
* aesirus
* Bjorn Bjornsen
* ghost
* jimmycarr
* RecursiveGecko
* Rubote
* Saga
* Sleep
* Scritch

=== Tripsitters ===
* Crystal
* Itchy_Robot
* Manele
* PhilosophicalDuck
* Sykonaut
* TinFoil

===Editors===
* Stevowitz
* trees

===Contributors===
* cyrilio
* Dread
* Xibeca

=== Bots ===
* thanatos - The IRC bot that loves to beep and go through logs!
* tob - CustaiCo's eggdrop for finding content via web services
* tripbot - The IRC bot you've come to know and love

=== VIP's and Special Exceptions ===
* Borax - Mod of [http://www.reddit.com/r/drugs /r/drugs] and drug knowledge consultant
* Bryce - Our [http://www.maps.org MAPS] partner
* Klafka - Our [http://dancesafe.org DanceSafe] partner

== Organisational Structure ==

Aside from primary staff positions, we organise ourselves based on a tree.

=== Concepts ===

====Trunk====
*Base of the team, responsible for making sure everything is running okay.
*reality, Teknos

====Branches====
*"Projects" or "teams" that work on their own objectives.
*Branch leaders report to admins on status of projects and direct their team (leaves) on how to proceed.

====Leaves====
*Staff who work on projects with their branch leaders.

=== Branches and their Point of Contacts ===

====tripbot Branch====
*Branch Leader: reality
*Description: Enhancing tripbot's code to better serve TripSit.
*Resources: [http://github.com/reality/dbot dbot], [https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/List_of_IRC_bot_commands commands], [http://tripbot.tripsit.me/ web interface].

====TripSit App Branch====
*Branch Leader: Jimmycarr
*Description: Developing and maintaining the [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=me.tripsit.tripmobile TripSit app].
*Resources: #content

====Radio Branch====
*Branch Leader: Physical
*Description: Run the music community on TripSit. Manage TripSit.FM.
*Resources: [http://radio.tripsit.me TripSit Radio], #music.

====Steam Branch====
*Branch Leader: Teknos
*Description: Steam Game Group.
*Resources: [http://steamcommunity.com/groups/tripsit Steam Group], #gaming.

====TripSit Department of Psychonautical Informatics====
*Branch Leader: reality
*Description: Continuing to update our Wiki and other resources to include useful harm reduction information for the world.
*Resources: [http://wiki.tripsit.me Wiki], [http://tripbot.tripsit.me/factsheet Factsheets].

====Department of Psychonautics====
*Branch leader: Teknos
*Description: Getting attention to our network from the Psychonaut community.
*Resources: #psychonaut.

[[Category:TripSit]]

Opioids

2017-04-09T03:56:42Z

Sleep: Starting this chart. Not close to finished.

[[File:Papaver_somniferum.jpg|250px|right|Close-up color photo of a Papaver somniferum pod]]

Opiates and opioids are classes of depressant analgesics derived from or chemically similar to substances found in Papaver somniferum, the opium poppy. They include both naturally occurring and synthetic substances. The term opiate is often used interchangeably for opioid. Opiate is limited to the natural alkaloids found in the resin of the poppy. Opioid refers to both opiates and synthetic substances as well as opioid peptides. The analgesic effect of opioids are due to decreased perception of pain, decreased reaction to pain as well as increased pain tolerance. They can also be used as for their antitussive properties.

= Dosage =

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of Opioids
! Chemical name (Activity noted past Delta/Kappa/mu/Nociceptin/Zeta)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Morphine (Oral)
|-
| Dextropropoxyphene
| 6-12 hours [30-36 hours]
| 130-200mg
|-
| [[Codeine|Codeine]]
| 2.5-3 hours
| 66.67-125mg
|-
| Tramadol (SNRI)
| 6-8.8 hours
| 66.67-125mg
|-
| Tilidine
| 3-5 hours
| 50mg
|-
| Dihydrocodeine
| 50mg
| ~4 hours
|}

= Common opioids =

*[[Codeine]]

*[[Heroin]]

*[[Hydrocodone]]

*[[Hydromorphone]]

*[[Methadone]]

*[[Oxycodone]]

*[[Oxymorphone]]

*[[Tramadol]]

= History =

Opioids are among the world's oldest known drugs; the therapeutic use of the opium poppy predates recorded history. Excavations of the remains of neolithic settlements in Switzerland (the Cortaillod culture, 3200-2600 B.C.), have shown that Papaver was already being cultivated then; perhaps for the food value in the seeds (45% oil), which we know as poppy seeds. The slightly narcotic property of this plant was undoubtedly already known then.

[[Opium]] contains a considerable number of different substances, and in the nineteenth century these were isolated. In 1806 Friedrich Serturner was the first to extract one of these substances in its pure form. He called morphine after Morpheus, the Greek god of sleep. Codeine (Robiquet, 1832) and papaverine (Merck, 1848) followed. These pure substances supplanted the use of raw opium for medical purposes. Like opium they were frequently used as painkillers and as anti-diarrheal. The invention of the hypodermic needle in the mid-nineteenth century lead to widespread use of morphine intravenously as a painkiller and recreational drug.

= Effects =

All opiate drugs have similar effects. At low doses they relieve pain and anxiety, and if the dose is increased, they produce a sedative effect.The analgesic (painkiller) effects of opioids are due to decreased perception of pain, decreased reaction to pain as well as increased pain tolerance. Opioids can cause cough suppression, which can be both an indication for opioid administration or an unintended side effect.

Opiates influence the pupils: they contract (miosis). This is an extremely reliable signal of opiate use. Besides this, when suffocation occurs (as a result of respiratory inhibition) in the case of an overdose, the pupils dilate (mydriasis).

The most striking quality of painkilling effect of opiates is that it has virtually no effect whatever on the other sensory perceptions, consciousness or the motor functions. All other substances with a painkilling effect, such as laughing gas, alcohol, ether and barbiturates also have, in an effective dose, a definate effect on consciousness, motor coordination, the intellect and emotional control. The drowsiness which can be caused by opiates is experienced only at high dosage.

Opiates are affecting respiratory center. Both frequency and the depth of breathing is reduced. In the case of overdose, respiration can come to a complete halt resulting in death.

Dependence is characterised by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms that occur if opioid use is abruptly discontinued. The withdrawal symptoms for opiates include severe dysphoria, craving for another opiate dose, irritability, sweating, nausea, rhinorrea, tremor, vomiting and myalgia.

== Positive ==

*Euphoria

*Analgesic effect

*Pain relief

== Neutral ==

*Itching

== Negative ==

*Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (More sensitive to pain after stopping the use)

*Nausea

*Vomiting

*Constipation

*Respiratory depression

= Addiction =

Opiates also give us the classical model of addiction. Used regularly, they produce tolerance - a need to continue increasing the dose in order to get the same effect, and stopping after repeated use produces withdrawal symptoms that can reinforce the addiction - physical discomfort and a mental craving for the drug, driving the user to continue taking the drug despite negative consequences of behavior.

