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DOM

2014-11-28T19:32:19Z

Sevenforall:

[[File:Dom.jpg|thumb|150px|5mg DOM blotters]]

DOM (2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine) is a psychdelic substituted amphetamine with effects similar to LSD. It has a slow come up, and an extremely long duration.

== History ==
DOM first saw human use in 1967, when tablets sold under the street name 'STP' started to become popular in the Haight-Ashbury District of San Francisco. These tabs contained an excessively high dose in the range of 15 to 20mg. This, combined with the long onset of the drug, led to numerous non-fatal overdoses.

==Dosage==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Threshold || 0.5-1mg
|-
| Light || 1-2.5mg
|-
| Common || 2.5-5mg
|-
| Strong || 5-7.5mg
|-
| Heavy || 7.5mg+
|-
| LD50 || 18mg/KG
|}

==Duration==

Note: This is a very dose dependent substance, with higher doses yielding longer, more intense results.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| First effects || 1-2 hours
|-
| Coming up || 1-2 hours
|-
| Peak || 2-3 hours
|-
| Plateau || 4-6 hours
|-
| Coming down || 4-12 hours
|-
| After-effects || 4-16 hours
|}

== Important Substance Information ==
DOM has been known to have a long comeup (up to 3 hours in some cases), as well as being one of the longer-acting psychedelic phenethylamines. For this reason, redosing is not recommended.

== Images ==

<gallery>
File:Dom.jpg| ''5mg of DOM on blotter paper''
File:dom_blotter.jpg| ''5mg of DOM on blotter paper, US quarter for size comparison''
File:dom_strip.jpg| ''5 blotters of DOM''
File:Dom_powder.jpg| ''DOM in powder form''
</gallery>

== Legal status ==

=== Europe ===
DOM is Class A in the UK, making it illegal to buy, sell, or possess without a license.

=== America ===
DOM is Schedule I in the United States. This means it is illegal to manufacture, buy, possess, or distribute (sell, trade or give) without a DEA license.

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Psychedelic]]

DOM

2014-11-28T19:31:39Z

Sevenforall: /* Images */

DOM (2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine) is a psychdelic substituted amphetamine with effects similar to LSD. It has a slow come up, and an extremely long duration.

== History ==
DOM first saw human use in 1967, when tablets sold under the street name 'STP' started to become popular in the Haight-Ashbury District of San Francisco. These tabs contained an excessively high dose in the range of 15 to 20mg. This, combined with the long onset of the drug, led to numerous non-fatal overdoses.

==Dosage==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Threshold || 0.5-1mg
|-
| Light || 1-2.5mg
|-
| Common || 2.5-5mg
|-
| Strong || 5-7.5mg
|-
| Heavy || 7.5mg+
|-
| LD50 || 18mg/KG
|}

==Duration==

Note: This is a very dose dependent substance, with higher doses yielding longer, more intense results.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| First effects || 1-2 hours
|-
| Coming up || 1-2 hours
|-
| Peak || 2-3 hours
|-
| Plateau || 4-6 hours
|-
| Coming down || 4-12 hours
|-
| After-effects || 4-16 hours
|}

== Important Substance Information ==
DOM has been known to have a long comeup (up to 3 hours in some cases), as well as being one of the longer-acting psychedelic phenethylamines. For this reason, redosing is not recommended.

== Images ==

<gallery>
File:Dom.jpg| ''5mg of DOM on blotter paper''
File:dom_blotter.jpg| ''5mg of DOM on blotter paper, US quarter for size comparison''
File:dom_strip.jpg| ''5 blotters of DOM''
File:Dom_powder.jpg| ''DOM in powder form''
</gallery>

== Legal status ==

=== Europe ===
DOM is Class A in the UK, making it illegal to buy, sell, or possess without a license.

=== America ===
DOM is Schedule I in the United States. This means it is illegal to manufacture, buy, possess, or distribute (sell, trade or give) without a DEA license.

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Psychedelic]]

DMT

2014-11-05T00:42:56Z

Sevenforall: /* Images */

[[File:SpiceCrystal001.jpg|right|300px|Opaque DMT crystal]]

= General Information =
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine or DMT for short is an short acting psychedelic entheogen which allows a person's consciousness to voyage into the most incredible dimensions, visions, thoughts and experiences imaginable. It is most commonly classified as a psychedelic but also possesses some properties inherent to dissociatives. It is one of the most powerful yet mysterious psychedelics in existence, but in the opinion of many users, to classify DMT as merely a drug would be doing it a great injustice as DMT seems to some as a transdimensional key into places and vistas so profound and awe inspiring that it raises many new questions regarding the nature of reality and our place within it. Nevertheless, it is important to realize that the experience may be very difficult for some to integrate, and great care and respect is necessary to use it.

DMT exists naturally in every human being and also throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. It occurs naturally in many mammals, marine animals, trees, grasses, flowers and shoots.

== Plants Containing DMT ==
(from Block 1994*; Smith 1977; Montgomery, pers. comm.; Ott 1993*; Schultes and Hofman 1980, 155*; supplemented)
<table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Species</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">Demonstrated Tryptamines</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">AGARICACEAE (FuNGI)</td>
<td valign="top" width="319"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Amanita citrina Gray</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT,5-MeO-DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Amanita porphyria (Fries) Secretan</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">5-MeO-DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Amanita spp.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT, bufotenine</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">AIZOACEAE/MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE</td>
<td valign="top" width="319"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Delosperma sp.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT,MMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Mesembryanthemum spp.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT (?)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">GRAMINEAE (POACEAE)</td>
<td valign="top" width="319"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Arundo donax 1.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT, bufotenine, and others</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Phalaris arundinacea 1.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT, bufotenine, and others</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Phalaris tuberosa 1.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT, bufotenine, and others</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">LAURACEAE</td>
<td valign="top" width="319"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Umbellularia californica (Hook. et A.) Nutt.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">5-MeO-DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">LEGUMINOSAE</td>
<td valign="top" width="319"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Acacia confusa Merr.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Acacia maidenii F. von Mue1!.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT (0.360/0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Acacia nubica Benth.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Acacia phlebophylla F. von Mue1!.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">0.30/0 DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Acacia simpIicifolia Druce</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">0.810/0 DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Acaciaspp.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Anadenanthera colubrina (VeIl.) Bren.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, bufotenine</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Anadenanthera peregrina (1.) Spag.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, bufotenine</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacMillan</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT (to 0.340/0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC. var. adscendens</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT (?)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Desmodium caudatum DC.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Desmodium gangeticum DC.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT, bufotenine, and others</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Desmodium gyrans DC.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT, bufotenine, and others</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Desmodium pulchellum Benth. ex Bak.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT, bufotenine, and others</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Desmodium racemosum Thunb.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">5-MeO-DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Desmodium tiliaefolium G. Don</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT, bufotenine, and others</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Desmodium triflorum DC.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT, bufotenine, and others</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Lespedeza bicolor Turcz.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT, 5-MeO-DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Lespedeza bicolor var. japonica Nakai</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT,5-MeO-DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Lespedeza capitata Michx.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Mimosa scabrella Benth.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Pair. [syn. Mimosa hostilis</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">0.570/0 DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Benth., Mimosa nigra]</td>
<td valign="top" width="319"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Mimosa verrucosa</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Mimosaspp.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT and others</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Mucuna pruriens DC.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, bufotenine</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Mucunaspp.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT and others</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Petalostylis cassioides Pritze1</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT, tetrahydroharmane</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Petalostylis labicheoides R. Brown</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT, tryptamine</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Phyllodium pulchellum (1.) Desv.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">MALPIGHIACEAE</td>
<td valign="top" width="319"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Banisteriopsis argentea Spring. [syn. B. muricata (Cav.) Cuatr.]</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT, DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Diplopterys cabrerana (Cuatr.) Gates</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT,5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">[syn. Banisteriopsis rusbyana]</td>
<td valign="top" width="319"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">MYRISTICACEAE</td>
<td valign="top" width="319"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Iryanthera ulei Warb.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">5-MeO-DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Osteophloeum platyspermum (DC.) Warb.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT,5-MeO-DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Viroia calophylla Warb.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT,5-MeO-DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Virola calophylloidea Markgr.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT,5-MeO-DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Virola carinata (Spruce ex Benth.) Warb.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT,5-MeO-DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Virola divergens Ducke</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Virola elongata (Spruce ex Benth.) Warb.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT, 5-MeO-DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Virola melinonii (Benoist) A.C. Smith</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT,5-MeO-DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Virola multinerva Ducke</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT,5-MeO-DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Virola pavonis (DC.) A.C. Smith</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Virola peruviana (DC.) Warb.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT,5-MeO-DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Virola rufula (DC.) Warb.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT,5-MeO-DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Virola sebifera Aubi.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Virola theiodora (Spruce ex Benth.) Warb.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT,5-MeO-DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Virola venosa (Benth.) Warb.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, and others</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Virolaspp.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">OCHNACEAE</td>
<td valign="top" width="319"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Testulea gabonensis Pellegr.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">POLYGONACEAE</td>
<td valign="top" width="319"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Eriogonum sp.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">RUBIACEAE</td>
<td valign="top" width="319"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Psychotria carthaginensis Jacq.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Psychotria poeppigiana Mueli. Arg.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Psychotria viridis Ruiz et Pay. [syn. P. psychotriaefolia Stand!.]</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">RUTACEAE</td>
<td valign="top" width="319"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Dictyoloma incanescens DC.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">5-MeO-DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Dutaillyea drupacea (Baill.) Hartley</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">5-MeO-DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Dutaillyea oreophila (Baill.) Sevenet-Pusset</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">5-MeO-DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Evodia rutaecarpa Benth.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">5-MeO-DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Limonia acidissima 1.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT traces</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Melicope leptococca (Baill.) Guill.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">0.21% DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Pilocarpus organensis Rizzini et Occhioni</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">5-MeO-DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Vepris ampody H. Perro</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Zanthoxylum arborescens Rose</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT traces</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">Zanthoxylum procerum Donn. Sm.</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">DMT</td>
</tr>
</table>

= Dosage =
== Oral ==
DMT is rapidly metabolized by MAO and should therefore be combined with a MAO-inhibitor such as Harmine when taken orally.
Otherwise, the effects will be underwhelming or barely noticeable.

Dosages for DMT, considering MAOs are fully inhibited, vary wildly depending on person, probably due to metabolism in great part. They can go from 30 to 150mg! If its your first time, start on the lower end!

Another factor is whether one is ingesting a whole plant brew or purified extracts. Often in ayahuasca analysis the amount of DMT found is very small (20-30mg), but also often there is redosing in ayahuasca sessions, but also its possible trace amounts of beta-carbolines and other alkaloids can improve MAO inhibition, or that other inactive plant substances can help protect DMT from fast breakdown by any potential MAO activity.

There are a few different ways to ingest it orally:

* Dissolved in acidic juice.

* Rolled inside a bit of smoking paper and swallowed like a pill.

* Put into 00 Capsules.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 30-50mg of DMT & 50-75mg Harmala alkaloids
|-
| Common || 50-75mg of DMT & 75-100mg Harmala alkaloids
|-
| Strong || 100mg+ of DMT & 100-150mg Harmala alkaloids
|}

== Smoked-Vaporized ==

'''Dosage given assumes 100% effective vaporization method.'''

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Smoked & Vapourised
|-
| Light || 10-15mg
|-
| Common || 15-25mg
|-
| Strong || 25-40mg+
|}

Extracted DMT freebase can be vaporized for very potent effects that last around 10-15 minutes. DMT is ideally vaporized, as opposed to smoked. Vaporization is achieved by a controlled temperature that does not burn/combust DMT material (and potential impurities), but instead just makes DMT evaporate and be inhaled.

Vaporization is much smoother than smoking. Smoking leads to break down of DMT (and impurity) molecules into potential toxic nitrogen oxides, so not only it is harsher but also there is a significant loss of actives.

Vaporizing can be achieved with improvised vaporizers such as "The Inspirator mk II","The Machine" (both DIY) or commercially sold vaporizing pipes such as the Vapor Genie.

== Insufflated ==

Insufflated doses vary wildly, start low. Dosages given are for freebase DMT, dosage for salt form may be a little bit higher.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 10-25mg
|-
| Common || 25-50mg
|-
| Strong || 50-125mg+
|}

Insufflation of DMT is a less popular method of administration because it can cause extreme physical discomfort. DMT can be snorted in both freebase and salt forms. The most common salt utilized for insufflation is DMT Fumarate. Note that highly basic substances can damage the nasal passageway so the potential user is advised to proceed with caution.
'''[https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Ingestion_Methods#Hyperspace_Fool.27s_COCO_Tek_For_Insufflation_Of_DMT: Preparations to make DMT insuflation more tolerable]''' from '''[https://www.dmt-nexus.me DMT-Nexus]

== Intravenous ==

Intravenous DMT comes on extremely fast and is the most efficient method of use. The effects are extremely similar to vaporized DMT, though IV administration is much more dangerous. It is advised that potential users avoid intravenous administration of DMT and stick to vaporization.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Intravenous
|-
| Light || 10-15mg
|-
| Common || 15-25mg
|-
| Strong || 25-40mg+
|}

= Duration =

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 10-60 minutes
|-
| Total || 4-8 hours
|-
| After-effects || 2-3 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Smoked & Vapourised
|-
| Onset || 0-3 minutes
|-
| Peak || 10-15 minutes
|-
| Total || 15-30 minutes
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 1-5 minutes
|-
| Total || 45-60 minutes
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Intravenous
|-
| Onset || >1 minute
|-
| Total || 30-45 minutes
|}

= Effects =

== Positive ==
*Euphoria
*Feeling of awe
*Realizations about one's life

== Neutral ==
*Time dilation
*Intense hallucinations
*Dissociation
*Loss of comprehension of basic concepts such as ego, language or one's own body.
*Out-of-body experiences
*Unconventional thought patterns

== Negative ==
*Panic attack/Bad trip
*(oral only) Nausea/Vomitting

== After effects ==
*A lasting perspective shift is likely to occur.
*Depersonalization/Derealization can occur after an experience and may last up to several months.
*Some people experience long-term anxiety after an experience while others report a decrease in overall anxiety.

= Harm Reduction =

If ingesting DMT orally with a MAOI, ensure that care is taken with the diet such that no food which may cause an interaction is ingested - as this is potentially deadly. Check [https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/maois/maois_info2.shtml Erowid's MAOI Foods To Avoid] page for more information. However, if using a reversible MAOI such as Syrian Rue, less care needs to be taken.

Refer to [[Psychedelics#Harm_Reduction|Psychedelic Harm Reduction]] for general information on psychedelic safety.

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Image:Dmtwaxy.png|''Waxy DMT crystals''
Image:SpiceCrystal001.jpg|''DMT crystal''
Image:DmtfreebaseMolecule.png|''Freebase DMT structure''
Image:Changa.jpg|''Changa''
Image:Nndmt.jpg|''DMT with vial''
Image:Dmt3.jpg|''Crystallizing DMT''
</gallery>

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
DMT is closely related to serotonin, the naturally occurring neurotransmitter that psychedelics affect so widely. The pharmacology of DMT is similar to that of other well-known psychedelics. It affects receptor sites for serotonin in much the same way that LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline do. These serotonin receptors are widespread throughout the body and can be found in blood vessels, tissues, muscle, glands, and skin.

== Production ==
There are a number of ways to acquire this entheogen. The first and most difficult way is to have some substantial chemistry knowledge and experience and actually synthesize pure DMT in a laboratory. This a rather tricky and time consuming process and requires access to some rather obscure and hard to acquire chemicals. The most common and easiest method to acquire DMT is to extract it from the various plant species that contain the compound.
DMT occurs naturally in several plants and may therefore be extracted from them with little chemistry knowledge, requiring no actual synthesis.

Plants containing DMT include Mimosa hostilis/tenuflora, Psychotria viridis, Codariocalyx motorius, Diplopterys cabrerana, Acacia species, and Phalaris species.

===Extraction Teks===
* [[Zim's Clarified ATB Hybrid Salt Tek]]

= Legal status =

== Europe ==

DMT is a class A substance in most European countries.

== America ==

DMT is a schedule I substance in the United States.

[[Category:Psychedelic]]
[[Category:Drugs]]

Adderall

2014-11-04T19:36:04Z

Sevenforall:

[[File:Adderall.jpg|thumb|400px|Several 10mg Adderall IR pills]]
Adderall is a commonly prescribed stimulant to treat ADHD and ADD. Adderall is a 3:1 mixture of dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine. Adderall is commonly found in two forms, IR and XR. IR is instant release, while XR is extended release. Adderall XR releases half of the dosage immediately, and the other half 4 hours later. Adderall, containing [[Amphetamine|amphetamine]], is exceedingly similar to other forms of the substance, though with Adderall the constitution and doses are known.

==History==

Adderall was originally developed from an amphetamine blend drug called Obetrol, prescribed for obesity and weight loss. This drug was a mix of racemic amphetamine (dl-amphetamine), d-amphetamine, and racemic methamphetamine. This made sense, as it was for weight loss, so the peripheral effects of l-amphetamine were actually useful as an anorexic and as a thermogenic. It was later reformulated without the methamphetamine, but also without FDA approval. When Richwood Pharmaceuticals bought Rexar, the company making Obetrol, they rebranded the reformulated Obetrol (without the methamphetamine) as Adderall, and began marketing it for ADD/ADHD.