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =

An opioid is any psychoactive chemical that resembles an opiate in its pharmacological effects. They work by binding to the opioid receptors (Delta, Kappa, Mu) Which are found in the Central/Peripheral nervous system and in the GI tract.

= Harm Reduction =

Avoid driving on higher doses.

Opioid analgesics do not cause any specific organ toxicity, unlike many other drugs, such as aspirin and acetaminophen. They are not associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding and renal toxicity, however people seeking codeine experiences from medications that contain acetaminophen (paracetamol) may be putting themselves at risk for acetaminophen-related complications such as liver damage. In the case of Acetaminophen and aspirin containing medications, [[Cold Water Extraction]] is useful to reduce the amount of non opioid analgesics ingested

If possible, having Naloxone available (especially when dealing with high doses) is a good idea. Naloxone is a pure opioid antagonist, which means it reverses the effects of opiate drugs and can reverse overdose symptoms.

Some users have noted that following the "3 day rule" prevents chemical dependency with some opioids, meaning that using no more than 3 days in a row. (this has no medical basis however, and should be taken as only a guideline at best)

When preparing IV solutions for injection of street drugs, a wheel filter (micron filter) is essential for reducing particulate matter in the solution, as well as using sterile needles, and clean distilled water. Never re-use injection equipment

== Interactions ==

Don't mix any of the class with any other CNS [[Depressants]] as it increases the risk of an overdose, and respiratory depression.

[[Tramadol]] and [[Meperidine]] are affecting serotonin levels in the brain, and might cause Serotonin Syndrome with some combinations. Check [[Drug Combinations]] for more information.

==Research Chemicals==

Respiratory depression is one of the very common side effects with this class, and puts users at a high risk of overdose. With research chemicals, this is a particular issue since there are some substances being openly sold for which a single microgram can be the difference between life and death. With the emerging research chemical market for opioids, most have been explored in-vivo (outside of a human) and also in-vitro (in human) - though there are some exceptions (e.g. W-18/Acryl-Fentanyl).

It's suggested to start at the lowest possible dose; in the case of W-18, animal testing has shown it to be around 10,000x the potency of Morphine. So the logical way to start is either to volumetrically dose, or use a precise scale with a +/- microgram amount. Titrating up to an active dose on this class might be the most difficult, due to the massively steep dosage curves.

See the [[Research Chemicals]] page for more information.

= Links =

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiod Wikipedia]

[https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/opiates/ Erowid]

[http://www.drugtext.org/sub/opiat1.html drugtext]

[[Category:Drug class]]

Benzodiazepines

2017-04-09T03:32:00Z

Sleep: Added sortable to the Z-drugs.

[[File:Xanax.jpg|thumb|250px|Alprazolam pills and prescription bottle]]

Benzodiazepines are drugs which act upon the GABA(A) receptor, and produce a general set of effects which vary by compound, mostly being sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant. The first benzodiazepine, Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which has also marketed diazepam (Valium) since 1963.

= Dosage =

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of benzodiazepines
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| [[Alprazolam|Alprazolam (Xanax)]]
| 6 - 12 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Bromazepam (Lexotan, Lexomil)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 5 - 6 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Brotizolam (Lendormin)
| 2 - 6 hours
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Chlordazepoxide (Librium)
| 5 - 30 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 25 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clobazam (Frisium, Urbanol)
| 12 - 60 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clonazepam (Klonopin)
| 18 - 50 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clorazepate (Tranxene)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| [[Diazepam|Diazepam (Valium)]]
| 20 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diclazepam (Ro5-3448)
| ~42 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Estazolam (ProSom, Nuctalon)
| 10 - 24 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Etizolam|Etizolam (Etilaam, Etizola, Etizest, Depas)]]
| 4-12 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Flubromazepam
| 106 hours
| 6 - 8 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flubromazolam
| Long
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Flunitrazepam|Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)]]
| 18 - 26 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 1 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flutoprazepam (Restas)
| 60 - 90 hours
| ~2.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flurazepam (Dalmane)
| [40 - 250 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Halazepam (Paxipam)
| [30 - 100 hours]
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Ketazolam (Anseren)
| 30 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Loprazolam (Dormonoct)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Lorazepam (Ativan)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 1 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Lormetazepam (Noctamid)
| 10 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Midazolam (Dormicum)
| 1.6 - 8.3 hours
| 3.34mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Medazepam (Nobrium)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Nitrazepam (Mogadon)
| 15 - 38 hours
| 10 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Nordazepam (Nordaz)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Oxazepam (Serax)
| 4 - 15 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Phenazepam
| 60 hours
| ~1 mg.
| Hypnotic
|-
| Prazepam (Centrax)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 - 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Pyrazolam
| Short
| .83 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Quazepam (Doral)
| 25 - 100 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Temazepam (Restoril)
| 8 - 22 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Triazolam (Halcion)
| 2 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Non-benzodiazepines commonly referred to as Z-drugs
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Zaleplon (Sonata)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Zolpidem|Zolpidem (Ambien)]]
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zopiclone (Imovane)
| 5 - 6 hours
| 15 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
| 6 hours
| 3 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

= Effects =
== Positive ==

* Anti-Anxiety
* Sedative
* Muscle relaxant

== Negative ==

* High addiction potential
* Withdrawls can be fatal
* Risk of blackout
* Inability to drink
* Inability to drive
* Loss of balance
* Memory Loss
* Procrastination
* "Hangover"
* Long term effects
* High addiction potential

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

* Addiction potential - High

* Risk of blackouts

* Risk of death when mixed with alcohol or other drugs. '''An extremely high percentage of drug-related deaths are due to mixing benzos with other drugs, especially opiates and alcohol.'''

* Mental illness

* Heart issues

* CNS depressant when mixed with other drugs

== Research Chemicals ==

The main danger of the drugs in this class is the risk of blacking out or overdosing by mixing it with other CNS depressants.

Most of the research chemicals from this class are usually active under 10mg's. The best course of action with these substances is putting X amount of active chemical into X amount of your solvent of choice (Such as Propylene-Glycol or Ethanol) And using an oral syringe to get the dose you want. Granted a fair amount are sold are either in presses or on blotter.

See the [[Research Chemicals]] page for more information.

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
The term benzodiazepine is the chemical name for the heterocyclic ring system, which is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems. Under Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature, a diazepine is a heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms, five carbon atom and the maximum possible number of cumulative double bonds. The "benzo" prefix indicates the benzene ring fused onto the diazepine ring.
Benzodiazepine drugs are substituted 1,4-benzodiazepines, although the chemical term can refer to many other compounds that do not have useful pharmacological properties. Different benzodiazepine drugs have different side groups attached to this central structure. The different side groups affect the binding of the molecule to the GABAA receptor and so modulate the pharmacological properties. Many of the pharmacologically active "classical" benzodiazepine drugs contain the 5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one substructure.
Nonbenzodiazepines also bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA(A) receptor and possess similar pharmacological properties. While the nonbenzodiazepines are by definition structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines, both classes of drugs possess a common pharmacophore , which explains their binding to a common receptor site

[[File:benzo.png|500px]]

* 2-keto compounds:
::Chlordiazepoxide, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Flurazepam, Halazepam, Prazepam, and others.
* 3-hydroxy compounds:
::Lorazepam, Lormetazepam,Oxazepam, Temazepam
* 7-nitro compounds:
::Clonazepam, Flunitrazepam, Nimetazepam, Nitrazepam
* Triazolo compounds:
::Adinazolam, Alprazolam, Estazolam, Triazolam
* Imidazo compounds
::Climazolam, Loprazolam, Midazolam

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
Image:Xanax.jpg|''(Purepac) alprazolam pills and prescription bottle''
Image:Alprazolam_solution.jpg|''Alprazolam solved in propylene glycol''
Image:Alpraz.jpg|''.5mg (Qualitest) alprazolam pills''
Image:Ativan.png|''Lorazepam (Ativan) pill''
</gallery>

= Links =
http://www.dr-bob.org/tips/bzd.html

[http://tripsit.me/history-of-etizolam History of Etizolam on Tripsit.me]

= Sources =

Madsen U, Bräuner-Osborne H, Greenwood JR, Johansen TN, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Liljefors T, Nielsen M, Frølund B (2005). "GABA and Glutamate receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential in CNS disorders". In Gad SC. Drug Discovery Handbook. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience/J. Wiley. pp. 797–907. ISBN 0-471-21384-5.
^ a b Panico, R.; Powell, W. H.; Richer, J. C., eds. (1993). A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds. IUPAC/Blackwell Science. pp. 40–3. ISBN 0-632-03488-2.; Moss GP (1998). "Nomenclature of fused and bridged fused ring systems (IUPAC Recommendations 1998)". Pure Appl Chem 70 (1): 143–216. doi:10.1351/pac199870010143.
Olsen RW, Betz H (2006). "GABA and glycine". In Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Brady S, Price DD (eds.). Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects (7th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 291–302. ISBN 0-12-088397-X.
Shorter E (2005). "Benzodiazepines". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–2. ISBN 0-19-517668-5.
Zavala F (1997). "Benzodiazepines, anxiety and immunity". Pharmacol Ther 75 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00055-7. PMID 9504140.
Narimatsu E, Niiya T, Kawamata M, Namiki A (2006). "[The mechanisms of depression by benzodiazepines, barbiturates and propofol of excitatory synaptic transmissions mediated by adenosine neuromodulation]". Masui (in Japanese) 55 (6): 684–91. PMID 16780077.
Juergens, MD, Steven M. "Understanding Benzodiazepines". California Society of Addiction Medicine. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Carlo, Pia; Renata Finollo, Anna Ledda, Giovanni Brambilla (January 1989). "Absence of liver DNA fragmentation in rats treated with high oral doses of 32 benzodiazepine drugs". Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 12 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1016/0272-0590(89)90059-6. PMID 2925017.

[[Category:Drug class]]

Main Page

2017-04-07T16:42:28Z

Sleep: So incredibly far from being complete to be warranted on this list.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Welcome to TripSit Wiki!<span style="display: none"></span>}}
<table style="display:block;" cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td valign=top width=30% bgcolor=#f1f1f1>

=== Drug Knowledge ===
*'''List of [[:Category:Drugs|Psychoactive Substances]]'''
*Main pages for drug classes:
**[[Hallucinogens]]
***[[Psychedelics]]
***[[Dissociatives]]
**[[Stimulants]]
**[[Depressants]]
***[[Opioids]]
***[[Benzodiazepines]]
**[[Antidepressants]]
**[[Deliriants]]
**[[:Category:Ethnobotanical|Ethnobotanicals]]
**[[Research Chemicals]]

* [[Drug combinations]]
* [http://drugs.tripsit.me/ Factsheets]
* [[Glossary]]

=== [[Guides]] ===

* [[Addiction]]
* [[Overdose]]
* [[Panic Attacks]]
* [[How To Deal With A Bad Trip]]
* [[Common Misconceptions About Psychedelics]]
* [[Quick Guide to Plugging]]
* [[Quick Guide to Stimulant Comedowns]]
* [[Quick Guide to Volumetric Dosing]]
* [[Cold Water Extraction]]

=== Tripsitting ===
* [[How_To_Tripsit_Online|How to Tripsit online]]
* [[How_To_Tripsit_In_Real_Life|How to Tripsit in real life]]
* [[List_Of_Trip_Toys|List of trip toys]]

=== Harm Reduction Supplies & Testing ===
* [[Scales]]
* [[Test Kits]]
* [[Sources for Laboratory Analysis]]

</td>
<td valign=top width=30% bgcolor=#f1f1f1>
=== [[:Category:Common Drugs|Common Drugs]] ===

* '''[[:Category:Psychedelic|Psychedelics]]'''
** [[2C-X|2C-X series]]
** [[AMT|αMT]]
** [[Cannabis]]
** [[DMT]]
** [[DOx|DOx series]]
** [[LSA]]
** [[LSD]]
** [[Mescaline]]
** [[Mushrooms]]
** [[NBOMes|NBOMe series]]

* '''[[:Category:Dissociative|Dissociatives]]'''
** [[3-MeO-PCP]]
** [[DXM]]
** [[Diphenidine]]
** [[Ketamine]]
** [[MXE]]
** [[Nitrous Oxide]]
** [[PCP]]
** [[Salvia]]

* '''[[:Category:Stimulant|Stimulants]]'''
** [[Adderall]]
** [[Amphetamine]]
** [[Cocaine]]
** [[MDA]]
** [[MDMA]]
** [[Mephedrone]]
** [[Methamphetamine]]
** [[Methylphenidate]]

* '''[[:Category:Depressant|Depressants]]'''
** [[Alcohol]]
** [[Etizolam]]
** [[GHB]]
** [[Kava]]
** [[Zolpidem]]

* '''[[:Category:Opioid|Opioids]]'''
** [[Buprenorphine]]
** [[Codeine]]
** [[Heroin]]
** [[Hydrocodone]]
** [[Kratom]]
** [[Morphine]]
** [[Oxycodone]]
** [[Tramadol]]
</td>