= Dosage =

Adderall XR is extended release Around 50% of the dose is released instantly, the other half over the next four hours. Effects take a while to begin, and last much longer.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 5-15mg
|-
| Common || 15-40mg
|-
| Strong || 40-75mg
|-
| Heavy || 75-125+mg
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 5-10mg
|-
| Common || 10-30mg
|-
| Strong || 30-50mg
|-
| Heavy || 50-80+mg
|}

= Duration =

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 15-30 minutes
|-
| Total (IR) || 2-4 hours
|-
| Total (XR) || 6-10 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 1-5 minutes
|-
| Total (IR) || 2-4 hours
|-
| Total (XR) || 6-10 hours
|}

= Effects =

== Positive ==

* Increased focus

* Abundance of energy

* Increased motivation

== Negative ==

* Racing thoughts

* Reduced appetite

* Flushing of the face

* Increased body temperature

* Tachycardia (Elevated heart rate)

* Paranoia

* Insomnia

== After effects ==

* Hangover

* Afterglow

* Restlessness

* Persisting stimulation (5-15 hours after last dose)

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

* Adderall can be extremely addictive, and abuse can lead to stimulant psychosis, a very dangerous disorder.

== Detection Times ==

* Blood: 12 hours

* Hair: 90 days

* Saliva: 3 days

* Urine: 1-4 days

= Interactions =

Adderall can interact negatively with many drugs mainly tramadol, APAP, buproprion, and many anti-depressants.

Adderall mixed with downers like Benzodiazepines can also cause adverse reactions.

= Legal status =

* Canada: Schedule I

* Great Britain: Class B

* Thailand: Category 1

* United States: Schedule II

= Links =

* [[Amphetamine|Amphetamine]]

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]

Amphetamine

2014-11-04T19:33:16Z

Sevenforall: /* Images */

[[File:Spaste.png|thumb|500px|Dried speed paste]]

Amphetamine is a CNS stimulant, producing mild euphoria and an abundance of energy. Amphetamines include both the specific chemical 'amphetamine' and the general class of chemicals which share structural similaries. Amphetamines generally cause strong physical and mental stimulation, keeping users awake and alert for many hours, and some amphetamines cause mood lift / euphoria. Because they increase wakefulness, various amphetamines have been used by the military, by pilots, truck drivers, and other workers to keep functioning past their normal limits.

Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Amphetamine properly refers to the racemic free base, or equal parts of the enantiomers levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine in their pure amine forms. Nonetheless, the term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers, or to either of them alone.

= Dosage =

Depending on purity, amphetamine doses '''will''' vary. Branded amphetamine, like [[Adderall]], knows similar yet better documented and thus more predictable doses.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 25-40mg
|-
| Common || 40-75mg
|-
| Strong || 75-125mg
|-
| Heavy || 125-175mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 15-25mg
|-
| Common || 25-40mg
|-
| Strong || 40-75mg
|-
| Heavy || 75-100mg+
|}

= Duration =

Some branded forms of amphetamine like [[Adderall]], generally purposed to be prescribed to treat ADD and ADHD, are extended release (XR), which increases the duration of a single administration.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 15-30 minutes
|-
| Total || 2-4 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 1-5 minutes
|-
| Total || 1-3 hours
|}

= Effects =

== Positive ==

* Increased focus

* Abundance of energy

* Increased motivation

== Negative ==

* Racing thoughts

* Reduced appetite

* Flushing of the face

* Increased body temperature

* Tachycardia (Elevated heart rate)

* Paranoia

* Insomnia

== After effects ==

* Hangover

* Afterglow

* Restlessness

* Persisting stimulation (5-15 hours after last dose.)

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

See [[Stimulants#Harm_Reduction|Stimulant Harm Reduction]] for general information.

== Detection Times ==

* Blood: 12 hours

* Hair: 90 days

* Saliva: 3 days

* Urine: 1-4 days

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Image:Spaste.png|''Drying amphetamine paste''
Image:Amphetamine.jpg|''Amphetamine with vial''
Image:Amphetamines.JPG|''~50mg of amphetamine''
Image:Adderall.jpg|''Several 10mg [[Adderall]] IR pills''
</gallery>

= Legal status =

* Canada: Schedule I

* Great Britain: Class B

* Thailand: Category 1

* United States: [http://www.justice.gov/dea/druginfo/ds.shtml Schedule II]

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]

Adderall

2014-11-04T19:30:27Z

Sevenforall:

[[File:Adderall.jpg|thumb|400px|Several 10mg Adderall instant release (IR) pills]]
Adderall is a commonly prescribed stimulant to treat ADHD and ADD. Adderall is a 3:1 mixture of dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine. Adderall is commonly found in two forms, IR and XR. IR is instant release, while XR is extended release. Adderall XR releases half of the dosage immediately, and the other half 4 hours later. Adderall, containing [[Amphetamine|amphetamine]], is exceedingly similar to other forms of the substance, though with Adderall the constitution and doses are known.

==History==

Adderall was originally developed from an amphetamine blend drug called Obetrol, prescribed for obesity and weight loss. This drug was a mix of racemic amphetamine (dl-amphetamine), d-amphetamine, and racemic methamphetamine. This made sense, as it was for weight loss, so the peripheral effects of l-amphetamine were actually useful as an anorexic and as a thermogenic. It was later reformulated without the methamphetamine, but also without FDA approval. When Richwood Pharmaceuticals bought Rexar, the company making Obetrol, they rebranded the reformulated Obetrol (without the methamphetamine) as Adderall, and began marketing it for ADD/ADHD.

= Dosage =

Adderall XR is extended release Around 50% of the dose is released instantly, the other half over the next four hours. Effects take a while to begin, and last much longer.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 5-15mg
|-
| Common || 15-40mg
|-
| Strong || 40-75mg
|-
| Heavy || 75-125+mg
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 5-10mg
|-
| Common || 10-30mg
|-
| Strong || 30-50mg
|-
| Heavy || 50-80+mg
|}

= Duration =

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 15-30 minutes
|-
| Total (IR) || 2-4 hours
|-
| Total (XR) || 6-10 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 1-5 minutes
|-
| Total (IR) || 2-4 hours
|-
| Total (XR) || 6-10 hours
|}

= Effects =

== Positive ==

* Increased focus

* Abundance of energy

* Increased motivation

== Negative ==

* Racing thoughts

* Reduced appetite

* Flushing of the face

* Increased body temperature

* Tachycardia (Elevated heart rate)

* Paranoia

* Insomnia

== After effects ==

* Hangover

* Afterglow

* Restlessness

* Persisting stimulation (5-15 hours after last dose)

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

* Adderall can be extremely addictive, and abuse can lead to stimulant psychosis, a very dangerous disorder.

== Detection Times ==

* Blood: 12 hours

* Hair: 90 days

* Saliva: 3 days

* Urine: 1-4 days

= Interactions =

Adderall can interact negatively with many drugs mainly tramadol, APAP, buproprion, and many anti-depressants.

Adderall mixed with downers like Benzodiazepines can also cause adverse reactions.

= Legal status =

* Canada: Schedule I

* Great Britain: Class B

* Thailand: Category 1

* United States: Schedule II

= Links =

* [[Amphetamine|Amphetamine]]

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]

Adderall

2014-11-04T19:29:50Z

Sevenforall:

[[File:Adderall.jpg|thumb|400px|Several Adderall pills]]
Adderall is a commonly prescribed stimulant to treat ADHD and ADD. Adderall is a 3:1 mixture of dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine. Adderall is commonly found in two forms, IR and XR. IR is instant release, while XR is extended release. Adderall XR releases half of the dosage immediately, and the other half 4 hours later. Adderall, containing [[Amphetamine|amphetamine]], is exceedingly similar to other forms of the substance, though with Adderall the constitution and doses are known.

==History==

Adderall was originally developed from an amphetamine blend drug called Obetrol, prescribed for obesity and weight loss. This drug was a mix of racemic amphetamine (dl-amphetamine), d-amphetamine, and racemic methamphetamine. This made sense, as it was for weight loss, so the peripheral effects of l-amphetamine were actually useful as an anorexic and as a thermogenic. It was later reformulated without the methamphetamine, but also without FDA approval. When Richwood Pharmaceuticals bought Rexar, the company making Obetrol, they rebranded the reformulated Obetrol (without the methamphetamine) as Adderall, and began marketing it for ADD/ADHD.

= Dosage =

Adderall XR is extended release Around 50% of the dose is released instantly, the other half over the next four hours. Effects take a while to begin, and last much longer.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 5-15mg
|-
| Common || 15-40mg
|-
| Strong || 40-75mg
|-
| Heavy || 75-125+mg
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 5-10mg
|-
| Common || 10-30mg
|-
| Strong || 30-50mg
|-
| Heavy || 50-80+mg
|}

= Duration =

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 15-30 minutes
|-
| Total (IR) || 2-4 hours
|-
| Total (XR) || 6-10 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 1-5 minutes
|-
| Total (IR) || 2-4 hours
|-
| Total (XR) || 6-10 hours
|}

= Effects =

== Positive ==

* Increased focus

* Abundance of energy

* Increased motivation

== Negative ==

* Racing thoughts

* Reduced appetite

* Flushing of the face

* Increased body temperature

* Tachycardia (Elevated heart rate)

* Paranoia

* Insomnia

== After effects ==

* Hangover

* Afterglow

* Restlessness

* Persisting stimulation (5-15 hours after last dose)

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

* Adderall can be extremely addictive, and abuse can lead to stimulant psychosis, a very dangerous disorder.

== Detection Times ==

* Blood: 12 hours

* Hair: 90 days

* Saliva: 3 days

* Urine: 1-4 days

= Interactions =

Adderall can interact negatively with many drugs mainly tramadol, APAP, buproprion, and many anti-depressants.

Adderall mixed with downers like Benzodiazepines can also cause adverse reactions.

= Legal status =

* Canada: Schedule I

* Great Britain: Class B

* Thailand: Category 1

* United States: Schedule II

= Links =

* [[Amphetamine|Amphetamine]]

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]

File:Adderall.jpg

2014-11-04T19:29:21Z

Sevenforall: Sevenforall uploaded a new version of "File:Adderall.jpg"

Amphetamine

2014-11-04T19:21:22Z

Sevenforall: /* Duration */

[[File:Spaste.png|thumb|500px|Dried speed paste]]

Amphetamine is a CNS stimulant, producing mild euphoria and an abundance of energy. Amphetamines include both the specific chemical 'amphetamine' and the general class of chemicals which share structural similaries. Amphetamines generally cause strong physical and mental stimulation, keeping users awake and alert for many hours, and some amphetamines cause mood lift / euphoria. Because they increase wakefulness, various amphetamines have been used by the military, by pilots, truck drivers, and other workers to keep functioning past their normal limits.

Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Amphetamine properly refers to the racemic free base, or equal parts of the enantiomers levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine in their pure amine forms. Nonetheless, the term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers, or to either of them alone.

= Dosage =

Depending on purity, amphetamine doses '''will''' vary. Branded amphetamine, like [[Adderall]], knows similar yet better documented and thus more predictable doses.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 25-40mg
|-
| Common || 40-75mg
|-
| Strong || 75-125mg
|-
| Heavy || 125-175mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 15-25mg
|-
| Common || 25-40mg
|-
| Strong || 40-75mg
|-
| Heavy || 75-100mg+
|}

= Duration =

Some branded forms of amphetamine like [[Adderall]], generally purposed to be prescribed to treat ADD and ADHD, are extended release (XR), which increases the duration of a single administration.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 15-30 minutes
|-
| Total || 2-4 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 1-5 minutes
|-
| Total || 1-3 hours
|}

= Effects =

== Positive ==

* Increased focus

* Abundance of energy

* Increased motivation

== Negative ==

* Racing thoughts

* Reduced appetite

* Flushing of the face

* Increased body temperature

* Tachycardia (Elevated heart rate)

* Paranoia

* Insomnia

== After effects ==

* Hangover

* Afterglow

* Restlessness

* Persisting stimulation (5-15 hours after last dose.)

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

See [[Stimulants#Harm_Reduction|Stimulant Harm Reduction]] for general information.

== Detection Times ==

* Blood: 12 hours

* Hair: 90 days

* Saliva: 3 days

* Urine: 1-4 days

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Image:Spaste.png|''Drying amphetamine paste''
Image:Amphetamine.jpg|''Amphetamine with vial''
Image:Amphetamines.JPG|''~50mg of amphetamine''
</gallery>

= Legal status =

* Canada: Schedule I

* Great Britain: Class B

* Thailand: Category 1

* United States: [http://www.justice.gov/dea/druginfo/ds.shtml Schedule II]

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]

Amphetamine

2014-11-04T19:19:46Z

Sevenforall: /* Dosage */

[[File:Spaste.png|thumb|500px|Dried speed paste]]

Amphetamine is a CNS stimulant, producing mild euphoria and an abundance of energy. Amphetamines include both the specific chemical 'amphetamine' and the general class of chemicals which share structural similaries. Amphetamines generally cause strong physical and mental stimulation, keeping users awake and alert for many hours, and some amphetamines cause mood lift / euphoria. Because they increase wakefulness, various amphetamines have been used by the military, by pilots, truck drivers, and other workers to keep functioning past their normal limits.

Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Amphetamine properly refers to the racemic free base, or equal parts of the enantiomers levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine in their pure amine forms. Nonetheless, the term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers, or to either of them alone.

= Dosage =

Depending on purity, amphetamine doses '''will''' vary. Branded amphetamine, like [[Adderall]], knows similar yet better documented and thus more predictable doses.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 25-40mg
|-
| Common || 40-75mg
|-
| Strong || 75-125mg
|-
| Heavy || 125-175mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 15-25mg
|-
| Common || 25-40mg
|-
| Strong || 40-75mg
|-
| Heavy || 75-100mg+
|}

= Duration =

Some forms of amphetamine, generally branded and purposed for prescription, like [[Adderall]], are extended release (XR), which increases the duration of a single administration.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 15-30 minutes
|-
| Total || 2-4 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 1-5 minutes
|-
| Total || 1-3 hours
|}

= Effects =

== Positive ==

* Increased focus

* Abundance of energy

* Increased motivation

== Negative ==

* Racing thoughts

* Reduced appetite

* Flushing of the face

* Increased body temperature

* Tachycardia (Elevated heart rate)

* Paranoia

* Insomnia

== After effects ==

* Hangover

* Afterglow

* Restlessness

* Persisting stimulation (5-15 hours after last dose.)

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

See [[Stimulants#Harm_Reduction|Stimulant Harm Reduction]] for general information.

== Detection Times ==

* Blood: 12 hours

* Hair: 90 days

* Saliva: 3 days

* Urine: 1-4 days

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Image:Spaste.png|''Drying amphetamine paste''
Image:Amphetamine.jpg|''Amphetamine with vial''
Image:Amphetamines.JPG|''~50mg of amphetamine''
</gallery>

= Legal status =

* Canada: Schedule I

* Great Britain: Class B

* Thailand: Category 1

* United States: [http://www.justice.gov/dea/druginfo/ds.shtml Schedule II]

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]

Amphetamine

2014-11-04T19:17:03Z

Sevenforall: /* Dosage */

[[File:Spaste.png|thumb|500px|Dried speed paste]]

Amphetamine is a CNS stimulant, producing mild euphoria and an abundance of energy. Amphetamines include both the specific chemical 'amphetamine' and the general class of chemicals which share structural similaries. Amphetamines generally cause strong physical and mental stimulation, keeping users awake and alert for many hours, and some amphetamines cause mood lift / euphoria. Because they increase wakefulness, various amphetamines have been used by the military, by pilots, truck drivers, and other workers to keep functioning past their normal limits.

Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Amphetamine properly refers to the racemic free base, or equal parts of the enantiomers levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine in their pure amine forms. Nonetheless, the term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers, or to either of them alone.

= Dosage =

Depending on purity, amphetamine doses '''will''' vary. Branded amphetamine, like [[Adderall]], knows similar yet more predictable doses.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 25-40mg
|-
| Common || 40-75mg
|-
| Strong || 75-125mg
|-
| Heavy || 125-175mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 15-25mg
|-
| Common || 25-40mg
|-
| Strong || 40-75mg
|-
| Heavy || 75-100mg+
|}

= Duration =

Some forms of amphetamine, generally branded and purposed for prescription, like [[Adderall]], are extended release (XR), which increases the duration of a single administration.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 15-30 minutes
|-
| Total || 2-4 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 1-5 minutes
|-
| Total || 1-3 hours
|}

= Effects =

== Positive ==

* Increased focus

* Abundance of energy

* Increased motivation

== Negative ==

* Racing thoughts

* Reduced appetite

* Flushing of the face

* Increased body temperature

* Tachycardia (Elevated heart rate)

* Paranoia

* Insomnia

== After effects ==

* Hangover

* Afterglow

* Restlessness

* Persisting stimulation (5-15 hours after last dose.)

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

See [[Stimulants#Harm_Reduction|Stimulant Harm Reduction]] for general information.