<td valign=top width=20%>
=== '''Important Pages''' ===
* '''[[TripSit Rules]]'''
* [[Network Terms of Service]]
* [[List of staff and their roles]]
* [[TripSit's Plans]]
* [[How to help TripSit]]

=== IRC ===
* [[IRC_User_Guide|'''New user guide''']]
* [http://tripsit.me/tripsitapp/ Tripsit's portable IRC distribution]
* [[Channels]]
** [http://chat.tripsit.me/?nick=Social?#tripsit #tripsit]
** [http://chat.tripsit.me/?nick=Social?#home #home]
** [http://chat.tripsit.me/?nick=Social?#drugs #drugs]
* [[How_to_connect_through_Tor|How to Connect through Tor]]
* [[How_to_Connect_using_IRCCloud|How to Connect using IRCCloud]]
* [[List of IRC bot commands]]
* Moderation [[Commands reference]]

=== Forum ===
* [http://nexus.tripsit.me Nexus] - TripSit forum

=== TripRadio ===
* [http://radio.tripsit.me Listen Now]

* [[Radio|General info]]
* [[DJ Application|We need DJs!]]
* [[How to DJ|How to setup DJ software]]
</td>

</tr>
</table>

[[About|About Tripsit wiki]]

TripSit wiki currently has [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFPAGES}} pages]].

View a [[Special:AllPages|list of all pages]].

List of staff and their roles

2017-04-06T16:14:56Z

Sleep:

If your name is on this list, feel free to add to your duties, responsibilities, and how you are contributing to the network or would like to contribute to the network!

If you wish to become part of the TripSit staff, please fill out an [[application]] and send it to a staff member (~staff application).

== Staff List ==

=== Administrators ===
* reality
* Teknos

=== Sysops ===
* Physical
* toasterlizard

=== Moderators ===
* aesirus
* Bjorn Bjornsen
* ghost
* jimmycarr
* RecursiveGecko
* Rubote
* Saga
* Sleep
* Scritch

=== Tripsitters ===
* Bloop
* Crystal
* Itchy_Robot
* Manele
* PhilosophicalDuck
* Sykonaut
* TinFoil

===Editors===
* Stevowitz
* trees

===Contributors===
* cyrilio
* Dread
* Xibeca

=== Bots ===
* thanatos - The IRC bot that loves to beep and go through logs!
* tob - CustaiCo's eggdrop for finding content via web services
* tripbot - The IRC bot you've come to know and love

=== VIP's and Special Exceptions ===
* Borax - Mod of [http://www.reddit.com/r/drugs /r/drugs] and drug knowledge consultant
* Bryce - Our [http://www.maps.org MAPS] partner
* Klafka - Our [http://dancesafe.org DanceSafe] partner

== Organisational Structure ==

Aside from primary staff positions, we organise ourselves based on a tree.

=== Concepts ===

====Trunk====
*Base of the team, responsible for making sure everything is running okay.
*reality, Teknos

====Branches====
*"Projects" or "teams" that work on their own objectives.
*Branch leaders report to admins on status of projects and direct their team (leaves) on how to proceed.

====Leaves====
*Staff who work on projects with their branch leaders.

=== Branches and their Point of Contacts ===

====tripbot Branch====
*Branch Leader: reality
*Description: Enhancing tripbot's code to better serve TripSit.
*Resources: [http://github.com/reality/dbot dbot], [https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/List_of_IRC_bot_commands commands], [http://tripbot.tripsit.me/ web interface].

====TripSit App Branch====
*Branch Leader: Jimmycarr
*Description: Developing and maintaining the [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=me.tripsit.tripmobile TripSit app].
*Resources: #content

====Radio Branch====
*Branch Leader: Physical
*Description: Run the music community on TripSit. Manage TripSit.FM.
*Resources: [http://radio.tripsit.me TripSit Radio], #music.

====Steam Branch====
*Branch Leader: Teknos
*Description: Steam Game Group.
*Resources: [http://steamcommunity.com/groups/tripsit Steam Group], #gaming.

====TripSit Department of Psychonautical Informatics====
*Branch Leader: reality
*Description: Continuing to update our Wiki and other resources to include useful harm reduction information for the world.
*Resources: [http://wiki.tripsit.me Wiki], [http://tripbot.tripsit.me/factsheet Factsheets].

====Department of Psychonautics====
*Branch leader: Teknos
*Description: Getting attention to our network from the Psychonaut community.
*Resources: #psychonaut.

[[Category:TripSit]]

List of staff and their roles

2017-04-06T16:06:33Z

Sleep: Did things.

If your name is on this list, feel free to add to your duties, responsibilities, and how you are contributing to the network or would like to contribute to the network!

If you wish to become part of the TripSit staff, please fill out an [[application]] and send it to a staff member (~staff application).

== Staff List ==

=== Administrators ===
* reality
* Teknos

=== Sysops ===
* Physical
* toasterlizard

=== Moderators ===
* aesirus
* Bjorn Bjornsen
* ghost
* jimmycarr
* RecursiveGecko
* Rubote
* Saga
* Sleep
* Scritch
* warc

=== Tripsitters ===
* Bloop
* Crystal
* Itchy_Robot
* Manele
* PhilosophicalDuck
* Sykonaut
* TinFoil

===Editors===
* Stevowitz
* trees

===Contributors===
* cyrilio
* Dread
* Xibeca

=== Bots ===
* thanatos - The IRC bot that loves to beep and go through logs!
* tob - CustaiCo's eggdrop for finding content via web services
* tripbot - The IRC bot you've come to know and love

=== VIP's and Special Exceptions ===
* Borax - Mod of [http://www.reddit.com/r/drugs /r/drugs] and drug knowledge consultant
* Bryce - Our [http://www.maps.org MAPS] partner
* Klafka - Our [http://dancesafe.org DanceSafe] partner

== Organisational Structure ==

Aside from primary staff positions, we organise ourselves based on a tree.

=== Concepts ===

====Trunk====
*Base of the team, responsible for making sure everything is running okay.
*reality, Teknos

====Branches====
*"Projects" or "teams" that work on their own objectives.
*Branch leaders report to admins on status of projects and direct their team (leaves) on how to proceed.

====Leaves====
*Staff who work on projects with their branch leaders.

=== Branches and their Point of Contacts ===

====tripbot Branch====
*Branch Leader: reality
*Description: Enhancing tripbot's code to better serve TripSit.
*Resources: [http://github.com/reality/dbot dbot], [https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/List_of_IRC_bot_commands commands], [http://tripbot.tripsit.me/ web interface].

====TripSit App Branch====
*Branch Leader: Jimmycarr
*Description: Developing and maintaining the [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=me.tripsit.tripmobile TripSit app].
*Resources: #content

====Radio Branch====
*Branch Leader: Physical
*Description: Run the music community on TripSit. Manage TripSit.FM.
*Resources: [http://radio.tripsit.me TripSit Radio], #music.

====Steam Branch====
*Branch Leader: Teknos
*Description: Steam Game Group.
*Resources: [http://steamcommunity.com/groups/tripsit Steam Group], #gaming.

====TripSit Department of Psychonautical Informatics====
*Branch Leader: reality
*Description: Continuing to update our Wiki and other resources to include useful harm reduction information for the world.
*Resources: [http://wiki.tripsit.me Wiki], [http://tripbot.tripsit.me/factsheet Factsheets].

====Department of Psychonautics====
*Branch leader: Teknos
*Description: Getting attention to our network from the Psychonaut community.
*Resources: #psychonaut.

[[Category:TripSit]]

Benzodiazepines

2017-03-01T05:37:26Z

Sleep: Missed a hyperlink.

[[File:Xanax.jpg|thumb|250px|Alprazolam pills and prescription bottle]]

Benzodiazepines are drugs which act upon the GABA(A) receptor, and produce a general set of effects which vary by compound, mostly being sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant. The first benzodiazepine, Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which has also marketed diazepam (Valium) since 1963.

= Dosage =

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of benzodiazepines
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| [[Alprazolam|Alprazolam (Xanax)]]
| 6 - 12 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Bromazepam (Lexotan, Lexomil)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 5 - 6 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Brotizolam (Lendormin)
| 2 - 6 hours
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Chlordazepoxide (Librium)
| 5 - 30 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 25 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clobazam (Frisium, Urbanol)
| 12 - 60 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clonazepam (Klonopin)
| 18 - 50 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clorazepate (Tranxene)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| [[Diazepam|Diazepam (Valium)]]
| 20 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diclazepam (Ro5-3448)
| ~42 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Estazolam (ProSom, Nuctalon)
| 10 - 24 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Etizolam|Etizolam (Etilaam, Etizola, Etizest, Depas)]]
| 4-12 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Flubromazepam
| 106 hours
| 6 - 8 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flubromazolam
| Long
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Flunitrazepam|Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)]]
| 18 - 26 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 1 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flutoprazepam (Restas)
| 60 - 90 hours
| ~2.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flurazepam (Dalmane)
| [40 - 250 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Halazepam (Paxipam)
| [30 - 100 hours]
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Ketazolam (Anseren)
| 30 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Loprazolam (Dormonoct)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Lorazepam (Ativan)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 1 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Lormetazepam (Noctamid)
| 10 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Midazolam (Dormicum)
| 1.6 - 8.3 hours
| 3.34mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Medazepam (Nobrium)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Nitrazepam (Mogadon)
| 15 - 38 hours
| 10 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Nordazepam (Nordaz)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Oxazepam (Serax)
| 4 - 15 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Phenazepam
| 60 hours
| ~1 mg.
| Hypnotic
|-
| Prazepam (Centrax)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 - 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Pyrazolam
| Short
| .83 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Quazepam (Doral)
| 25 - 100 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Temazepam (Restoril)
| 8 - 22 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Triazolam (Halcion)
| 2 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Non-benzodiazepines commonly referred to as Z-drugs
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Zaleplon (Sonata)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Zolpidem|Zolpidem (Ambien)]]
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zopiclone (Imovane)
| 5 - 6 hours
| 15 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
| 6 hours
| 3 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

= Effects =
== Positive ==

* Anti-Anxiety
* Sedative
* Muscle relaxant

== Negative ==

* High addiction potential
* Withdrawls can be fatal
* Risk of blackout
* Inability to drink
* Inability to drive
* Loss of balance
* Memory Loss
* Procrastination
* "Hangover"
* Long term effects
* High addiction potential

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

* Addiction potential - High

* Risk of blackouts

* Risk of death when mixed with alcohol or other drugs. '''An extremely high percentage of drug-related deaths are due to mixing benzos with other drugs, especially opiates and alcohol.'''

* Mental illness

* Heart issues

* CNS depressant when mixed with other drugs

== Research Chemicals ==

The main danger of the drugs in this class is the risk of blacking out or overdosing by mixing it with other CNS depressants.

Most of the research chemicals from this class are usually active under 10mg's. The best course of action with these substances is putting X amount of active chemical into X amount of your solvent of choice (Such as Propylene-Glycol or Ethanol) And using an oral syringe to get the dose you want. Granted a fair amount are sold are either in presses or on blotter.

See the [[Research Chemicals]] page for more information.

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
The term benzodiazepine is the chemical name for the heterocyclic ring system, which is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems. Under Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature, a diazepine is a heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms, five carbon atom and the maximum possible number of cumulative double bonds. The "benzo" prefix indicates the benzene ring fused onto the diazepine ring.
Benzodiazepine drugs are substituted 1,4-benzodiazepines, although the chemical term can refer to many other compounds that do not have useful pharmacological properties. Different benzodiazepine drugs have different side groups attached to this central structure. The different side groups affect the binding of the molecule to the GABAA receptor and so modulate the pharmacological properties. Many of the pharmacologically active "classical" benzodiazepine drugs contain the 5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one substructure.
Nonbenzodiazepines also bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA(A) receptor and possess similar pharmacological properties. While the nonbenzodiazepines are by definition structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines, both classes of drugs possess a common pharmacophore , which explains their binding to a common receptor site

[[File:benzo.png|500px]]

* 2-keto compounds:
::Chlordiazepoxide, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Flurazepam, Halazepam, Prazepam, and others.
* 3-hydroxy compounds:
::Lorazepam, Lormetazepam,Oxazepam, Temazepam
* 7-nitro compounds:
::Clonazepam, Flunitrazepam, Nimetazepam, Nitrazepam
* Triazolo compounds:
::Adinazolam, Alprazolam, Estazolam, Triazolam
* Imidazo compounds
::Climazolam, Loprazolam, Midazolam

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
Image:Xanax.jpg|''(Purepac) alprazolam pills and prescription bottle''
Image:Alprazolam_solution.jpg|''Alprazolam solved in propylene glycol''
Image:Alpraz.jpg|''.5mg (Qualitest) alprazolam pills''
Image:Ativan.png|''Lorazepam (Ativan) pill''
</gallery>

= Links =
http://www.dr-bob.org/tips/bzd.html

[http://tripsit.me/history-of-etizolam History of Etizolam on Tripsit.me]