== Detection Times ==

* Blood: 12 hours

* Hair: 90 days

* Saliva: 3 days

* Urine: 1-4 days

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Image:Spaste.png|''Drying amphetamine paste''
Image:Amphetamine.jpg|''Amphetamine with vial''
Image:Amphetamines.JPG|''~50mg of amphetamine''
</gallery>

= Legal status =

* Canada: Schedule I

* Great Britain: Class B

* Thailand: Category 1

* United States: [http://www.justice.gov/dea/druginfo/ds.shtml Schedule II]

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]

Amphetamine

2014-11-04T19:16:03Z

Sevenforall: /* Duration */

[[File:Spaste.png|thumb|500px|Dried speed paste]]

Amphetamine is a CNS stimulant, producing mild euphoria and an abundance of energy. Amphetamines include both the specific chemical 'amphetamine' and the general class of chemicals which share structural similaries. Amphetamines generally cause strong physical and mental stimulation, keeping users awake and alert for many hours, and some amphetamines cause mood lift / euphoria. Because they increase wakefulness, various amphetamines have been used by the military, by pilots, truck drivers, and other workers to keep functioning past their normal limits.

Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Amphetamine properly refers to the racemic free base, or equal parts of the enantiomers levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine in their pure amine forms. Nonetheless, the term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers, or to either of them alone.

= Dosage =

Depending on purity, amphetamine doses '''will''' vary. Branded amphetamine, like [[Adderall]], knows similar yet more specific dosages.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 25-40mg
|-
| Common || 40-75mg
|-
| Strong || 75-125mg
|-
| Heavy || 125-175mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 15-25mg
|-
| Common || 25-40mg
|-
| Strong || 40-75mg
|-
| Heavy || 75-100mg+
|}

= Duration =

Some forms of amphetamine, generally branded and purposed for prescription, like [[Adderall]], are extended release (XR), which increases the duration of a single administration.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 15-30 minutes
|-
| Total || 2-4 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 1-5 minutes
|-
| Total || 1-3 hours
|}

= Effects =

== Positive ==

* Increased focus

* Abundance of energy

* Increased motivation

== Negative ==

* Racing thoughts

* Reduced appetite

* Flushing of the face

* Increased body temperature

* Tachycardia (Elevated heart rate)

* Paranoia

* Insomnia

== After effects ==

* Hangover

* Afterglow

* Restlessness

* Persisting stimulation (5-15 hours after last dose.)

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

See [[Stimulants#Harm_Reduction|Stimulant Harm Reduction]] for general information.

== Detection Times ==

* Blood: 12 hours

* Hair: 90 days

* Saliva: 3 days

* Urine: 1-4 days

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Image:Spaste.png|''Drying amphetamine paste''
Image:Amphetamine.jpg|''Amphetamine with vial''
Image:Amphetamines.JPG|''~50mg of amphetamine''
</gallery>

= Legal status =

* Canada: Schedule I

* Great Britain: Class B

* Thailand: Category 1

* United States: [http://www.justice.gov/dea/druginfo/ds.shtml Schedule II]

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]

Amphetamine

2014-11-04T19:14:39Z

Sevenforall: /* Duration */

[[File:Spaste.png|thumb|500px|Dried speed paste]]

Amphetamine is a CNS stimulant, producing mild euphoria and an abundance of energy. Amphetamines include both the specific chemical 'amphetamine' and the general class of chemicals which share structural similaries. Amphetamines generally cause strong physical and mental stimulation, keeping users awake and alert for many hours, and some amphetamines cause mood lift / euphoria. Because they increase wakefulness, various amphetamines have been used by the military, by pilots, truck drivers, and other workers to keep functioning past their normal limits.

Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Amphetamine properly refers to the racemic free base, or equal parts of the enantiomers levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine in their pure amine forms. Nonetheless, the term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers, or to either of them alone.

= Dosage =

Depending on purity, amphetamine doses '''will''' vary. Branded amphetamine, like [[Adderall]], knows similar yet more specific dosages.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 25-40mg
|-
| Common || 40-75mg
|-
| Strong || 75-125mg
|-
| Heavy || 125-175mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 15-25mg
|-
| Common || 25-40mg
|-
| Strong || 40-75mg
|-
| Heavy || 75-100mg+
|}

= Duration =

Some forms, generally branded and prescription, of amphetamine like [[Adderall]] are extended release (XR), which increases the duration of a single administration.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 15-30 minutes
|-
| Total || 2-4 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 1-5 minutes
|-
| Total || 1-3 hours
|}

= Effects =

== Positive ==

* Increased focus

* Abundance of energy

* Increased motivation

== Negative ==

* Racing thoughts

* Reduced appetite

* Flushing of the face

* Increased body temperature

* Tachycardia (Elevated heart rate)

* Paranoia

* Insomnia

== After effects ==

* Hangover

* Afterglow

* Restlessness

* Persisting stimulation (5-15 hours after last dose.)

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

See [[Stimulants#Harm_Reduction|Stimulant Harm Reduction]] for general information.

== Detection Times ==

* Blood: 12 hours

* Hair: 90 days

* Saliva: 3 days

* Urine: 1-4 days

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Image:Spaste.png|''Drying amphetamine paste''
Image:Amphetamine.jpg|''Amphetamine with vial''
Image:Amphetamines.JPG|''~50mg of amphetamine''
</gallery>

= Legal status =

* Canada: Schedule I

* Great Britain: Class B

* Thailand: Category 1

* United States: [http://www.justice.gov/dea/druginfo/ds.shtml Schedule II]

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]

Amphetamine

2014-11-04T19:14:00Z

Sevenforall: /* Duration */

[[File:Spaste.png|thumb|500px|Dried speed paste]]

Amphetamine is a CNS stimulant, producing mild euphoria and an abundance of energy. Amphetamines include both the specific chemical 'amphetamine' and the general class of chemicals which share structural similaries. Amphetamines generally cause strong physical and mental stimulation, keeping users awake and alert for many hours, and some amphetamines cause mood lift / euphoria. Because they increase wakefulness, various amphetamines have been used by the military, by pilots, truck drivers, and other workers to keep functioning past their normal limits.

Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Amphetamine properly refers to the racemic free base, or equal parts of the enantiomers levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine in their pure amine forms. Nonetheless, the term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers, or to either of them alone.

= Dosage =

Depending on purity, amphetamine doses '''will''' vary. Branded amphetamine, like [[Adderall]], knows similar yet more specific dosages.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 25-40mg
|-
| Common || 40-75mg
|-
| Strong || 75-125mg
|-
| Heavy || 125-175mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 15-25mg
|-
| Common || 25-40mg
|-
| Strong || 40-75mg
|-
| Heavy || 75-100mg+
|}

= Duration =

Some forms, generally branded and prescription, of amphetamine like [[Adderall]] are extended release (XR), which increases the duration.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 15-30 minutes
|-
| Total || 2-4 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 1-5 minutes
|-
| Total || 1-3 hours
|}

= Effects =

== Positive ==

* Increased focus

* Abundance of energy

* Increased motivation

== Negative ==

* Racing thoughts

* Reduced appetite

* Flushing of the face

* Increased body temperature

* Tachycardia (Elevated heart rate)

* Paranoia

* Insomnia

== After effects ==

* Hangover

* Afterglow

* Restlessness

* Persisting stimulation (5-15 hours after last dose.)

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

See [[Stimulants#Harm_Reduction|Stimulant Harm Reduction]] for general information.

== Detection Times ==

* Blood: 12 hours

* Hair: 90 days

* Saliva: 3 days

* Urine: 1-4 days

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Image:Spaste.png|''Drying amphetamine paste''
Image:Amphetamine.jpg|''Amphetamine with vial''
Image:Amphetamines.JPG|''~50mg of amphetamine''
</gallery>

= Legal status =

* Canada: Schedule I

* Great Britain: Class B

* Thailand: Category 1

* United States: [http://www.justice.gov/dea/druginfo/ds.shtml Schedule II]

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]

Amphetamine

2014-11-04T19:09:38Z

Sevenforall: /* Dosage */

[[File:Spaste.png|thumb|500px|Dried speed paste]]

Amphetamine is a CNS stimulant, producing mild euphoria and an abundance of energy. Amphetamines include both the specific chemical 'amphetamine' and the general class of chemicals which share structural similaries. Amphetamines generally cause strong physical and mental stimulation, keeping users awake and alert for many hours, and some amphetamines cause mood lift / euphoria. Because they increase wakefulness, various amphetamines have been used by the military, by pilots, truck drivers, and other workers to keep functioning past their normal limits.

Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Amphetamine properly refers to the racemic free base, or equal parts of the enantiomers levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine in their pure amine forms. Nonetheless, the term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers, or to either of them alone.

= Dosage =

Depending on purity, amphetamine doses '''will''' vary. Branded amphetamine, like [[Adderall]], knows similar yet more specific dosages.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 25-40mg
|-
| Common || 40-75mg
|-
| Strong || 75-125mg
|-
| Heavy || 125-175mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 15-25mg
|-
| Common || 25-40mg
|-
| Strong || 40-75mg
|-
| Heavy || 75-100mg+
|}

= Duration =

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 15-30 minutes
|-
| Total || 2-4 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 1-5 minutes
|-
| Total || 1-3 hours
|}

= Effects =

== Positive ==

* Increased focus

* Abundance of energy

* Increased motivation

== Negative ==

* Racing thoughts

* Reduced appetite

* Flushing of the face

* Increased body temperature

* Tachycardia (Elevated heart rate)

* Paranoia

* Insomnia

== After effects ==

* Hangover

* Afterglow

* Restlessness

* Persisting stimulation (5-15 hours after last dose.)

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

See [[Stimulants#Harm_Reduction|Stimulant Harm Reduction]] for general information.

== Detection Times ==

* Blood: 12 hours

* Hair: 90 days

* Saliva: 3 days

* Urine: 1-4 days

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Image:Spaste.png|''Drying amphetamine paste''
Image:Amphetamine.jpg|''Amphetamine with vial''
Image:Amphetamines.JPG|''~50mg of amphetamine''
</gallery>

= Legal status =

* Canada: Schedule I

* Great Britain: Class B

* Thailand: Category 1

* United States: [http://www.justice.gov/dea/druginfo/ds.shtml Schedule II]

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]

Adderall

2014-11-04T19:08:34Z

Sevenforall: /* Links */

[[File:Adderall.jpg|thumb|500px|Several Adderall pills]]
Adderall is a commonly prescribed stimulant to treat ADHD and ADD. Adderall is a 3:1 mixture of dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine. Adderall is commonly found in two forms, IR and XR. IR is instant release, while XR is extended release. Adderall XR releases half of the dosage immediately, and the other half 4 hours later. Adderall, containing [[Amphetamine|amphetamine]], is exceedingly similar to other forms of the substance, though with Adderall the constitution and doses are known.

==History==

Adderall was originally developed from an amphetamine blend drug called Obetrol, prescribed for obesity and weight loss. This drug was a mix of racemic amphetamine (dl-amphetamine), d-amphetamine, and racemic methamphetamine. This made sense, as it was for weight loss, so the peripheral effects of l-amphetamine were actually useful as an anorexic and as a thermogenic. It was later reformulated without the methamphetamine, but also without FDA approval. When Richwood Pharmaceuticals bought Rexar, the company making Obetrol, they rebranded the reformulated Obetrol (without the methamphetamine) as Adderall, and began marketing it for ADD/ADHD.

= Dosage =

Adderall XR is extended release Around 50% of the dose is released instantly, the other half over the next four hours. Effects take a while to begin, and last much longer.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 5-15mg
|-
| Common || 15-40mg
|-
| Strong || 40-75mg
|-
| Heavy || 75-125+mg
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 5-10mg
|-
| Common || 10-30mg
|-
| Strong || 30-50mg
|-
| Heavy || 50-80+mg
|}

= Duration =

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 15-30 minutes
|-
| Total (IR) || 2-4 hours
|-
| Total (XR) || 6-10 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 1-5 minutes
|-
| Total (IR) || 2-4 hours
|-
| Total (XR) || 6-10 hours
|}

= Effects =

== Positive ==

* Increased focus

* Abundance of energy

* Increased motivation

== Negative ==

* Racing thoughts

* Reduced appetite

* Flushing of the face

* Increased body temperature

* Tachycardia (Elevated heart rate)

* Paranoia

* Insomnia

== After effects ==

* Hangover

* Afterglow

* Restlessness

* Persisting stimulation (5-15 hours after last dose)

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

* Adderall can be extremely addictive, and abuse can lead to stimulant psychosis, a very dangerous disorder.

== Detection Times ==

* Blood: 12 hours

* Hair: 90 days

* Saliva: 3 days

* Urine: 1-4 days

= Interactions =

Adderall can interact negatively with many drugs mainly tramadol, APAP, buproprion, and many anti-depressants.

Adderall mixed with downers like Benzodiazepines can also cause adverse reactions.

= Legal status =

* Canada: Schedule I

* Great Britain: Class B

* Thailand: Category 1

* United States: Schedule II

= Links =

* [[Amphetamine|Amphetamine]]

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]

Adderall

2014-11-04T19:08:15Z

Sevenforall:

[[File:Adderall.jpg|thumb|500px|Several Adderall pills]]
Adderall is a commonly prescribed stimulant to treat ADHD and ADD. Adderall is a 3:1 mixture of dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine. Adderall is commonly found in two forms, IR and XR. IR is instant release, while XR is extended release. Adderall XR releases half of the dosage immediately, and the other half 4 hours later. Adderall, containing [[Amphetamine|amphetamine]], is exceedingly similar to other forms of the substance, though with Adderall the constitution and doses are known.

==History==

Adderall was originally developed from an amphetamine blend drug called Obetrol, prescribed for obesity and weight loss. This drug was a mix of racemic amphetamine (dl-amphetamine), d-amphetamine, and racemic methamphetamine. This made sense, as it was for weight loss, so the peripheral effects of l-amphetamine were actually useful as an anorexic and as a thermogenic. It was later reformulated without the methamphetamine, but also without FDA approval. When Richwood Pharmaceuticals bought Rexar, the company making Obetrol, they rebranded the reformulated Obetrol (without the methamphetamine) as Adderall, and began marketing it for ADD/ADHD.

= Dosage =

Adderall XR is extended release Around 50% of the dose is released instantly, the other half over the next four hours. Effects take a while to begin, and last much longer.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 5-15mg
|-
| Common || 15-40mg
|-
| Strong || 40-75mg
|-
| Heavy || 75-125+mg
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 5-10mg
|-
| Common || 10-30mg
|-
| Strong || 30-50mg
|-
| Heavy || 50-80+mg
|}

= Duration =

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 15-30 minutes
|-
| Total (IR) || 2-4 hours
|-
| Total (XR) || 6-10 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 1-5 minutes
|-
| Total (IR) || 2-4 hours
|-
| Total (XR) || 6-10 hours
|}

= Effects =

== Positive ==

* Increased focus

* Abundance of energy

* Increased motivation

== Negative ==

* Racing thoughts

* Reduced appetite

* Flushing of the face

* Increased body temperature

* Tachycardia (Elevated heart rate)

* Paranoia

* Insomnia

== After effects ==

* Hangover

* Afterglow

* Restlessness

* Persisting stimulation (5-15 hours after last dose)

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

* Adderall can be extremely addictive, and abuse can lead to stimulant psychosis, a very dangerous disorder.

== Detection Times ==

* Blood: 12 hours

* Hair: 90 days

* Saliva: 3 days

* Urine: 1-4 days

= Interactions =

Adderall can interact negatively with many drugs mainly tramadol, APAP, buproprion, and many anti-depressants.

Adderall mixed with downers like Benzodiazepines can also cause adverse reactions.

= Legal status =

* Canada: Schedule I

* Great Britain: Class B

* Thailand: Category 1

* United States: Schedule II

= Links =

* [[Street_amphetamine|Street Amphetamine]]

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]

Benzodiazepines

2014-11-03T21:33:45Z

Sevenforall: /* Images */

[[File:Xanax.jpg|thumb|250px|Alprazolam pills and prescription bottle]]

Benzodiazepines are drugs which act upon the GABA(A) receptor, and produce a general set of effects which vary by compound, mostly being sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant. The first benzodiazepine, Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which has also marketed diazepam (Valium) since 1963.

= Dosage =

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of benzodiazepines
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Alprazolam (Xanax)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Bromazepam (Lexotan, Lexomil)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 5 - 6 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Brotizolam
| 2 - 6 hours
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Chlordazepoxide (Librium)
| 5 - 30 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 25 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clobazam (Frisium)
| 12 - 60 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clonazepam (Klonopin)
| 18 - 50 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clorazepate (Tranxene)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diazepam (Valium)
| 20 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diclazepam
| ~120 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Estazolam (ProSom, Nuctalon)
| 10 - 24 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Etizolam
| 4-12 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Flubromazepam
| 106 hours
| 6 - 8 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)
| 18 - 26 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 1 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flutoprazepam (Restas)
| 60 - 90 hours
| ~2.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flurazepam (Dalmane)
| [40 - 250 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Halazepam (Paxipam)
| [30 - 100 hours]
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Ketazolam (Anseren)
| 30 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Loprazolam (Dormonoct)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Lorazepam (Ativan)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 1 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Lormetazepam (Noctamid)
| 10 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Medazepam (Nobrium)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Nitrazepam (Mogadon)
| 15 - 38 hours
| 10 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Nordazepam (Nordaz)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Oxazepam (Serax)
| 4 - 15 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Phenazepam
| 60 hours
| ~1 mg.
| Hypnotic
|-
| Prazepam (Centrax)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 - 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Pyrazolam
| Short
| .83 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Quazepam (Doral)
| 25 - 100 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Temazepam (Restoril)
| 8 - 22 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Triazolam (Halcion)
| 2 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Non-benzodiazepines commonly referred to as Z-drugs
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Zaleplon (Sonata)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zolpidem (Ambien)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zopiclone (Imovane)
| 5 - 6 hours
| 15 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
| 6 hours
| 3 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

= Effects =
== Positive ==

* Anti-Anxiety
* Sedative
* Muscle relaxant

== Negative ==

* High addiction potential
* Withdrawls can be fatal
* Risk of blackout
* Inability to drink
* Inability to dirve
* Loss of balance
* Memory Loss
* Procrastination
* "Hangover"
* Long term effects
* High addiction potential

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

* Addiction potential - High

* Risk of blackouts

* Risk of death when mixed with alcohol or other drugs. '''An extremely high percentage of drug-related deaths are due to mixing benzos with other drugs, especially opiates and alcohol.'''