= Sources =

Madsen U, Bräuner-Osborne H, Greenwood JR, Johansen TN, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Liljefors T, Nielsen M, Frølund B (2005). "GABA and Glutamate receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential in CNS disorders". In Gad SC. Drug Discovery Handbook. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience/J. Wiley. pp. 797–907. ISBN 0-471-21384-5.
^ a b Panico, R.; Powell, W. H.; Richer, J. C., eds. (1993). A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds. IUPAC/Blackwell Science. pp. 40–3. ISBN 0-632-03488-2.; Moss GP (1998). "Nomenclature of fused and bridged fused ring systems (IUPAC Recommendations 1998)". Pure Appl Chem 70 (1): 143–216. doi:10.1351/pac199870010143.
Olsen RW, Betz H (2006). "GABA and glycine". In Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Brady S, Price DD (eds.). Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects (7th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 291–302. ISBN 0-12-088397-X.
Shorter E (2005). "Benzodiazepines". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–2. ISBN 0-19-517668-5.
Zavala F (1997). "Benzodiazepines, anxiety and immunity". Pharmacol Ther 75 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00055-7. PMID 9504140.
Narimatsu E, Niiya T, Kawamata M, Namiki A (2006). "[The mechanisms of depression by benzodiazepines, barbiturates and propofol of excitatory synaptic transmissions mediated by adenosine neuromodulation]". Masui (in Japanese) 55 (6): 684–91. PMID 16780077.
Juergens, MD, Steven M. "Understanding Benzodiazepines". California Society of Addiction Medicine. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Carlo, Pia; Renata Finollo, Anna Ledda, Giovanni Brambilla (January 1989). "Absence of liver DNA fragmentation in rats treated with high oral doses of 32 benzodiazepine drugs". Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 12 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1016/0272-0590(89)90059-6. PMID 2925017.

[[Category:Drug class]]

Benzodiazepines

2017-03-01T05:36:23Z

Sleep:

[[File:Xanax.jpg|thumb|250px|Alprazolam pills and prescription bottle]]

Benzodiazepines are drugs which act upon the GABA(A) receptor, and produce a general set of effects which vary by compound, mostly being sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant. The first benzodiazepine, Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which has also marketed diazepam (Valium) since 1963.

= Dosage =

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of benzodiazepines
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| [[Alprazolam|Alprazolam (Xanax)]]
| 6 - 12 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Bromazepam (Lexotan, Lexomil)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 5 - 6 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Brotizolam (Lendormin)
| 2 - 6 hours
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Chlordazepoxide (Librium)
| 5 - 30 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 25 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clobazam (Frisium, Urbanol)
| 12 - 60 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clonazepam (Klonopin)
| 18 - 50 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clorazepate (Tranxene)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| [[Diazepam|Diazepam (Valium)]]
| 20 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diclazepam (Ro5-3448)
| ~42 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Estazolam (ProSom, Nuctalon)
| 10 - 24 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Etizolam|Etizolam]] (Etilaam, Etizola, Etizest, Depas)
| 4-12 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Flubromazepam
| 106 hours
| 6 - 8 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flubromazolam
| Long
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Flunitrazepam|Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)]]
| 18 - 26 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 1 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flutoprazepam (Restas)
| 60 - 90 hours
| ~2.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flurazepam (Dalmane)
| [40 - 250 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Halazepam (Paxipam)
| [30 - 100 hours]
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Ketazolam (Anseren)
| 30 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Loprazolam (Dormonoct)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Lorazepam (Ativan)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 1 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Lormetazepam (Noctamid)
| 10 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Midazolam (Dormicum)
| 1.6 - 8.3 hours
| 3.34mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Medazepam (Nobrium)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Nitrazepam (Mogadon)
| 15 - 38 hours
| 10 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Nordazepam (Nordaz)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Oxazepam (Serax)
| 4 - 15 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Phenazepam
| 60 hours
| ~1 mg.
| Hypnotic
|-
| Prazepam (Centrax)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 - 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Pyrazolam
| Short
| .83 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Quazepam (Doral)
| 25 - 100 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Temazepam (Restoril)
| 8 - 22 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Triazolam (Halcion)
| 2 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Non-benzodiazepines commonly referred to as Z-drugs
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Zaleplon (Sonata)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Zolpidem|Zolpidem (Ambien)]]
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zopiclone (Imovane)
| 5 - 6 hours
| 15 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
| 6 hours
| 3 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

= Effects =
== Positive ==

* Anti-Anxiety
* Sedative
* Muscle relaxant

== Negative ==

* High addiction potential
* Withdrawls can be fatal
* Risk of blackout
* Inability to drink
* Inability to drive
* Loss of balance
* Memory Loss
* Procrastination
* "Hangover"
* Long term effects
* High addiction potential

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

* Addiction potential - High

* Risk of blackouts

* Risk of death when mixed with alcohol or other drugs. '''An extremely high percentage of drug-related deaths are due to mixing benzos with other drugs, especially opiates and alcohol.'''

* Mental illness

* Heart issues

* CNS depressant when mixed with other drugs

== Research Chemicals ==

The main danger of the drugs in this class is the risk of blacking out or overdosing by mixing it with other CNS depressants.

Most of the research chemicals from this class are usually active under 10mg's. The best course of action with these substances is putting X amount of active chemical into X amount of your solvent of choice (Such as Propylene-Glycol or Ethanol) And using an oral syringe to get the dose you want. Granted a fair amount are sold are either in presses or on blotter.

See the [[Research Chemicals]] page for more information.

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
The term benzodiazepine is the chemical name for the heterocyclic ring system, which is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems. Under Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature, a diazepine is a heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms, five carbon atom and the maximum possible number of cumulative double bonds. The "benzo" prefix indicates the benzene ring fused onto the diazepine ring.
Benzodiazepine drugs are substituted 1,4-benzodiazepines, although the chemical term can refer to many other compounds that do not have useful pharmacological properties. Different benzodiazepine drugs have different side groups attached to this central structure. The different side groups affect the binding of the molecule to the GABAA receptor and so modulate the pharmacological properties. Many of the pharmacologically active "classical" benzodiazepine drugs contain the 5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one substructure.
Nonbenzodiazepines also bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA(A) receptor and possess similar pharmacological properties. While the nonbenzodiazepines are by definition structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines, both classes of drugs possess a common pharmacophore , which explains their binding to a common receptor site

[[File:benzo.png|500px]]

* 2-keto compounds:
::Chlordiazepoxide, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Flurazepam, Halazepam, Prazepam, and others.
* 3-hydroxy compounds:
::Lorazepam, Lormetazepam,Oxazepam, Temazepam
* 7-nitro compounds:
::Clonazepam, Flunitrazepam, Nimetazepam, Nitrazepam
* Triazolo compounds:
::Adinazolam, Alprazolam, Estazolam, Triazolam
* Imidazo compounds
::Climazolam, Loprazolam, Midazolam

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
Image:Xanax.jpg|''(Purepac) alprazolam pills and prescription bottle''
Image:Alprazolam_solution.jpg|''Alprazolam solved in propylene glycol''
Image:Alpraz.jpg|''.5mg (Qualitest) alprazolam pills''
Image:Ativan.png|''Lorazepam (Ativan) pill''
</gallery>

= Links =
http://www.dr-bob.org/tips/bzd.html

[http://tripsit.me/history-of-etizolam History of Etizolam on Tripsit.me]

= Sources =

Madsen U, Bräuner-Osborne H, Greenwood JR, Johansen TN, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Liljefors T, Nielsen M, Frølund B (2005). "GABA and Glutamate receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential in CNS disorders". In Gad SC. Drug Discovery Handbook. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience/J. Wiley. pp. 797–907. ISBN 0-471-21384-5.
^ a b Panico, R.; Powell, W. H.; Richer, J. C., eds. (1993). A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds. IUPAC/Blackwell Science. pp. 40–3. ISBN 0-632-03488-2.; Moss GP (1998). "Nomenclature of fused and bridged fused ring systems (IUPAC Recommendations 1998)". Pure Appl Chem 70 (1): 143–216. doi:10.1351/pac199870010143.
Olsen RW, Betz H (2006). "GABA and glycine". In Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Brady S, Price DD (eds.). Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects (7th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 291–302. ISBN 0-12-088397-X.
Shorter E (2005). "Benzodiazepines". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–2. ISBN 0-19-517668-5.
Zavala F (1997). "Benzodiazepines, anxiety and immunity". Pharmacol Ther 75 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00055-7. PMID 9504140.
Narimatsu E, Niiya T, Kawamata M, Namiki A (2006). "[The mechanisms of depression by benzodiazepines, barbiturates and propofol of excitatory synaptic transmissions mediated by adenosine neuromodulation]". Masui (in Japanese) 55 (6): 684–91. PMID 16780077.
Juergens, MD, Steven M. "Understanding Benzodiazepines". California Society of Addiction Medicine. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Carlo, Pia; Renata Finollo, Anna Ledda, Giovanni Brambilla (January 1989). "Absence of liver DNA fragmentation in rats treated with high oral doses of 32 benzodiazepine drugs". Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 12 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1016/0272-0590(89)90059-6. PMID 2925017.

[[Category:Drug class]]

Benzodiazepines

2017-03-01T05:35:50Z

Sleep: Added some brand names.

[[File:Xanax.jpg|thumb|250px|Alprazolam pills and prescription bottle]]

Benzodiazepines are drugs which act upon the GABA(A) receptor, and produce a general set of effects which vary by compound, mostly being sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant. The first benzodiazepine, Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which has also marketed diazepam (Valium) since 1963.

= Dosage =

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of benzodiazepines
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| [[Alprazolam|Alprazolam (Xanax)]]
| 6 - 12 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Bromazepam (Lexotan, Lexomil)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 5 - 6 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Brotizolam (Lendormin)
| 2 - 6 hours
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Chlordazepoxide (Librium)
| 5 - 30 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 25 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clobazam (Frisium, Urbanol)
| 12 - 60 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clonazepam (Klonopin)
| 18 - 50 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clorazepate (Tranxene)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| [[Diazepam|Diazepam (Valium)]]
| 20 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diclazepam (Ro5-3448, 2'Chlorodiazepam)
| ~42 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Estazolam (ProSom, Nuctalon)
| 10 - 24 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Etizolam|Etizolam]] (Etilaam, Etizola, Etizest, Depas)
| 4-12 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Flubromazepam
| 106 hours
| 6 - 8 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flubromazolam
| Long
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Flunitrazepam|Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)]]
| 18 - 26 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 1 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flutoprazepam (Restas)
| 60 - 90 hours
| ~2.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flurazepam (Dalmane)
| [40 - 250 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Halazepam (Paxipam)
| [30 - 100 hours]
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Ketazolam (Anseren)
| 30 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Loprazolam (Dormonoct)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Lorazepam (Ativan)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 1 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Lormetazepam (Noctamid)
| 10 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Midazolam (Dormicum)
| 1.6 - 8.3 hours
| 3.34mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Medazepam (Nobrium)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Nitrazepam (Mogadon)
| 15 - 38 hours
| 10 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Nordazepam (Nordaz)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Oxazepam (Serax)
| 4 - 15 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Phenazepam
| 60 hours
| ~1 mg.
| Hypnotic
|-
| Prazepam (Centrax)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 - 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Pyrazolam
| Short
| .83 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Quazepam (Doral)
| 25 - 100 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Temazepam (Restoril)
| 8 - 22 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Triazolam (Halcion)
| 2 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Non-benzodiazepines commonly referred to as Z-drugs
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Zaleplon (Sonata)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Zolpidem|Zolpidem (Ambien)]]
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zopiclone (Imovane)
| 5 - 6 hours
| 15 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
| 6 hours
| 3 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

= Effects =
== Positive ==

* Anti-Anxiety
* Sedative
* Muscle relaxant

== Negative ==

* High addiction potential
* Withdrawls can be fatal
* Risk of blackout
* Inability to drink
* Inability to drive
* Loss of balance
* Memory Loss
* Procrastination
* "Hangover"
* Long term effects
* High addiction potential

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

* Addiction potential - High

* Risk of blackouts

* Risk of death when mixed with alcohol or other drugs. '''An extremely high percentage of drug-related deaths are due to mixing benzos with other drugs, especially opiates and alcohol.'''

* Mental illness

* Heart issues

* CNS depressant when mixed with other drugs

== Research Chemicals ==

The main danger of the drugs in this class is the risk of blacking out or overdosing by mixing it with other CNS depressants.

Most of the research chemicals from this class are usually active under 10mg's. The best course of action with these substances is putting X amount of active chemical into X amount of your solvent of choice (Such as Propylene-Glycol or Ethanol) And using an oral syringe to get the dose you want. Granted a fair amount are sold are either in presses or on blotter.

See the [[Research Chemicals]] page for more information.

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
The term benzodiazepine is the chemical name for the heterocyclic ring system, which is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems. Under Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature, a diazepine is a heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms, five carbon atom and the maximum possible number of cumulative double bonds. The "benzo" prefix indicates the benzene ring fused onto the diazepine ring.
Benzodiazepine drugs are substituted 1,4-benzodiazepines, although the chemical term can refer to many other compounds that do not have useful pharmacological properties. Different benzodiazepine drugs have different side groups attached to this central structure. The different side groups affect the binding of the molecule to the GABAA receptor and so modulate the pharmacological properties. Many of the pharmacologically active "classical" benzodiazepine drugs contain the 5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one substructure.
Nonbenzodiazepines also bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA(A) receptor and possess similar pharmacological properties. While the nonbenzodiazepines are by definition structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines, both classes of drugs possess a common pharmacophore , which explains their binding to a common receptor site

[[File:benzo.png|500px]]