* Mental illness

* Heart issues

* CNS depressant when mixed with other drugs

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
The term benzodiazepine is the chemical name for the heterocyclic ring system, which is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems. Under Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature, a diazepine is a heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms, five carbon atom and the maximum possible number of cumulative double bonds. The "benzo" prefix indicates the benzene ring fused onto the diazepine ring.
Benzodiazepine drugs are substituted 1,4-benzodiazepines, although the chemical term can refer to many other compounds that do not have useful pharmacological properties. Different benzodiazepine drugs have different side groups attached to this central structure. The different side groups affect the binding of the molecule to the GABAA receptor and so modulate the pharmacological properties. Many of the pharmacologically active "classical" benzodiazepine drugs contain the 5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one substructure.
Nonbenzodiazepines also bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA(A) receptor and possess similar pharmacological properties. While the nonbenzodiazepines are by definition structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines, both classes of drugs possess a common pharmacophore , which explains their binding to a common receptor site

[[File:benzo.png|500px]]

* 2-keto compounds:
::Chlordiazepoxide, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Flurazepam, Halazepam, Prazepam, and others.
* 3-hydroxy compounds:
::Lorazepam, Lormetazepam,Oxazepam, Temazepam
* 7-nitro compounds:
::Clonazepam, Flunitrazepam, Nimetazepam, Nitrazepam
* Triazolo compounds:
::Adinazolam, Alprazolam, Estazolam, Triazolam
* Imidazo compounds
::Climazolam, Loprazolam, Midazolam

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
Image:Xanax.jpg|''(Purepac) alprazolam pills and prescription bottle''
Image:Alprazolam_solution.jpg|''Alprazolam solved in propylene glycol''
Image:Alpraz.jpg|''.5mg (Qualitest) alprazolam pills''
Image:Ativan.png|''Lorazepam (Ativan) pill''
</gallery>

= Links =
http://www.dr-bob.org/tips/bzd.html

[http://tripsit.me/history-of-etizolam History of Etizolam on Tripsit.me]

= Sources =

Madsen U, Bräuner-Osborne H, Greenwood JR, Johansen TN, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Liljefors T, Nielsen M, Frølund B (2005). "GABA and Glutamate receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential in CNS disorders". In Gad SC. Drug Discovery Handbook. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience/J. Wiley. pp. 797–907. ISBN 0-471-21384-5.
^ a b Panico, R.; Powell, W. H.; Richer, J. C., eds. (1993). A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds. IUPAC/Blackwell Science. pp. 40–3. ISBN 0-632-03488-2.; Moss GP (1998). "Nomenclature of fused and bridged fused ring systems (IUPAC Recommendations 1998)". Pure Appl Chem 70 (1): 143–216. doi:10.1351/pac199870010143.
Olsen RW, Betz H (2006). "GABA and glycine". In Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Brady S, Price DD (eds.). Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects (7th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 291–302. ISBN 0-12-088397-X.
Shorter E (2005). "Benzodiazepines". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–2. ISBN 0-19-517668-5.
Zavala F (1997). "Benzodiazepines, anxiety and immunity". Pharmacol Ther 75 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00055-7. PMID 9504140.
Narimatsu E, Niiya T, Kawamata M, Namiki A (2006). "[The mechanisms of depression by benzodiazepines, barbiturates and propofol of excitatory synaptic transmissions mediated by adenosine neuromodulation]". Masui (in Japanese) 55 (6): 684–91. PMID 16780077.
Juergens, MD, Steven M. "Understanding Benzodiazepines". California Society of Addiction Medicine. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Carlo, Pia; Renata Finollo, Anna Ledda, Giovanni Brambilla (January 1989). "Absence of liver DNA fragmentation in rats treated with high oral doses of 32 benzodiazepine drugs". Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 12 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1016/0272-0590(89)90059-6. PMID 2925017.

[[Category:Depressant]]
[[Category:Drugs]]

Amphetamine

2014-11-03T21:33:19Z

Sevenforall: /* Images */

[[File:Spaste.png|thumb|500px|Dried speed paste]]

Amphetamine is a CNS stimulant, producing mild euphoria and an abundance of energy. Amphetamines include both the specific chemical 'amphetamine' and the general class of chemicals which share structural similaries. Amphetamines generally cause strong physical and mental stimulation, keeping users awake and alert for many hours, and some amphetamines cause mood lift / euphoria. Because they increase wakefulness, various amphetamines have been used by the military, by pilots, truck drivers, and other workers to keep functioning past their normal limits.

Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Amphetamine properly refers to the racemic free base, or equal parts of the enantiomers levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine in their pure amine forms. Nonetheless, the term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers, or to either of them alone.

= Dosage =

Depending on purity, amphetamine dosage '''will''' vary.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 25-40mg
|-
| Common || 40-75mg
|-
| Strong || 75-125mg
|-
| Heavy || 125-175mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 15-25mg
|-
| Common || 25-40mg
|-
| Strong || 40-75mg
|-
| Heavy || 75-100mg+
|}

= Duration =

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 15-30 minutes
|-
| Total || 2-4 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 1-5 minutes
|-
| Total || 1-3 hours
|}

= Effects =

== Positive ==

* Increased focus

* Abundance of energy

* Increased motivation

== Negative ==

* Racing thoughts

* Reduced appetite

* Flushing of the face

* Increased body temperature

* Tachycardia (Elevated heart rate)

* Paranoia

* Insomnia

== After effects ==

* Hangover

* Afterglow

* Restlessness

* Persisting stimulation (5-15 hours after last dose.)

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

== Detection Times ==

* Blood: 12 hours

* Hair: 90 days

* Saliva: 3 days

* Urine: 1-4 days

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Image:Spaste.png|''Drying amphetamine paste''
Image:Amphetamine.jpg|''Amphetamine with vial''
Image:Amphetamines.JPG|''~50mg of amphetamine''
</gallery>

= Legal status =

* Canada: Schedule I

* Great Britain: Class B

* Thailand: Category 1

* United States: [http://www.justice.gov/dea/druginfo/ds.shtml Schedule II]

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]

Street amphetamine

2014-11-03T21:31:29Z

Sevenforall: Sevenforall moved page Street amphetamine to Amphetamine: Images aside, not much about the article seems specific to 'street' amphetamine, the summary in particular.

#REDIRECT [[Amphetamine]]

Amphetamine

2014-11-03T21:31:29Z

Sevenforall: Sevenforall moved page Street amphetamine to Amphetamine: Images aside, not much about the article seems specific to 'street' amphetamine, the summary in particular.

[[File:Spaste.png|thumb|500px|Dried speed paste]]

Amphetamine is a CNS stimulant, producing mild euphoria and an abundance of energy. Amphetamines include both the specific chemical 'amphetamine' and the general class of chemicals which share structural similaries. Amphetamines generally cause strong physical and mental stimulation, keeping users awake and alert for many hours, and some amphetamines cause mood lift / euphoria. Because they increase wakefulness, various amphetamines have been used by the military, by pilots, truck drivers, and other workers to keep functioning past their normal limits.

Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Amphetamine properly refers to the racemic free base, or equal parts of the enantiomers levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine in their pure amine forms. Nonetheless, the term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers, or to either of them alone.

= Dosage =

Depending on purity, amphetamine dosage '''will''' vary.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 25-40mg
|-
| Common || 40-75mg
|-
| Strong || 75-125mg
|-
| Heavy || 125-175mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 15-25mg
|-
| Common || 25-40mg
|-
| Strong || 40-75mg
|-
| Heavy || 75-100mg+
|}

= Duration =

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 15-30 minutes
|-
| Total || 2-4 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 1-5 minutes
|-
| Total || 1-3 hours
|}

= Effects =

== Positive ==

* Increased focus

* Abundance of energy

* Increased motivation

== Negative ==

* Racing thoughts

* Reduced appetite

* Flushing of the face

* Increased body temperature

* Tachycardia (Elevated heart rate)

* Paranoia

* Insomnia

== After effects ==

* Hangover

* Afterglow

* Restlessness

* Persisting stimulation (5-15 hours after last dose.)

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

== Detection Times ==

* Blood: 12 hours

* Hair: 90 days

* Saliva: 3 days

* Urine: 1-4 days

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Image:Spaste.png|''Drying speed paste''
Image:Amphetamine.jpg|''Dried speed with vial''
Image:Amphetamines.JPG|''52mg of amphetamines''
</gallery>

= Legal status =

* Canada: Schedule I

* Great Britain: Class B

* Thailand: Category 1

* United States: [http://www.justice.gov/dea/druginfo/ds.shtml Schedule II]

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]

2C-E

2014-11-03T21:27:53Z

Sevenforall:

[[File:2ce.jpg|thumb|150px|Vial of 2C-E with powder]]

2C-E is a chemical of the [[2C-X]] series which is characterised by its particularly intense visuals and higher potency when compared with other members of the family.

= History =

2C-E, like many of its close analogues, was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and published in PiHKAL. He was quite fond of it, granting it a place in his "Magical Half Dozen" alongside of [[DOM]], [[2C-B]], [[2C-T-2]] & 7 and [[mescaline]].

= Uses =

2C-E is mainly a recreational entheogen. It can be quite introspective in appropriate doses and settings. It doesn't lend itself well to intense party-like surroundings, much like LSD or similarly intense psychedelics.

= Dosage =

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Oral

|-

| Light || 5-10mg

|-

| Common || 10-15mg

|-

| Strong || 15-30mg

|-

| Heavy || 25-40mg+

|}

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Insulated

|-

| Light || 1-3mg

|-

| Common || 3-7mg

|-

| Strong || 6-10mg

|-

| Heavy || 10mg+

|}

= Duration =

Note: Duration can be significantly longer with higher doses.

Anecdotal evidence has shown the oral onset of 2C-E may vary wildly for some users, taking up to three hours before first effects in some cases.

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Oral

| Onset || 60-90 minutes

|-

| Total || 9-14 hours

|}

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Insufflated

| Onset || 20-40 minutes

|-

| Total || 6-9 hours

|}

= Effects =

2C-E is a psychedelic phenethylamine and as such has psychedelic and stimulant effects. As with all psychedelics, different users are likely to experience different sets of effects, which usually include some however very rarely would include all of the following effects.

Compared to other members of the 2C-X family, 2C-E is generally considered to have a heavier body load and to be more visual than its counterparts.

Note: The prevalence of negative effects increases with higher doses.

== Positive ==

* Mood lift, euphoria, sense of well-being

* Enhanced sensory perception

* Increase in associative & creative thinking; introspection

* Life-changing 'spiritual' experiences

* Closed and Open eye visuals, patterning, tracers, color-enhancement, etc.

* Enhanced appreciation of music

* Increase in energy

== Neutral ==

* Time dilation

* Slight increase in heart-rate and body temperature

* Inability to focus or difficulty focusing

== Negative ==

* Tension

* Anxiety, restlessness, confusion

* Dizziness

* Nausea, gastrointestinal discomfort, possible vomiting

* Over-sensitivity to music or other sensory stimuli

* Unwanted 'spiritual' experiences

* Racing thoughts

= Harm Reduction =

* As with all psychedelic drugs 2C-E carries with it the potential for a very powerful experience, and as such has the potential to create a very difficult experience ('bad' trip). Mindset and setting play important roles in governing the nature of a psychedelic experience, among other things.

See [[Psychedelics#Harm_Reduction|Psychedelic Harm Reduction]] for more information.

* As with all stimulants, care should be taken when dosing via different ROAs. The oral route has a much lower bioavailabity than those that bypass first pass metabolism i.e. Insulated, rectal, intramuscular, intravenous and subcutaneous.

See [[Stimulants#Harm Reduction|Stimulant Harm Reduction]] for more information.

==Interactions==

See the [[Drug combinations]] chart for more information.

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =

==Chemistry==

2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylphenethylamine is a colorless oil and analogue of mescaline. Similarly it is classified as a psychedelic phenethylamine. It shares the substituted amphetamine core found in the structure of many entactogens. Crystalline forms are obtained as the amine salt by reacting the free base with a mineral acid, typically HCl. It is soluble in both water and ethanol. Maximum concentration in H2O is reported at ~50mg/ml and it is said to be relatively stable in solution. A drop below normal ambient temperatures can cause particles to crystalize out.

Shulgin does not report an exact boiling point for the free base, stating only that during one synthesis the fraction boiling between 90-100 °C at 0.25 mmHg pressure was collected and converted to the hydrochloride salt. Shulgin reports the melting point of the hydrochloride salt as 208.5-210.5 °C. Similarly it is classified as a psychedelic phenethylamine. It shares the substituted amphetamine core found in the structure of many entactogens.

A full write up on Shulgin's synthesis for 2C-E can be found [https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal024.shtml here].

==Pharmacology==

Like most psychedelic drugs, 2C-E is a 5-HT2a Agonist; from that, we can presume the concurrent or pre-administration of SSRIs may reduce the effects of 2C-E. 2C-E is one of the most potent of the 2C-X family, behind only 2C-P and 2C-T-4. The 2C-X family, specifically, 2C-E, 2C-I, and 2C-C all stimulated G protein binding, suggesting more of an activity similar to tryptamines such as 5-MeO-DMT and, interestingly, DPT. G Proteins are membrane proteins that effectively mediate interaction between hormone receptors and enzymes responsible for changes of metabolism as a result of hormonal changes.

In rats, Stage I metabolism involved deamination and O-Demthylation, which are related to the Monoamine oxidase (MAO) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. For virtually all the 2C’s, (B,I,D,E,T-2, and T-7), MAO-A and MAO-B were reacted upon; interestingly, ½ of the molecules in Shulgin’s Magical Half Dozen (2C-E, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, with the addition of 2C-D) also act to a small extent on the CYP2D6 enzyme. Because of the commonality of these receptors, the 2C-X family is likely to be more reactive with other concurrently administered chemicals.

== LD50 ==

The LD50 in humans is not currently known. Use caution when exploring high doses of this compound.

= Legal status =

* In Australia, 2C-E was added to the 'Dangerous Drugs' list of the 'Drugs Misuse Amendment Act 2008.

* In Denmark, 2C-E has been added to the list of Schedule B controlled substances.

* In New Zealand, 2C-E is illegal under the Analogues section of Schedule 3 / Class C, along with 2C-I, DOI, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine.

* In Sweden, 2C-E has been made illegal to sell or possess under their Act on the Prohibition of Certain Goods Dangerous to Health (''lagen om förbud mot vissa hälsofarliga varor'').

* In the UK, 2C-E is a Class A controlled Substance under the Misuse of Drugs Act's 2002 amendments and as such is illegal to possess to supply.

* In Germany, 2C-E is a Schedule I drug as of late 2014.

* In the USA, 2C-E is a Schedule I substance under the FDA Safety and Innovation act of 2012, and is illegal to possess, distribute or manufacture.

= Links =

* [https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2ce/ Erowid]

* [https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal024.shtml PiHKAL Entry]

* [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-E/ Wikipedia]

[[Category:Stimulant]]

[[Category:Psychedelic]]

[[Category:Drugs]]

2C-X

2014-11-03T21:27:16Z

Sevenforall:

[[File:2cc.jpg|thumb|150px|2C-C vial and powder]]

The 2C family is a group of [[Psychedelics|psychedelic]] phenethylamines that share the same basic 2C structure. The name '2C' is an acronym for the two carbons between the benzene ring and the amino group in all 2C chemicals. There are also two methoxy groups on the the 2 and 5 positions of the benzene ring. The -x denotes a number of different varieties of 2C's that differ in their substituents on the 3 and 4 positions of the benzene ring.

= History =
Alexander Shulgin coined this term and also synthesized the majority of the 2C's, publishing detailed information about their synthesis in his book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved).

= 2C Family =

* [[2C-B]] (Dimethoxybromophenethylamine)
* [[2C-B-FLY]] (Dihydrodifuran-2C-B)
* [[2C-BZ]] (Dimethoxybenzylolicphenethylamine)
* [[2C-C]] (Dimethoxychlorophenethylamine)
* [[2C-CN]] (Dimethoxycyanidephenethylamine)
* [[2C-D]] (Dimethoxymethylphenethylamine)
* [[2C-E]] (Dimethoxyethylphenethylamine)
* [[2C-EF]] (Fluoroethylmethoxyphenethylamine)
* [[2C-G]] (Dimethyldimethoxyphenethylamine)
* [[2C-I]] (Dimethoxyiodophenethylamine)
* [[2C-N]] (Dimethoxynitrophenethylamine)
* [[2C-P]] (Dimethoxypropylphenethylamine)
* [[2C-PYN]] (Dimethoxypropnylphenethylamine)
* [[2C-iP]] (Dimethoxyisopropylphenethylamine)
* [[2C-T]] (Dimethoxymethylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-2]] (Dimethoxyethylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-4]] (Dimethoxyisopropylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-7]] (Dimethoxypropylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-13]] (Dimethoxy-(β-methoxyethylthio)phenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-17]] (Dimethoxy-(β-secbutylthio)phenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-21]] (Dimethoxyfluoroethylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-TFM]] (Dimethoxytrifluorophenethylamine)
* [[2C-YN]] (Dimethoxyethynylphenethylamine)

=Images=

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
Image:2cb.jpg|''2C-B''
Image:2cc.jpg|''2C-C''
Image:2ce.jpg|''2C-E''
</gallery>

[[Category:Psychedelic]]
[[Category:Drugs]]

Benzodiazepines

2014-11-03T21:20:41Z

Sevenforall:

[[File:Xanax.jpg|thumb|250px|Alprazolam pills and prescription bottle]]

Benzodiazepines are drugs which act upon the GABA(A) receptor, and produce a general set of effects which vary by compound, mostly being sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant. The first benzodiazepine, Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which has also marketed diazepam (Valium) since 1963.