* 2-keto compounds:
::Chlordiazepoxide, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Flurazepam, Halazepam, Prazepam, and others.
* 3-hydroxy compounds:
::Lorazepam, Lormetazepam,Oxazepam, Temazepam
* 7-nitro compounds:
::Clonazepam, Flunitrazepam, Nimetazepam, Nitrazepam
* Triazolo compounds:
::Adinazolam, Alprazolam, Estazolam, Triazolam
* Imidazo compounds
::Climazolam, Loprazolam, Midazolam

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
Image:Xanax.jpg|''(Purepac) alprazolam pills and prescription bottle''
Image:Alprazolam_solution.jpg|''Alprazolam solved in propylene glycol''
Image:Alpraz.jpg|''.5mg (Qualitest) alprazolam pills''
Image:Ativan.png|''Lorazepam (Ativan) pill''
</gallery>

= Links =
http://www.dr-bob.org/tips/bzd.html

[http://tripsit.me/history-of-etizolam History of Etizolam on Tripsit.me]

= Sources =

Madsen U, Bräuner-Osborne H, Greenwood JR, Johansen TN, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Liljefors T, Nielsen M, Frølund B (2005). "GABA and Glutamate receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential in CNS disorders". In Gad SC. Drug Discovery Handbook. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience/J. Wiley. pp. 797–907. ISBN 0-471-21384-5.
^ a b Panico, R.; Powell, W. H.; Richer, J. C., eds. (1993). A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds. IUPAC/Blackwell Science. pp. 40–3. ISBN 0-632-03488-2.; Moss GP (1998). "Nomenclature of fused and bridged fused ring systems (IUPAC Recommendations 1998)". Pure Appl Chem 70 (1): 143–216. doi:10.1351/pac199870010143.
Olsen RW, Betz H (2006). "GABA and glycine". In Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Brady S, Price DD (eds.). Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects (7th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 291–302. ISBN 0-12-088397-X.
Shorter E (2005). "Benzodiazepines". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–2. ISBN 0-19-517668-5.
Zavala F (1997). "Benzodiazepines, anxiety and immunity". Pharmacol Ther 75 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00055-7. PMID 9504140.
Narimatsu E, Niiya T, Kawamata M, Namiki A (2006). "[The mechanisms of depression by benzodiazepines, barbiturates and propofol of excitatory synaptic transmissions mediated by adenosine neuromodulation]". Masui (in Japanese) 55 (6): 684–91. PMID 16780077.
Juergens, MD, Steven M. "Understanding Benzodiazepines". California Society of Addiction Medicine. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Carlo, Pia; Renata Finollo, Anna Ledda, Giovanni Brambilla (January 1989). "Absence of liver DNA fragmentation in rats treated with high oral doses of 32 benzodiazepine drugs". Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 12 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1016/0272-0590(89)90059-6. PMID 2925017.

[[Category:Drug class]]

GHB

2017-02-28T21:14:59Z

Sleep:

[[File:GHB.jpg|right]]

'''GHB''' (Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid) is a CNS depressant used as intoxicant. It is a naturally occurring substance found in the human central nervous system, as well as in wine, beef, small citrus fruits, and in small amounts in almost all animals. GHB has been used in a medical setting as a general anaesthetic, to treat conditions such as insomnia, clinical depression, narcolepsy, and alcohol withdrawal, and to improve athletic performance.

== History ==
Synthesis of this chemical was first reported in 1874 by Alexander Zaytsev. But the first major research in humans was conducted in the early 1960's by Dr. Henri Laborit to use in studying the neurotransmitter GABA.

Throughout most of the 1960's it was a popular anesthetic, then was abandoned by doctors, following discoveries of its poor analgesic effects. In the 1970's was recommended for the treatment of narcolepsy, though the euphoric side of GHB made that unfavourable.

GHB was widely used in France, Italy, and other European countries for several decades as a sleeping agent and an anesthetic in childbirth, but problems with its abuse potential and development of newer drugs have led to a decrease in the medical use in recent times.

In the 1980's It was marketed for a short time as a fat burner and muscle developer. However, in 1990, based off many reports of GHB-linked illness, the FDA declared GHB unsafe, and ordered it to be removed from stores shelves. Following this, many users switched to GBL and 1 4-butanediol.

GHB (Xyrem) was approved by the FDA in 2002 for use in the treatment of narcolepsy/Cataplexy.

== Dosage ==

GBL dose: 1ml GBL is equal to 1.6ml GHB

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 0.5-1.5g
|-
| Common || 1-2.5g
|-
| Strong || 2-4g
|}

== Duration ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 10-40 minutes
|-
| Total || 1-3 hours
|}

== Effects ==

=== Positive ===
*Relaxation
*Increased sociability
*Positive mood changes
*Euphoria
*Empathogenic
*Enhanced sensuality

=== Neutral ===
*Dizziness

== Negative ==
*Nausea
*Restlessness
*Unconsciousness
*Amnesia

=== After effects ===

* Hangover (usually only occurs from high doses)
* [[#Dopamine Rebound]]

== Harm Reduction ==
* The dosage curve of GHB is very steep, recreational doses being very close to doses which will cause a period of unrousable sleep, which are again relatively close to doses which may cause coma or death through respiratory depression.
*The only way to know the concentration of liquid GHB is to know and trust information provided by the source. Users should be extremely careful about GHB dosages as even small overdoses can result in temporarily unrousable sleep.
* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery
* Don't mix it with [[alcohol]], or other [[depressants]]
* 2-3 uses a week should be the maximum
* High addiction potential

== Chemistry and Pharmacology ==
GHB has at least two distinct binding sites in the central nervous system. GHB is an agonist at the newly characterized GHB receptor, which is excitatory, and it is a weak agonist at the GABA-B receptor, which is inhibitory. GHB is a naturally occurring substance that acts in a similar fashion to some neurotransmitters in the mammalian brain. GHB is probably synthesized from GABA in GABAergic neurons, and released when the neurons fire.

If taken orally, GABA itself does not effectively cross the blood-brain-barrier.

=== Dopamine Rebound ===

GHB will reduce dopamine levels in high amounts, but increase dopamine levels in the brain in low amounts<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1847191</ref>. This leads to what is known as dopamine rebound among users. Users can experience strong wakefullness about 4 hours after the last dose was consumed. This is often strong enough to wake the user up from sleep, and may be accompanied by a strong redose compulsion. The longer and higher the dose of GHB used, the more pronounced the effect may become.

=== Production ===
Production of GHB consists simply of mixing "lactone" (short for gamma butyrlactone) and lye (sodium hydroxide) in the proper amounts. It can also be converted from GBL.

== Legal status ==

GHB is illegal in most parts of the world, GBL is legal in parts of Europe.

== Links ==

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid Wikipedia]

[https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/ghb/ghb.shtml Erowid]

== References ==

<references />

[[Category:Depressant]]
[[Category:Drugs]]