= Dosage =

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of benzodiazepines
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Alprazolam (Xanax)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Bromazepam (Lexotan, Lexomil)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 5 - 6 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Brotizolam
| 2 - 6 hours
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Chlordazepoxide (Librium)
| 5 - 30 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 25 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clobazam (Frisium)
| 12 - 60 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clonazepam (Klonopin)
| 18 - 50 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clorazepate (Tranxene)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diazepam (Valium)
| 20 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diclazepam
| ~120 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Estazolam (ProSom, Nuctalon)
| 10 - 24 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Etizolam
| 4-12 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Flubromazepam
| 106 hours
| 6 - 8 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)
| 18 - 26 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 1 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flutoprazepam (Restas)
| 60 - 90 hours
| ~2.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flurazepam (Dalmane)
| [40 - 250 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Halazepam (Paxipam)
| [30 - 100 hours]
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Ketazolam (Anseren)
| 30 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Loprazolam (Dormonoct)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Lorazepam (Ativan)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 1 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Lormetazepam (Noctamid)
| 10 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Medazepam (Nobrium)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Nitrazepam (Mogadon)
| 15 - 38 hours
| 10 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Nordazepam (Nordaz)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Oxazepam (Serax)
| 4 - 15 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Phenazepam
| 60 hours
| ~1 mg.
| Hypnotic
|-
| Prazepam (Centrax)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 - 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Pyrazolam
| Short
| .83 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Quazepam (Doral)
| 25 - 100 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Temazepam (Restoril)
| 8 - 22 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Triazolam (Halcion)
| 2 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Non-benzodiazepines commonly referred to as Z-drugs
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Zaleplon (Sonata)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zolpidem (Ambien)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zopiclone (Imovane)
| 5 - 6 hours
| 15 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
| 6 hours
| 3 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

= Effects =
== Positive ==

* Anti-Anxiety
* Sedative
* Muscle relaxant

== Negative ==

* High addiction potential
* Withdrawls can be fatal
* Risk of blackout
* Inability to drink
* Inability to dirve
* Loss of balance
* Memory Loss
* Procrastination
* "Hangover"
* Long term effects
* High addiction potential

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

* Addiction potential - High

* Risk of blackouts

* Risk of death when mixed with alcohol or other drugs. '''An extremely high percentage of drug-related deaths are due to mixing benzos with other drugs, especially opiates and alcohol.'''

* Mental illness

* Heart issues

* CNS depressant when mixed with other drugs

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
The term benzodiazepine is the chemical name for the heterocyclic ring system, which is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems. Under Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature, a diazepine is a heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms, five carbon atom and the maximum possible number of cumulative double bonds. The "benzo" prefix indicates the benzene ring fused onto the diazepine ring.
Benzodiazepine drugs are substituted 1,4-benzodiazepines, although the chemical term can refer to many other compounds that do not have useful pharmacological properties. Different benzodiazepine drugs have different side groups attached to this central structure. The different side groups affect the binding of the molecule to the GABAA receptor and so modulate the pharmacological properties. Many of the pharmacologically active "classical" benzodiazepine drugs contain the 5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one substructure.
Nonbenzodiazepines also bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA(A) receptor and possess similar pharmacological properties. While the nonbenzodiazepines are by definition structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines, both classes of drugs possess a common pharmacophore , which explains their binding to a common receptor site

[[File:benzo.png|500px]]

* 2-keto compounds:
::Chlordiazepoxide, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Flurazepam, Halazepam, Prazepam, and others.
* 3-hydroxy compounds:
::Lorazepam, Lormetazepam,Oxazepam, Temazepam
* 7-nitro compounds:
::Clonazepam, Flunitrazepam, Nimetazepam, Nitrazepam
* Triazolo compounds:
::Adinazolam, Alprazolam, Estazolam, Triazolam
* Imidazo compounds
::Climazolam, Loprazolam, Midazolam

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
Image:Xanax.jpg|(Purepac) alprazolam pills and prescription bottle
Image:Alprazolam_solution.jpg|Alprazolam solved in propylene glycol
Image:Alpraz.jpg|.5mg (Qualitest) alprazolam pills
Image:Ativan.png|Lorazepam (Ativan) pill
</gallery>

= Links =
http://www.dr-bob.org/tips/bzd.html

[http://tripsit.me/history-of-etizolam History of Etizolam on Tripsit.me]

= Sources =

Madsen U, Bräuner-Osborne H, Greenwood JR, Johansen TN, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Liljefors T, Nielsen M, Frølund B (2005). "GABA and Glutamate receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential in CNS disorders". In Gad SC. Drug Discovery Handbook. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience/J. Wiley. pp. 797–907. ISBN 0-471-21384-5.
^ a b Panico, R.; Powell, W. H.; Richer, J. C., eds. (1993). A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds. IUPAC/Blackwell Science. pp. 40–3. ISBN 0-632-03488-2.; Moss GP (1998). "Nomenclature of fused and bridged fused ring systems (IUPAC Recommendations 1998)". Pure Appl Chem 70 (1): 143–216. doi:10.1351/pac199870010143.
Olsen RW, Betz H (2006). "GABA and glycine". In Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Brady S, Price DD (eds.). Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects (7th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 291–302. ISBN 0-12-088397-X.
Shorter E (2005). "Benzodiazepines". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–2. ISBN 0-19-517668-5.
Zavala F (1997). "Benzodiazepines, anxiety and immunity". Pharmacol Ther 75 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00055-7. PMID 9504140.
Narimatsu E, Niiya T, Kawamata M, Namiki A (2006). "[The mechanisms of depression by benzodiazepines, barbiturates and propofol of excitatory synaptic transmissions mediated by adenosine neuromodulation]". Masui (in Japanese) 55 (6): 684–91. PMID 16780077.
Juergens, MD, Steven M. "Understanding Benzodiazepines". California Society of Addiction Medicine. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Carlo, Pia; Renata Finollo, Anna Ledda, Giovanni Brambilla (January 1989). "Absence of liver DNA fragmentation in rats treated with high oral doses of 32 benzodiazepine drugs". Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 12 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1016/0272-0590(89)90059-6. PMID 2925017.

[[Category:Depressant]]
[[Category:Drugs]]

Benzodiazepines

2014-11-03T19:06:32Z

Sevenforall: /* Images */

[[File:Xanax.jpg|thumb|250px|Alprazolam pills and prescription bottle]]

Benzodiazepines are drugs which act upon the GABA(A) receptor, and produce a general set of effects which vary by compound, mostly being sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant. The first benzodiazepine, Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which has also marketed diazepam (Valium) since 1963.

= Dosage =

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of benzodiazepines
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Alprazolam (Xanax)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Bromazepam (Lexotan, Lexomil)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 5 - 6 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Brotizolam
| 2 - 6 hours
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Chlordazepoxide (Librium)
| 5 - 30 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 25 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clobazam (Frisium)
| 12 - 60 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clonazepam (Klonopin)
| 18 - 50 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clorazepate (Tranxene)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diazepam (Valium)
| 20 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diclazepam
| ~120 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Estazolam (ProSom, Nuctalon)
| 10 - 24 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Etizolam
| 4-12 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Flubromazepam
| 106 hours
| 6 - 8 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)
| 18 - 26 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 1 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flutoprazepam (Restas)
| 60 - 90 hours
| ~2.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flurazepam (Dalmane)
| [40 - 250 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Halazepam (Paxipam)
| [30 - 100 hours]
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Ketazolam (Anseren)
| 30 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Loprazolam (Dormonoct)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Lorazepam (Ativan)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 1 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Lormetazepam (Noctamid)
| 10 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Medazepam (Nobrium)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Nitrazepam (Mogadon)
| 15 - 38 hours
| 10 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Nordazepam (Nordaz)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Oxazepam (Serax)
| 4 - 15 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Phenazepam
| 60 hours
| ~1 mg.
| Hypnotic
|-
| Prazepam (Centrax)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 - 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Pyrazolam
| Short
| .83 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Quazepam (Doral)
| 25 - 100 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Temazepam (Restoril)
| 8 - 22 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Triazolam (Halcion)
| 2 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Non-benzodiazepines commonly referred to as Z-drugs
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Zaleplon (Sonata)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zolpidem (Ambien)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zopiclone (Imovane)
| 5 - 6 hours
| 15 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
| 6 hours
| 3 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

= Effects =
== Positive ==

* Anti-Anxiety
* Sedative
* Muscle relaxant

== Negative ==

* High addiction potential
* Withdrawls can be fatal
* Risk of blackout
* Inability to drink
* Inability to dirve
* Loss of balance
* Memory Loss
* Procrastination
* "Hangover"
* Long term effects
* High addiction potential

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

* Addiction potential - High

* Risk of blackouts

* Risk of death when mixed with alcohol or other drugs. '''An extremely high percentage of drug-related deaths are due to mixing benzos with other drugs, especially opiates and alcohol.'''

* Mental illness

* Heart issues

* CNS depressant when mixed with other drugs

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
Image:Xanax.jpg|(Purepac) alprazolam pills and prescription bottle
Image:Alprazolam_solution.jpg|Alprazolam solved in propylene glycol
Image:Alpraz.jpg|.5mg (Qualitest) alprazolam pills
Image:Ativan.png|Lorazepam (Ativan) pill
</gallery>

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
The term benzodiazepine is the chemical name for the heterocyclic ring system, which is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems. Under Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature, a diazepine is a heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms, five carbon atom and the maximum possible number of cumulative double bonds. The "benzo" prefix indicates the benzene ring fused onto the diazepine ring.
Benzodiazepine drugs are substituted 1,4-benzodiazepines, although the chemical term can refer to many other compounds that do not have useful pharmacological properties. Different benzodiazepine drugs have different side groups attached to this central structure. The different side groups affect the binding of the molecule to the GABAA receptor and so modulate the pharmacological properties. Many of the pharmacologically active "classical" benzodiazepine drugs contain the 5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one substructure.
Nonbenzodiazepines also bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA(A) receptor and possess similar pharmacological properties. While the nonbenzodiazepines are by definition structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines, both classes of drugs possess a common pharmacophore , which explains their binding to a common receptor site

[[File:benzo.png|500px]]

* 2-keto compounds:
::Chlordiazepoxide, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Flurazepam, Halazepam, Prazepam, and others.
* 3-hydroxy compounds:
::Lorazepam, Lormetazepam,Oxazepam, Temazepam
* 7-nitro compounds:
::Clonazepam, Flunitrazepam, Nimetazepam, Nitrazepam
* Triazolo compounds:
::Adinazolam, Alprazolam, Estazolam, Triazolam
* Imidazo compounds
::Climazolam, Loprazolam, Midazolam

----

= Links =
http://www.dr-bob.org/tips/bzd.html

[http://tripsit.me/history-of-etizolam History of Etizolam on Tripsit.me]

= Sources =

Madsen U, Bräuner-Osborne H, Greenwood JR, Johansen TN, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Liljefors T, Nielsen M, Frølund B (2005). "GABA and Glutamate receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential in CNS disorders". In Gad SC. Drug Discovery Handbook. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience/J. Wiley. pp. 797–907. ISBN 0-471-21384-5.
^ a b Panico, R.; Powell, W. H.; Richer, J. C., eds. (1993). A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds. IUPAC/Blackwell Science. pp. 40–3. ISBN 0-632-03488-2.; Moss GP (1998). "Nomenclature of fused and bridged fused ring systems (IUPAC Recommendations 1998)". Pure Appl Chem 70 (1): 143–216. doi:10.1351/pac199870010143.
Olsen RW, Betz H (2006). "GABA and glycine". In Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Brady S, Price DD (eds.). Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects (7th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 291–302. ISBN 0-12-088397-X.
Shorter E (2005). "Benzodiazepines". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–2. ISBN 0-19-517668-5.
Zavala F (1997). "Benzodiazepines, anxiety and immunity". Pharmacol Ther 75 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00055-7. PMID 9504140.
Narimatsu E, Niiya T, Kawamata M, Namiki A (2006). "[The mechanisms of depression by benzodiazepines, barbiturates and propofol of excitatory synaptic transmissions mediated by adenosine neuromodulation]". Masui (in Japanese) 55 (6): 684–91. PMID 16780077.
Juergens, MD, Steven M. "Understanding Benzodiazepines". California Society of Addiction Medicine. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Carlo, Pia; Renata Finollo, Anna Ledda, Giovanni Brambilla (January 1989). "Absence of liver DNA fragmentation in rats treated with high oral doses of 32 benzodiazepine drugs". Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 12 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1016/0272-0590(89)90059-6. PMID 2925017.

[[Category:Depressant]]
[[Category:Drugs]]

Benzodiazepines

2014-11-03T18:56:57Z

Sevenforall: /* Images */

[[File:Xanax.jpg|thumb|250px|Alprazolam pills and prescription bottle]]

Benzodiazepines are drugs which act upon the GABA(A) receptor, and produce a general set of effects which vary by compound, mostly being sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant. The first benzodiazepine, Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which has also marketed diazepam (Valium) since 1963.

= Dosage =

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of benzodiazepines
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Alprazolam (Xanax)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Bromazepam (Lexotan, Lexomil)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 5 - 6 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Brotizolam
| 2 - 6 hours
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Chlordazepoxide (Librium)
| 5 - 30 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 25 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clobazam (Frisium)
| 12 - 60 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clonazepam (Klonopin)
| 18 - 50 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clorazepate (Tranxene)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diazepam (Valium)
| 20 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diclazepam
| ~120 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Estazolam (ProSom, Nuctalon)
| 10 - 24 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Etizolam
| 4-12 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Flubromazepam
| 106 hours
| 6 - 8 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)
| 18 - 26 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 1 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flutoprazepam (Restas)
| 60 - 90 hours
| ~2.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flurazepam (Dalmane)
| [40 - 250 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Halazepam (Paxipam)
| [30 - 100 hours]
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Ketazolam (Anseren)
| 30 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Loprazolam (Dormonoct)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Lorazepam (Ativan)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 1 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Lormetazepam (Noctamid)
| 10 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Medazepam (Nobrium)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Nitrazepam (Mogadon)
| 15 - 38 hours
| 10 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Nordazepam (Nordaz)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Oxazepam (Serax)
| 4 - 15 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Phenazepam
| 60 hours
| ~1 mg.
| Hypnotic
|-
| Prazepam (Centrax)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 - 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Pyrazolam
| Short
| .83 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Quazepam (Doral)
| 25 - 100 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Temazepam (Restoril)
| 8 - 22 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Triazolam (Halcion)
| 2 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Non-benzodiazepines commonly referred to as Z-drugs
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Zaleplon (Sonata)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zolpidem (Ambien)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zopiclone (Imovane)
| 5 - 6 hours
| 15 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
| 6 hours
| 3 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

= Effects =
== Positive ==

* Anti-Anxiety
* Sedative
* Muscle relaxant

== Negative ==

* High addiction potential
* Withdrawls can be fatal
* Risk of blackout
* Inability to drink
* Inability to dirve
* Loss of balance
* Memory Loss
* Procrastination
* "Hangover"
* Long term effects
* High addiction potential

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

* Addiction potential - High

* Risk of blackouts

* Risk of death when mixed with alcohol or other drugs. '''An extremely high percentage of drug-related deaths are due to mixing benzos with other drugs, especially opiates and alcohol.'''

* Mental illness

* Heart issues

* CNS depressant when mixed with other drugs

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
Image:Xanax.jpg|Alprazolam pills and prescription bottle
Image:Alprazolam_solution.jpg|Alprazolam solution
Image:Alpraz.jpg|.5mg Alprazolam pills
Image:Ativan.png|Lorazepam pill
</gallery>

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
The term benzodiazepine is the chemical name for the heterocyclic ring system, which is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems. Under Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature, a diazepine is a heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms, five carbon atom and the maximum possible number of cumulative double bonds. The "benzo" prefix indicates the benzene ring fused onto the diazepine ring.
Benzodiazepine drugs are substituted 1,4-benzodiazepines, although the chemical term can refer to many other compounds that do not have useful pharmacological properties. Different benzodiazepine drugs have different side groups attached to this central structure. The different side groups affect the binding of the molecule to the GABAA receptor and so modulate the pharmacological properties. Many of the pharmacologically active "classical" benzodiazepine drugs contain the 5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one substructure.
Nonbenzodiazepines also bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA(A) receptor and possess similar pharmacological properties. While the nonbenzodiazepines are by definition structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines, both classes of drugs possess a common pharmacophore , which explains their binding to a common receptor site

[[File:benzo.png|500px]]

* 2-keto compounds:
::Chlordiazepoxide, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Flurazepam, Halazepam, Prazepam, and others.
* 3-hydroxy compounds:
::Lorazepam, Lormetazepam,Oxazepam, Temazepam
* 7-nitro compounds:
::Clonazepam, Flunitrazepam, Nimetazepam, Nitrazepam
* Triazolo compounds:
::Adinazolam, Alprazolam, Estazolam, Triazolam
* Imidazo compounds
::Climazolam, Loprazolam, Midazolam

----

= Links =
http://www.dr-bob.org/tips/bzd.html

[http://tripsit.me/history-of-etizolam History of Etizolam on Tripsit.me]

= Sources =

Madsen U, Bräuner-Osborne H, Greenwood JR, Johansen TN, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Liljefors T, Nielsen M, Frølund B (2005). "GABA and Glutamate receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential in CNS disorders". In Gad SC. Drug Discovery Handbook. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience/J. Wiley. pp. 797–907. ISBN 0-471-21384-5.
^ a b Panico, R.; Powell, W. H.; Richer, J. C., eds. (1993). A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds. IUPAC/Blackwell Science. pp. 40–3. ISBN 0-632-03488-2.; Moss GP (1998). "Nomenclature of fused and bridged fused ring systems (IUPAC Recommendations 1998)". Pure Appl Chem 70 (1): 143–216. doi:10.1351/pac199870010143.
Olsen RW, Betz H (2006). "GABA and glycine". In Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Brady S, Price DD (eds.). Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects (7th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 291–302. ISBN 0-12-088397-X.
Shorter E (2005). "Benzodiazepines". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–2. ISBN 0-19-517668-5.
Zavala F (1997). "Benzodiazepines, anxiety and immunity". Pharmacol Ther 75 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00055-7. PMID 9504140.
Narimatsu E, Niiya T, Kawamata M, Namiki A (2006). "[The mechanisms of depression by benzodiazepines, barbiturates and propofol of excitatory synaptic transmissions mediated by adenosine neuromodulation]". Masui (in Japanese) 55 (6): 684–91. PMID 16780077.
Juergens, MD, Steven M. "Understanding Benzodiazepines". California Society of Addiction Medicine. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Carlo, Pia; Renata Finollo, Anna Ledda, Giovanni Brambilla (January 1989). "Absence of liver DNA fragmentation in rats treated with high oral doses of 32 benzodiazepine drugs". Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 12 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1016/0272-0590(89)90059-6. PMID 2925017.

[[Category:Depressant]]
[[Category:Drugs]]

Benzodiazepines

2014-11-03T18:55:50Z

Sevenforall: /* Images */

[[File:Xanax.jpg|thumb|250px|Alprazolam pills and prescription bottle]]

Benzodiazepines are drugs which act upon the GABA(A) receptor, and produce a general set of effects which vary by compound, mostly being sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant. The first benzodiazepine, Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which has also marketed diazepam (Valium) since 1963.

= Dosage =

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of benzodiazepines
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Alprazolam (Xanax)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Bromazepam (Lexotan, Lexomil)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 5 - 6 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Brotizolam
| 2 - 6 hours
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Chlordazepoxide (Librium)
| 5 - 30 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 25 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clobazam (Frisium)
| 12 - 60 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clonazepam (Klonopin)
| 18 - 50 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clorazepate (Tranxene)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diazepam (Valium)
| 20 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diclazepam
| ~120 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Estazolam (ProSom, Nuctalon)
| 10 - 24 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Etizolam
| 4-12 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Flubromazepam
| 106 hours
| 6 - 8 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)
| 18 - 26 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 1 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flutoprazepam (Restas)
| 60 - 90 hours
| ~2.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flurazepam (Dalmane)
| [40 - 250 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Halazepam (Paxipam)
| [30 - 100 hours]
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Ketazolam (Anseren)
| 30 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Loprazolam (Dormonoct)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Lorazepam (Ativan)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 1 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Lormetazepam (Noctamid)
| 10 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Medazepam (Nobrium)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Nitrazepam (Mogadon)
| 15 - 38 hours
| 10 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Nordazepam (Nordaz)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Oxazepam (Serax)
| 4 - 15 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Phenazepam
| 60 hours
| ~1 mg.
| Hypnotic
|-
| Prazepam (Centrax)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 - 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Pyrazolam
| Short
| .83 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Quazepam (Doral)
| 25 - 100 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Temazepam (Restoril)
| 8 - 22 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Triazolam (Halcion)
| 2 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Non-benzodiazepines commonly referred to as Z-drugs
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Zaleplon (Sonata)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zolpidem (Ambien)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zopiclone (Imovane)
| 5 - 6 hours
| 15 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
| 6 hours
| 3 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

= Effects =
== Positive ==

* Anti-Anxiety
* Sedative
* Muscle relaxant

== Negative ==

* High addiction potential
* Withdrawls can be fatal
* Risk of blackout
* Inability to drink
* Inability to dirve
* Loss of balance
* Memory Loss
* Procrastination
* "Hangover"
* Long term effects
* High addiction potential

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

* Addiction potential - High

* Risk of blackouts

* Risk of death when mixed with alcohol or other drugs. '''An extremely high percentage of drug-related deaths are due to mixing benzos with other drugs, especially opiates and alcohol.'''

* Mental illness

* Heart issues

* CNS depressant when mixed with other drugs

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="175px">
Image:Xanax.jpg|Alprazolam pills and prescription bottle
Image:Alprazolam_solution.jpg|Alprazolam solution
Image:Alpraz.jpg|.5mg Alprazolam pills
Image:Ativan.png|Lorazepam pill
</gallery>

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
The term benzodiazepine is the chemical name for the heterocyclic ring system, which is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems. Under Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature, a diazepine is a heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms, five carbon atom and the maximum possible number of cumulative double bonds. The "benzo" prefix indicates the benzene ring fused onto the diazepine ring.
Benzodiazepine drugs are substituted 1,4-benzodiazepines, although the chemical term can refer to many other compounds that do not have useful pharmacological properties. Different benzodiazepine drugs have different side groups attached to this central structure. The different side groups affect the binding of the molecule to the GABAA receptor and so modulate the pharmacological properties. Many of the pharmacologically active "classical" benzodiazepine drugs contain the 5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one substructure.
Nonbenzodiazepines also bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA(A) receptor and possess similar pharmacological properties. While the nonbenzodiazepines are by definition structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines, both classes of drugs possess a common pharmacophore , which explains their binding to a common receptor site

[[File:benzo.png|500px]]

* 2-keto compounds:
::Chlordiazepoxide, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Flurazepam, Halazepam, Prazepam, and others.
* 3-hydroxy compounds:
::Lorazepam, Lormetazepam,Oxazepam, Temazepam
* 7-nitro compounds:
::Clonazepam, Flunitrazepam, Nimetazepam, Nitrazepam
* Triazolo compounds:
::Adinazolam, Alprazolam, Estazolam, Triazolam
* Imidazo compounds
::Climazolam, Loprazolam, Midazolam

----

= Links =
http://www.dr-bob.org/tips/bzd.html

[http://tripsit.me/history-of-etizolam History of Etizolam on Tripsit.me]

= Sources =

Madsen U, Bräuner-Osborne H, Greenwood JR, Johansen TN, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Liljefors T, Nielsen M, Frølund B (2005). "GABA and Glutamate receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential in CNS disorders". In Gad SC. Drug Discovery Handbook. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience/J. Wiley. pp. 797–907. ISBN 0-471-21384-5.
^ a b Panico, R.; Powell, W. H.; Richer, J. C., eds. (1993). A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds. IUPAC/Blackwell Science. pp. 40–3. ISBN 0-632-03488-2.; Moss GP (1998). "Nomenclature of fused and bridged fused ring systems (IUPAC Recommendations 1998)". Pure Appl Chem 70 (1): 143–216. doi:10.1351/pac199870010143.
Olsen RW, Betz H (2006). "GABA and glycine". In Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Brady S, Price DD (eds.). Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects (7th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 291–302. ISBN 0-12-088397-X.
Shorter E (2005). "Benzodiazepines". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–2. ISBN 0-19-517668-5.
Zavala F (1997). "Benzodiazepines, anxiety and immunity". Pharmacol Ther 75 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00055-7. PMID 9504140.
Narimatsu E, Niiya T, Kawamata M, Namiki A (2006). "[The mechanisms of depression by benzodiazepines, barbiturates and propofol of excitatory synaptic transmissions mediated by adenosine neuromodulation]". Masui (in Japanese) 55 (6): 684–91. PMID 16780077.
Juergens, MD, Steven M. "Understanding Benzodiazepines". California Society of Addiction Medicine. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Carlo, Pia; Renata Finollo, Anna Ledda, Giovanni Brambilla (January 1989). "Absence of liver DNA fragmentation in rats treated with high oral doses of 32 benzodiazepine drugs". Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 12 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1016/0272-0590(89)90059-6. PMID 2925017.

[[Category:Depressant]]
[[Category:Drugs]]

Benzodiazepines

2014-11-03T18:55:20Z

Sevenforall: /* Images */

[[File:Xanax.jpg|thumb|250px|Alprazolam pills and prescription bottle]]

Benzodiazepines are drugs which act upon the GABA(A) receptor, and produce a general set of effects which vary by compound, mostly being sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant. The first benzodiazepine, Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which has also marketed diazepam (Valium) since 1963.

= Dosage =

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of benzodiazepines
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Alprazolam (Xanax)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Bromazepam (Lexotan, Lexomil)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 5 - 6 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Brotizolam
| 2 - 6 hours
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Chlordazepoxide (Librium)
| 5 - 30 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 25 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clobazam (Frisium)
| 12 - 60 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clonazepam (Klonopin)
| 18 - 50 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clorazepate (Tranxene)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diazepam (Valium)
| 20 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diclazepam
| ~120 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Estazolam (ProSom, Nuctalon)
| 10 - 24 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Etizolam
| 4-12 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Flubromazepam
| 106 hours
| 6 - 8 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)
| 18 - 26 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 1 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flutoprazepam (Restas)
| 60 - 90 hours
| ~2.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flurazepam (Dalmane)
| [40 - 250 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Halazepam (Paxipam)
| [30 - 100 hours]
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Ketazolam (Anseren)
| 30 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Loprazolam (Dormonoct)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Lorazepam (Ativan)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 1 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Lormetazepam (Noctamid)
| 10 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Medazepam (Nobrium)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Nitrazepam (Mogadon)
| 15 - 38 hours
| 10 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Nordazepam (Nordaz)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Oxazepam (Serax)
| 4 - 15 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Phenazepam
| 60 hours
| ~1 mg.
| Hypnotic
|-
| Prazepam (Centrax)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 - 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Pyrazolam
| Short
| .83 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Quazepam (Doral)
| 25 - 100 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Temazepam (Restoril)
| 8 - 22 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Triazolam (Halcion)
| 2 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Non-benzodiazepines commonly referred to as Z-drugs
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Zaleplon (Sonata)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zolpidem (Ambien)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zopiclone (Imovane)
| 5 - 6 hours
| 15 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
| 6 hours
| 3 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

= Effects =
== Positive ==

* Anti-Anxiety
* Sedative
* Muscle relaxant

== Negative ==

* High addiction potential
* Withdrawls can be fatal
* Risk of blackout
* Inability to drink
* Inability to dirve
* Loss of balance
* Memory Loss
* Procrastination
* "Hangover"
* Long term effects
* High addiction potential

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

* Addiction potential - High

* Risk of blackouts

* Risk of death when mixed with alcohol or other drugs. '''An extremely high percentage of drug-related deaths are due to mixing benzos with other drugs, especially opiates and alcohol.'''

* Mental illness

* Heart issues

* CNS depressant when mixed with other drugs

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="150px">
Image:Xanax.jpg|Alprazolam pills and prescription bottle
Image:Alprazolam_solution.jpg|Alprazolam solution
Image:Alpraz.jpg|.5mg Alprazolam pills
Image:Ativan.png|Lorazepam pill
</gallery>

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
The term benzodiazepine is the chemical name for the heterocyclic ring system, which is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems. Under Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature, a diazepine is a heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms, five carbon atom and the maximum possible number of cumulative double bonds. The "benzo" prefix indicates the benzene ring fused onto the diazepine ring.
Benzodiazepine drugs are substituted 1,4-benzodiazepines, although the chemical term can refer to many other compounds that do not have useful pharmacological properties. Different benzodiazepine drugs have different side groups attached to this central structure. The different side groups affect the binding of the molecule to the GABAA receptor and so modulate the pharmacological properties. Many of the pharmacologically active "classical" benzodiazepine drugs contain the 5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one substructure.
Nonbenzodiazepines also bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA(A) receptor and possess similar pharmacological properties. While the nonbenzodiazepines are by definition structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines, both classes of drugs possess a common pharmacophore , which explains their binding to a common receptor site

[[File:benzo.png|500px]]

* 2-keto compounds:
::Chlordiazepoxide, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Flurazepam, Halazepam, Prazepam, and others.
* 3-hydroxy compounds:
::Lorazepam, Lormetazepam,Oxazepam, Temazepam
* 7-nitro compounds:
::Clonazepam, Flunitrazepam, Nimetazepam, Nitrazepam
* Triazolo compounds:
::Adinazolam, Alprazolam, Estazolam, Triazolam
* Imidazo compounds
::Climazolam, Loprazolam, Midazolam

----

= Links =
http://www.dr-bob.org/tips/bzd.html

[http://tripsit.me/history-of-etizolam History of Etizolam on Tripsit.me]

= Sources =

Madsen U, Bräuner-Osborne H, Greenwood JR, Johansen TN, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Liljefors T, Nielsen M, Frølund B (2005). "GABA and Glutamate receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential in CNS disorders". In Gad SC. Drug Discovery Handbook. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience/J. Wiley. pp. 797–907. ISBN 0-471-21384-5.
^ a b Panico, R.; Powell, W. H.; Richer, J. C., eds. (1993). A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds. IUPAC/Blackwell Science. pp. 40–3. ISBN 0-632-03488-2.; Moss GP (1998). "Nomenclature of fused and bridged fused ring systems (IUPAC Recommendations 1998)". Pure Appl Chem 70 (1): 143–216. doi:10.1351/pac199870010143.
Olsen RW, Betz H (2006). "GABA and glycine". In Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Brady S, Price DD (eds.). Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects (7th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 291–302. ISBN 0-12-088397-X.
Shorter E (2005). "Benzodiazepines". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–2. ISBN 0-19-517668-5.
Zavala F (1997). "Benzodiazepines, anxiety and immunity". Pharmacol Ther 75 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00055-7. PMID 9504140.
Narimatsu E, Niiya T, Kawamata M, Namiki A (2006). "[The mechanisms of depression by benzodiazepines, barbiturates and propofol of excitatory synaptic transmissions mediated by adenosine neuromodulation]". Masui (in Japanese) 55 (6): 684–91. PMID 16780077.
Juergens, MD, Steven M. "Understanding Benzodiazepines". California Society of Addiction Medicine. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Carlo, Pia; Renata Finollo, Anna Ledda, Giovanni Brambilla (January 1989). "Absence of liver DNA fragmentation in rats treated with high oral doses of 32 benzodiazepine drugs". Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 12 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1016/0272-0590(89)90059-6. PMID 2925017.

[[Category:Depressant]]
[[Category:Drugs]]

Benzodiazepines

2014-11-03T18:54:06Z

Sevenforall: /* Images */

[[File:Xanax.jpg|thumb|250px|Alprazolam pills and prescription bottle]]

Benzodiazepines are drugs which act upon the GABA(A) receptor, and produce a general set of effects which vary by compound, mostly being sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant. The first benzodiazepine, Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which has also marketed diazepam (Valium) since 1963.

= Dosage =

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of benzodiazepines
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Alprazolam (Xanax)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Bromazepam (Lexotan, Lexomil)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 5 - 6 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Brotizolam
| 2 - 6 hours
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Chlordazepoxide (Librium)
| 5 - 30 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 25 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clobazam (Frisium)
| 12 - 60 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clonazepam (Klonopin)
| 18 - 50 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clorazepate (Tranxene)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diazepam (Valium)
| 20 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diclazepam
| ~120 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Estazolam (ProSom, Nuctalon)
| 10 - 24 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Etizolam
| 4-12 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Flubromazepam
| 106 hours
| 6 - 8 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)
| 18 - 26 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 1 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flutoprazepam (Restas)
| 60 - 90 hours
| ~2.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flurazepam (Dalmane)
| [40 - 250 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Halazepam (Paxipam)
| [30 - 100 hours]
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Ketazolam (Anseren)
| 30 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Loprazolam (Dormonoct)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Lorazepam (Ativan)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 1 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Lormetazepam (Noctamid)
| 10 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Medazepam (Nobrium)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Nitrazepam (Mogadon)
| 15 - 38 hours
| 10 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Nordazepam (Nordaz)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Oxazepam (Serax)
| 4 - 15 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Phenazepam
| 60 hours
| ~1 mg.
| Hypnotic
|-
| Prazepam (Centrax)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 - 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Pyrazolam
| Short
| .83 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Quazepam (Doral)
| 25 - 100 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Temazepam (Restoril)
| 8 - 22 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Triazolam (Halcion)
| 2 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Non-benzodiazepines commonly referred to as Z-drugs
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Zaleplon (Sonata)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zolpidem (Ambien)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zopiclone (Imovane)
| 5 - 6 hours
| 15 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
| 6 hours
| 3 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

= Effects =
== Positive ==

* Anti-Anxiety
* Sedative
* Muscle relaxant

== Negative ==

* High addiction potential
* Withdrawls can be fatal
* Risk of blackout
* Inability to drink
* Inability to dirve
* Loss of balance
* Memory Loss
* Procrastination
* "Hangover"
* Long term effects
* High addiction potential

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

* Addiction potential - High

* Risk of blackouts

* Risk of death when mixed with alcohol or other drugs. '''An extremely high percentage of drug-related deaths are due to mixing benzos with other drugs, especially opiates and alcohol.'''

* Mental illness

* Heart issues

* CNS depressant when mixed with other drugs

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Image:Xanax.jpg|Alprazolam pills and prescription bottle
Image:Alprazolam_solution.jpg|Alprazolam solution
Image:Alpraz.jpg|.5mg Alprazolam pills
Image:Ativan.png|Lorazepam pill
</gallery>

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
The term benzodiazepine is the chemical name for the heterocyclic ring system, which is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems. Under Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature, a diazepine is a heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms, five carbon atom and the maximum possible number of cumulative double bonds. The "benzo" prefix indicates the benzene ring fused onto the diazepine ring.
Benzodiazepine drugs are substituted 1,4-benzodiazepines, although the chemical term can refer to many other compounds that do not have useful pharmacological properties. Different benzodiazepine drugs have different side groups attached to this central structure. The different side groups affect the binding of the molecule to the GABAA receptor and so modulate the pharmacological properties. Many of the pharmacologically active "classical" benzodiazepine drugs contain the 5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one substructure.
Nonbenzodiazepines also bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA(A) receptor and possess similar pharmacological properties. While the nonbenzodiazepines are by definition structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines, both classes of drugs possess a common pharmacophore , which explains their binding to a common receptor site

[[File:benzo.png|500px]]

* 2-keto compounds:
::Chlordiazepoxide, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Flurazepam, Halazepam, Prazepam, and others.
* 3-hydroxy compounds:
::Lorazepam, Lormetazepam,Oxazepam, Temazepam
* 7-nitro compounds:
::Clonazepam, Flunitrazepam, Nimetazepam, Nitrazepam
* Triazolo compounds:
::Adinazolam, Alprazolam, Estazolam, Triazolam
* Imidazo compounds
::Climazolam, Loprazolam, Midazolam

----

= Links =
http://www.dr-bob.org/tips/bzd.html

[http://tripsit.me/history-of-etizolam History of Etizolam on Tripsit.me]

= Sources =

Madsen U, Bräuner-Osborne H, Greenwood JR, Johansen TN, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Liljefors T, Nielsen M, Frølund B (2005). "GABA and Glutamate receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential in CNS disorders". In Gad SC. Drug Discovery Handbook. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience/J. Wiley. pp. 797–907. ISBN 0-471-21384-5.
^ a b Panico, R.; Powell, W. H.; Richer, J. C., eds. (1993). A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds. IUPAC/Blackwell Science. pp. 40–3. ISBN 0-632-03488-2.; Moss GP (1998). "Nomenclature of fused and bridged fused ring systems (IUPAC Recommendations 1998)". Pure Appl Chem 70 (1): 143–216. doi:10.1351/pac199870010143.
Olsen RW, Betz H (2006). "GABA and glycine". In Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Brady S, Price DD (eds.). Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects (7th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 291–302. ISBN 0-12-088397-X.
Shorter E (2005). "Benzodiazepines". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–2. ISBN 0-19-517668-5.
Zavala F (1997). "Benzodiazepines, anxiety and immunity". Pharmacol Ther 75 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00055-7. PMID 9504140.
Narimatsu E, Niiya T, Kawamata M, Namiki A (2006). "[The mechanisms of depression by benzodiazepines, barbiturates and propofol of excitatory synaptic transmissions mediated by adenosine neuromodulation]". Masui (in Japanese) 55 (6): 684–91. PMID 16780077.
Juergens, MD, Steven M. "Understanding Benzodiazepines". California Society of Addiction Medicine. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Carlo, Pia; Renata Finollo, Anna Ledda, Giovanni Brambilla (January 1989). "Absence of liver DNA fragmentation in rats treated with high oral doses of 32 benzodiazepine drugs". Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 12 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1016/0272-0590(89)90059-6. PMID 2925017.

[[Category:Depressant]]
[[Category:Drugs]]

File:Alprazolam solution.jpg

2014-11-03T18:52:25Z

Sevenforall: Alprazolam solved in propylene glycol at 1mg/mL

Alprazolam solved in propylene glycol at 1mg/mL

Benzodiazepines

2014-11-03T18:41:39Z

Sevenforall: /* Images */

[[File:Xanax.jpg|thumb|250px|Alprazolam pills and prescription bottle]]

Benzodiazepines are drugs which act upon the GABA(A) receptor, and produce a general set of effects which vary by compound, mostly being sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant. The first benzodiazepine, Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which has also marketed diazepam (Valium) since 1963.

= Dosage =

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of benzodiazepines
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Alprazolam (Xanax)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Bromazepam (Lexotan, Lexomil)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 5 - 6 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Brotizolam
| 2 - 6 hours
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Chlordazepoxide (Librium)
| 5 - 30 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 25 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clobazam (Frisium)
| 12 - 60 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clonazepam (Klonopin)
| 18 - 50 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clorazepate (Tranxene)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diazepam (Valium)
| 20 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diclazepam
| ~120 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Estazolam (ProSom, Nuctalon)
| 10 - 24 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Etizolam
| 4-12 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Flubromazepam
| 106 hours
| 6 - 8 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)
| 18 - 26 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 1 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flutoprazepam (Restas)
| 60 - 90 hours
| ~2.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flurazepam (Dalmane)
| [40 - 250 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Halazepam (Paxipam)
| [30 - 100 hours]
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Ketazolam (Anseren)
| 30 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Loprazolam (Dormonoct)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Lorazepam (Ativan)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 1 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Lormetazepam (Noctamid)
| 10 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Medazepam (Nobrium)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Nitrazepam (Mogadon)
| 15 - 38 hours
| 10 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Nordazepam (Nordaz)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Oxazepam (Serax)
| 4 - 15 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Phenazepam
| 60 hours
| ~1 mg.
| Hypnotic
|-
| Prazepam (Centrax)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 - 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Pyrazolam
| Short
| .83 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Quazepam (Doral)
| 25 - 100 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Temazepam (Restoril)
| 8 - 22 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Triazolam (Halcion)
| 2 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Non-benzodiazepines commonly referred to as Z-drugs
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Zaleplon (Sonata)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zolpidem (Ambien)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zopiclone (Imovane)
| 5 - 6 hours
| 15 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
| 6 hours
| 3 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

= Effects =
== Positive ==

* Anti-Anxiety
* Sedative
* Muscle relaxant

== Negative ==

* High addiction potential
* Withdrawls can be fatal
* Risk of blackout
* Inability to drink
* Inability to dirve
* Loss of balance
* Memory Loss
* Procrastination
* "Hangover"
* Long term effects
* High addiction potential

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

* Addiction potential - High

* Risk of blackouts

* Risk of death when mixed with alcohol or other drugs. '''An extremely high percentage of drug-related deaths are due to mixing benzos with other drugs, especially opiates and alcohol.'''

* Mental illness

* Heart issues

* CNS depressant when mixed with other drugs

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Image:Xanax.jpg|Alprazolam pills and prescription bottle
Image:Alpraz.jpg|.5mg Alprazolam pills
Image:Ativan.png|Lorazepam pill
</gallery>

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
The term benzodiazepine is the chemical name for the heterocyclic ring system, which is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems. Under Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature, a diazepine is a heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms, five carbon atom and the maximum possible number of cumulative double bonds. The "benzo" prefix indicates the benzene ring fused onto the diazepine ring.
Benzodiazepine drugs are substituted 1,4-benzodiazepines, although the chemical term can refer to many other compounds that do not have useful pharmacological properties. Different benzodiazepine drugs have different side groups attached to this central structure. The different side groups affect the binding of the molecule to the GABAA receptor and so modulate the pharmacological properties. Many of the pharmacologically active "classical" benzodiazepine drugs contain the 5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one substructure.
Nonbenzodiazepines also bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA(A) receptor and possess similar pharmacological properties. While the nonbenzodiazepines are by definition structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines, both classes of drugs possess a common pharmacophore , which explains their binding to a common receptor site

[[File:benzo.png|500px]]

* 2-keto compounds:
::Chlordiazepoxide, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Flurazepam, Halazepam, Prazepam, and others.
* 3-hydroxy compounds:
::Lorazepam, Lormetazepam,Oxazepam, Temazepam
* 7-nitro compounds:
::Clonazepam, Flunitrazepam, Nimetazepam, Nitrazepam
* Triazolo compounds:
::Adinazolam, Alprazolam, Estazolam, Triazolam
* Imidazo compounds
::Climazolam, Loprazolam, Midazolam

----

= Links =
http://www.dr-bob.org/tips/bzd.html

[http://tripsit.me/history-of-etizolam History of Etizolam on Tripsit.me]

= Sources =

Madsen U, Bräuner-Osborne H, Greenwood JR, Johansen TN, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Liljefors T, Nielsen M, Frølund B (2005). "GABA and Glutamate receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential in CNS disorders". In Gad SC. Drug Discovery Handbook. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience/J. Wiley. pp. 797–907. ISBN 0-471-21384-5.
^ a b Panico, R.; Powell, W. H.; Richer, J. C., eds. (1993). A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds. IUPAC/Blackwell Science. pp. 40–3. ISBN 0-632-03488-2.; Moss GP (1998). "Nomenclature of fused and bridged fused ring systems (IUPAC Recommendations 1998)". Pure Appl Chem 70 (1): 143–216. doi:10.1351/pac199870010143.
Olsen RW, Betz H (2006). "GABA and glycine". In Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Brady S, Price DD (eds.). Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects (7th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 291–302. ISBN 0-12-088397-X.
Shorter E (2005). "Benzodiazepines". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–2. ISBN 0-19-517668-5.
Zavala F (1997). "Benzodiazepines, anxiety and immunity". Pharmacol Ther 75 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00055-7. PMID 9504140.
Narimatsu E, Niiya T, Kawamata M, Namiki A (2006). "[The mechanisms of depression by benzodiazepines, barbiturates and propofol of excitatory synaptic transmissions mediated by adenosine neuromodulation]". Masui (in Japanese) 55 (6): 684–91. PMID 16780077.
Juergens, MD, Steven M. "Understanding Benzodiazepines". California Society of Addiction Medicine. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Carlo, Pia; Renata Finollo, Anna Ledda, Giovanni Brambilla (January 1989). "Absence of liver DNA fragmentation in rats treated with high oral doses of 32 benzodiazepine drugs". Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 12 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1016/0272-0590(89)90059-6. PMID 2925017.

[[Category:Depressant]]
[[Category:Drugs]]

Benzodiazepines

2014-11-03T18:40:26Z

Sevenforall:

[[File:Xanax.jpg|thumb|250px|Alprazolam pills and prescription bottle]]

Benzodiazepines are drugs which act upon the GABA(A) receptor, and produce a general set of effects which vary by compound, mostly being sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant. The first benzodiazepine, Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which has also marketed diazepam (Valium) since 1963.

= Dosage =

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of benzodiazepines
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Alprazolam (Xanax)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Bromazepam (Lexotan, Lexomil)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 5 - 6 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Brotizolam
| 2 - 6 hours
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Chlordazepoxide (Librium)
| 5 - 30 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 25 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clobazam (Frisium)
| 12 - 60 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clonazepam (Klonopin)
| 18 - 50 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clorazepate (Tranxene)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diazepam (Valium)
| 20 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diclazepam
| ~120 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Estazolam (ProSom, Nuctalon)
| 10 - 24 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Etizolam
| 4-12 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Flubromazepam
| 106 hours
| 6 - 8 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)
| 18 - 26 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 1 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flutoprazepam (Restas)
| 60 - 90 hours
| ~2.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flurazepam (Dalmane)
| [40 - 250 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Halazepam (Paxipam)
| [30 - 100 hours]
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Ketazolam (Anseren)
| 30 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Loprazolam (Dormonoct)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Lorazepam (Ativan)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 1 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Lormetazepam (Noctamid)
| 10 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Medazepam (Nobrium)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Nitrazepam (Mogadon)
| 15 - 38 hours
| 10 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Nordazepam (Nordaz)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Oxazepam (Serax)
| 4 - 15 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Phenazepam
| 60 hours
| ~1 mg.
| Hypnotic
|-
| Prazepam (Centrax)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 - 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Pyrazolam
| Short
| .83 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Quazepam (Doral)
| 25 - 100 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Temazepam (Restoril)
| 8 - 22 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Triazolam (Halcion)
| 2 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Non-benzodiazepines commonly referred to as Z-drugs
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Zaleplon (Sonata)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zolpidem (Ambien)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zopiclone (Imovane)
| 5 - 6 hours
| 15 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
| 6 hours
| 3 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

= Effects =
== Positive ==

* Anti-Anxiety
* Sedative
* Muscle relaxant

== Negative ==

* High addiction potential
* Withdrawls can be fatal
* Risk of blackout
* Inability to drink
* Inability to dirve
* Loss of balance
* Memory Loss
* Procrastination
* "Hangover"
* Long term effects
* High addiction potential

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

* Addiction potential - High

* Risk of blackouts

* Risk of death when mixed with alcohol or other drugs. '''An extremely high percentage of drug-related deaths are due to mixing benzos with other drugs, especially opiates and alcohol.'''

* Mental illness

* Heart issues

* CNS depressant when mixed with other drugs

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Image:Xanax.jpg|Alprazolam pills and prescription bottle
Image:Ativan.png|Lorazepam pill (Ativan)
Image:Alpraz.jpg|.5mg Alprazolam pills
</gallery>

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
The term benzodiazepine is the chemical name for the heterocyclic ring system, which is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems. Under Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature, a diazepine is a heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms, five carbon atom and the maximum possible number of cumulative double bonds. The "benzo" prefix indicates the benzene ring fused onto the diazepine ring.
Benzodiazepine drugs are substituted 1,4-benzodiazepines, although the chemical term can refer to many other compounds that do not have useful pharmacological properties. Different benzodiazepine drugs have different side groups attached to this central structure. The different side groups affect the binding of the molecule to the GABAA receptor and so modulate the pharmacological properties. Many of the pharmacologically active "classical" benzodiazepine drugs contain the 5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one substructure.
Nonbenzodiazepines also bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA(A) receptor and possess similar pharmacological properties. While the nonbenzodiazepines are by definition structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines, both classes of drugs possess a common pharmacophore , which explains their binding to a common receptor site

[[File:benzo.png|500px]]

* 2-keto compounds:
::Chlordiazepoxide, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Flurazepam, Halazepam, Prazepam, and others.
* 3-hydroxy compounds:
::Lorazepam, Lormetazepam,Oxazepam, Temazepam
* 7-nitro compounds:
::Clonazepam, Flunitrazepam, Nimetazepam, Nitrazepam
* Triazolo compounds:
::Adinazolam, Alprazolam, Estazolam, Triazolam
* Imidazo compounds
::Climazolam, Loprazolam, Midazolam

----

= Links =
http://www.dr-bob.org/tips/bzd.html

[http://tripsit.me/history-of-etizolam History of Etizolam on Tripsit.me]

= Sources =

Madsen U, Bräuner-Osborne H, Greenwood JR, Johansen TN, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Liljefors T, Nielsen M, Frølund B (2005). "GABA and Glutamate receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential in CNS disorders". In Gad SC. Drug Discovery Handbook. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience/J. Wiley. pp. 797–907. ISBN 0-471-21384-5.
^ a b Panico, R.; Powell, W. H.; Richer, J. C., eds. (1993). A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds. IUPAC/Blackwell Science. pp. 40–3. ISBN 0-632-03488-2.; Moss GP (1998). "Nomenclature of fused and bridged fused ring systems (IUPAC Recommendations 1998)". Pure Appl Chem 70 (1): 143–216. doi:10.1351/pac199870010143.
Olsen RW, Betz H (2006). "GABA and glycine". In Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Brady S, Price DD (eds.). Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects (7th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 291–302. ISBN 0-12-088397-X.
Shorter E (2005). "Benzodiazepines". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–2. ISBN 0-19-517668-5.
Zavala F (1997). "Benzodiazepines, anxiety and immunity". Pharmacol Ther 75 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00055-7. PMID 9504140.
Narimatsu E, Niiya T, Kawamata M, Namiki A (2006). "[The mechanisms of depression by benzodiazepines, barbiturates and propofol of excitatory synaptic transmissions mediated by adenosine neuromodulation]". Masui (in Japanese) 55 (6): 684–91. PMID 16780077.
Juergens, MD, Steven M. "Understanding Benzodiazepines". California Society of Addiction Medicine. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Carlo, Pia; Renata Finollo, Anna Ledda, Giovanni Brambilla (January 1989). "Absence of liver DNA fragmentation in rats treated with high oral doses of 32 benzodiazepine drugs". Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 12 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1016/0272-0590(89)90059-6. PMID 2925017.

[[Category:Depressant]]
[[Category:Drugs]]

Benzodiazepines

2014-11-03T18:35:19Z

Sevenforall: /* Images */

Benzodiazepines are drugs which act upon the GABA(A) receptor, and produce a general set of effects which vary by compound, mostly being sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant. The first benzodiazepine, Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which has also marketed diazepam (Valium) since 1963.

= Dosage =

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of benzodiazepines
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Alprazolam (Xanax)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Bromazepam (Lexotan, Lexomil)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 5 - 6 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Brotizolam
| 2 - 6 hours
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Chlordazepoxide (Librium)
| 5 - 30 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 25 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clobazam (Frisium)
| 12 - 60 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clonazepam (Klonopin)
| 18 - 50 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clorazepate (Tranxene)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diazepam (Valium)
| 20 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diclazepam
| ~120 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Estazolam (ProSom, Nuctalon)
| 10 - 24 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Etizolam
| 4-12 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Flubromazepam
| 106 hours
| 6 - 8 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)
| 18 - 26 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 1 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flutoprazepam (Restas)
| 60 - 90 hours
| ~2.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flurazepam (Dalmane)
| [40 - 250 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Halazepam (Paxipam)
| [30 - 100 hours]
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Ketazolam (Anseren)
| 30 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Loprazolam (Dormonoct)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Lorazepam (Ativan)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 1 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Lormetazepam (Noctamid)
| 10 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Medazepam (Nobrium)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Nitrazepam (Mogadon)
| 15 - 38 hours
| 10 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Nordazepam (Nordaz)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Oxazepam (Serax)
| 4 - 15 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Phenazepam
| 60 hours
| ~1 mg.
| Hypnotic
|-
| Prazepam (Centrax)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 - 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Pyrazolam
| Short
| .83 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Quazepam (Doral)
| 25 - 100 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Temazepam (Restoril)
| 8 - 22 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Triazolam (Halcion)
| 2 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Non-benzodiazepines commonly referred to as Z-drugs
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Zaleplon (Sonata)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zolpidem (Ambien)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zopiclone (Imovane)
| 5 - 6 hours
| 15 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
| 6 hours
| 3 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

= Effects =
== Positive ==

* Anti-Anxiety
* Sedative
* Muscle relaxant

== Negative ==

* High addiction potential
* Withdrawls can be fatal
* Risk of blackout
* Inability to drink
* Inability to dirve
* Loss of balance
* Memory Loss
* Procrastination
* "Hangover"
* Long term effects
* High addiction potential

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

* Addiction potential - High

* Risk of blackouts

* Risk of death when mixed with alcohol or other drugs. '''An extremely high percentage of drug-related deaths are due to mixing benzos with other drugs, especially opiates and alcohol.'''

* Mental illness

* Heart issues

* CNS depressant when mixed with other drugs

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Image:Xanax.jpg|Alprazolam pills and prescription bottle
Image:Ativan.png|Lorazepam pill (Ativan)
Image:Alpraz.jpg|.5mg Alprazolam pills
</gallery>

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
The term benzodiazepine is the chemical name for the heterocyclic ring system, which is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems. Under Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature, a diazepine is a heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms, five carbon atom and the maximum possible number of cumulative double bonds. The "benzo" prefix indicates the benzene ring fused onto the diazepine ring.
Benzodiazepine drugs are substituted 1,4-benzodiazepines, although the chemical term can refer to many other compounds that do not have useful pharmacological properties. Different benzodiazepine drugs have different side groups attached to this central structure. The different side groups affect the binding of the molecule to the GABAA receptor and so modulate the pharmacological properties. Many of the pharmacologically active "classical" benzodiazepine drugs contain the 5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one substructure.
Nonbenzodiazepines also bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA(A) receptor and possess similar pharmacological properties. While the nonbenzodiazepines are by definition structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines, both classes of drugs possess a common pharmacophore , which explains their binding to a common receptor site

[[File:benzo.png|500px]]

* 2-keto compounds:
::Chlordiazepoxide, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Flurazepam, Halazepam, Prazepam, and others.
* 3-hydroxy compounds:
::Lorazepam, Lormetazepam,Oxazepam, Temazepam
* 7-nitro compounds:
::Clonazepam, Flunitrazepam, Nimetazepam, Nitrazepam
* Triazolo compounds:
::Adinazolam, Alprazolam, Estazolam, Triazolam
* Imidazo compounds
::Climazolam, Loprazolam, Midazolam

----

= Links =
http://www.dr-bob.org/tips/bzd.html

[http://tripsit.me/history-of-etizolam History of Etizolam on Tripsit.me]

= Sources =

Madsen U, Bräuner-Osborne H, Greenwood JR, Johansen TN, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Liljefors T, Nielsen M, Frølund B (2005). "GABA and Glutamate receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential in CNS disorders". In Gad SC. Drug Discovery Handbook. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience/J. Wiley. pp. 797–907. ISBN 0-471-21384-5.
^ a b Panico, R.; Powell, W. H.; Richer, J. C., eds. (1993). A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds. IUPAC/Blackwell Science. pp. 40–3. ISBN 0-632-03488-2.; Moss GP (1998). "Nomenclature of fused and bridged fused ring systems (IUPAC Recommendations 1998)". Pure Appl Chem 70 (1): 143–216. doi:10.1351/pac199870010143.
Olsen RW, Betz H (2006). "GABA and glycine". In Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Brady S, Price DD (eds.). Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects (7th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 291–302. ISBN 0-12-088397-X.
Shorter E (2005). "Benzodiazepines". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–2. ISBN 0-19-517668-5.
Zavala F (1997). "Benzodiazepines, anxiety and immunity". Pharmacol Ther 75 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00055-7. PMID 9504140.
Narimatsu E, Niiya T, Kawamata M, Namiki A (2006). "[The mechanisms of depression by benzodiazepines, barbiturates and propofol of excitatory synaptic transmissions mediated by adenosine neuromodulation]". Masui (in Japanese) 55 (6): 684–91. PMID 16780077.
Juergens, MD, Steven M. "Understanding Benzodiazepines". California Society of Addiction Medicine. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Carlo, Pia; Renata Finollo, Anna Ledda, Giovanni Brambilla (January 1989). "Absence of liver DNA fragmentation in rats treated with high oral doses of 32 benzodiazepine drugs". Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 12 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1016/0272-0590(89)90059-6. PMID 2925017.

[[Category:Depressant]]
[[Category:Drugs]]

User:Sevenforall

2014-10-20T22:13:35Z

Sevenforall:

My interest for psychoactive substances started after watching a (drama) movie about ecstasy, which triggered me to study this mysterious party pill. From there, I found out about psychedelics, and was looking into trying LSA. At the time, however, I considered myself too young, and it wasn't until my late teens until I decided to try LSD. I fell for the prevalent 'scam' in which you get sold 25x-NBOMe instead of LSD. Immediately noticing something was up (it tasted bitter, and I read it was supposed to be tasteless), I tried to find more information, and ended up catching an ongoing addiction to the TripSit drug harm reduction community.

2C-B

2014-10-19T22:56:24Z

Sevenforall:

[[File:2cb.jpg|thumb|150px|2C-B vial and powder]]

'''2C-B''' is a [[Psychedelics|psychedelic]] drug of the [[2C-X|2C-X family]].
Effects are often described as being more easily managed than other psychedelics; it is often compared to a mixture of a LSD and MDMA.
2C-B is also known for the strong body component of its effects which are alternately described as pleasurable energy or a 'sense of being in the body,' and by others as an unpleasant 'buzzing' or body-load, which is mostly occurring during onset. Users also report open eye visuals in the form of colour distortions, melting like hallucinations, and other minor visual psychedelic effects.

= History =
2C-B was first synthesized in 1974 by Alexander Shulgin, and it first saw use among the psychiatric community as an aid during therapy. It was considered one of the best drugs for this purpose because of its short duration, relative absence of side effects, and comparably mild nature. Shortly after becoming popular in the medical community, it became popular recreationally. 2C-B was first sold commercially as an aphrodisiac under the trade name "Eros", which was manufactured by the German pharmaceutical company Drittewelle. From many years after it was available as tablets in Dutch smart shops under the name "Nexus".

= Dosage =
'''NOTE: DO NOT TAKE THE BELOW DOSING INFORMATION AS A KNOW ALL, PLEASE TAKE CAUTION, AND REMEMBER THAT YOU CAN ALWAYS TAKE MORE, BUT NEVER LESS.'''

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 5-15mg
|-
| Common || 15-30mg
|-
| Strong || 30-50mg
|-
| Heavy || 50mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 5-10mg
|-
| Common || 10-20mg
|-
| Strong || 20-30mg
|-
| Heavy || 30mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Rectal
|-
| Light || 5-10mg
|-
| Common || 10-20mg
|-
| Strong || 20-30mg
|-
| Heavy || 30mg+
|}

= Duration =

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 20-75 minutes
|-
| Total || 4-8 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 1-15 minutes
|-
| Total || 4-8 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Rectal
|-
| Onset || 5-20 minutes
|-
| Total || 4-8 hours
|}

= Effects =
== Positive ==

* Euphoria

* Giggling

* Empathy

* Personal Insight

* Enhanced Colours

* Closed and Open Eye Visuals

* Enhanced Tactile Sensation

== Neutral ==

* Decreased Appetite

* Pupil Dilation

* Time Dilation

== Negative ==

* Restlessness

* Sweating/Chills

* Nausea

* Insomnia

* Muscle Tension

* Confusion

= Aliases =

* Bees

* Nexus

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
Systematic name: 2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine

Unlike most hallucinogens, 2C-B has been shown to be a low efficacy serotonin 5-HT2A receptor partial agonist or even full antagonist. This suggests that the 5-HT2C receptor is primarily responsible for mediating the effects experienced by users of 2C-B, although functional antagonism of 5-HT2A or activation of the 5-HT2A-coupled phospholipase D pathway may also play a role. The rank order of receptorantagonist potency for this family of drugs is 2C-I > 2C-B > 2C-D > 2C-H.

Research suggests that 2C-B increases dopamine levels in the brains of rats, which may contribute to its psychoactivity.

= Harm Reduction =

2C-B is known as one of the safer psychedelics, with several reported cases of users far exceeding commonly used dosing limits without lasting adverse physical effects. It is also observed to have a low addiction potential. It is a stimulating psychedelic, and therefore it's important to remain hydrated. Refer to [[Psychedelics#Harm_Reduction|Psychedelic Harm Reduction]] for more information.

Do not take heroic doses thinking that 2C-B is one of the "safer psychedelics".

= Interactions =

2C-B increases dopamine levels and also has an effect on serotonin. Therefore, 2C-B may react negatively with serotonic drugs like anti-depressants and tramadol.

= Legal Status =
Internationally, 2C-B is a Schedule II drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. In the Netherlands, 2C-B became a list I substance of the Opium Law despite no health incidents occurring. Following the ban, other phenethylamines were sold in place of 2C-B until the Netherlands became the first country in the world to ban 2C-I, 2C-T-2 and 2C-T-7 alongside 2C-B.

* UK: Class A (Along with all the others in the [[2C-X|2C-X family]]. (Illegal to produce, supply, or possess.))

* United States: [http://www.justice.gov/dea/druginfo/ds.shtml Schedule I] (Illegal to produce, supply, or possess.)

= Links =

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B Wikipedia]
* [https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb/2cb.shtml 2C-B Erowid Vault]

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Psychedelic]]

2C-X

2014-10-19T22:55:51Z

Sevenforall:

[[File:2cc.jpg|thumb|250px|2C-C vial and powder]]

The 2C family is a group of [[Psychedelics|psychedelic]] phenethylamines that share the same basic 2C structure. The name '2C' is an acronym for the two carbons between the benzene ring and the amino group in all 2C chemicals. There are also two methoxy groups on the the 2 and 5 positions of the benzene ring. The -x denotes a number of different varieties of 2C's that differ in their substituents on the 3 and 4 positions of the benzene ring.

= History =
Alexander Shulgin coined this term and also synthesized the majority of the 2C's, publishing detailed information about their synthesis in his book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved).

= 2C Family =

* [[2C-B]] (Dimethoxybromophenethylamine)
* [[2C-B-FLY]] (Dihydrodifuran-2C-B)
* [[2C-BZ]] (Dimethoxybenzylolicphenethylamine)
* [[2C-C]] (Dimethoxychlorophenethylamine)
* [[2C-CN]] (Dimethoxycyanidephenethylamine)
* [[2C-D]] (Dimethoxymethylphenethylamine)
* [[2C-E]] (Dimethoxyethylphenethylamine)
* [[2C-EF]] (Fluoroethylmethoxyphenethylamine)
* [[2C-G]] (Dimethyldimethoxyphenethylamine)
* [[2C-I]] (Dimethoxyiodophenethylamine)
* [[2C-N]] (Dimethoxynitrophenethylamine)
* [[2C-P]] (Dimethoxypropylphenethylamine)
* [[2C-PYN]] (Dimethoxypropnylphenethylamine)
* [[2C-iP]] (Dimethoxyisopropylphenethylamine)
* [[2C-T]] (Dimethoxymethylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-2]] (Dimethoxyethylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-4]] (Dimethoxyisopropylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-7]] (Dimethoxypropylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-13]] (Dimethoxy-(β-methoxyethylthio)phenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-17]] (Dimethoxy-(β-secbutylthio)phenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-21]] (Dimethoxyfluoroethylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-TFM]] (Dimethoxytrifluorophenethylamine)
* [[2C-YN]] (Dimethoxyethynylphenethylamine)

=Images=

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
Image:2cb.jpg|''2C-B''
Image:2cc.jpg|''2C-C''
Image:2ce.jpg|''2C-E''
</gallery>

[[Category:Psychedelic]]
[[Category:Drugs]]

2C-X

2014-10-17T14:48:10Z

Sevenforall:

[[File:2cc.jpg|thumb|250px|2C-C vial and powder]]

The 2C family is a group of psychedelic phenethylamines that share the same basic 2C structure. The name '2C' is an acronym for the two carbons between the benzene ring and the amino group in all 2C chemicals. There are also two methoxy groups on the the 2 and 5 positions of the benzene ring. The -x denotes a number of different varieties of 2C's that differ in their substituents on the 3 and 4 positions of the benzene ring.

= History =
Alexander Shulgin coined this term and also synthesized the majority of the 2C's, publishing detailed information about their synthesis in his book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved).

= 2C Family =

* [[2C-B]] (Dimethoxybromophenethylamine)
* [[2C-B-FLY]] (Dihydrodifuran-2C-B)
* [[2C-C]] (Dimethoxychlorophenethylamine)
* [[2C-D]] (Dimethoxymethylphenethylamine)
* [[2C-E]] (Dimethoxyethylphenethylamine)
* [[2C-EF]] (Fluoroethylmethoxyphenethylamine)
* [[2C-G]] (Dimethyldimethoxyphenethylamine)
* [[2C-I]] (Dimethoxyiodophenethylamine)
* [[2C-N]] (Dimethoxynitrophenethylamine)
* [[2C-P]] (Dimethoxypropylphenethylamine)
* [[2C-iP]] (Dimethoxyisopropylphenethylamine)
* [[2C-T]] (Dimethoxymethylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-2]] (Dimethoxyethylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-4]] (Dimethoxyisopropylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-7]] (Dimethoxypropylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-13]] (Dimethoxy-(β-methoxyethylthio)phenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-17]] (Dimethoxy-(β-secbutylthio)phenethylamine)
* [[2C-T-21]] (Dimethoxyfluoroethylthiophenethylamine)
* [[2C-TFM]] (Dimethoxytrifluorophenethylamine)

=Images=

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
Image:2cb.jpg|''2C-B''
Image:2cc.jpg|''2C-C''
Image:2ce.jpg|''2C-E''
</gallery>

[[Category:Psychedelic]]
[[Category:Drugs]]

2C-B

2014-10-17T14:47:30Z

Sevenforall:

[[File:2cb.jpg|thumb|150px|2C-B vial and powder]]

'''2C-B''' is a psychedelic drug of the [[2C-X|2C-X family]].
Effects are often described as being more easily managed than other psychedelics; it is often compared to a mixture of a LSD and MDMA.
2C-B is also known for the strong body component of its effects which are alternately described as pleasurable energy or a 'sense of being in the body,' and by others as an unpleasant 'buzzing' or body-load, which is mostly occurring during onset. Users also report open eye visuals in the form of colour distortions, melting like hallucinations, and other minor visual psychedelic effects.

= History =
2C-B was first synthesized in 1974 by Alexander Shulgin, and it first saw use among the psychiatric community as an aid during therapy. It was considered one of the best drugs for this purpose because of its short duration, relative absence of side effects, and comparably mild nature. Shortly after becoming popular in the medical community, it became popular recreationally. 2C-B was first sold commercially as an aphrodisiac under the trade name "Eros", which was manufactured by the German pharmaceutical company Drittewelle. From many years after it was available as tablets in Dutch smart shops under the name "Nexus".

= Dosage =
'''NOTE: DO NOT TAKE THE BELOW DOSING INFORMATION AS A KNOW ALL, PLEASE TAKE CAUTION, AND REMEMBER THAT YOU CAN ALWAYS TAKE MORE, BUT NEVER LESS.'''

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 5-15mg
|-
| Common || 15-30mg
|-
| Strong || 30-50mg
|-
| Heavy || 50mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 5-10mg
|-
| Common || 10-20mg
|-
| Strong || 20-30mg
|-
| Heavy || 30mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Rectal
|-
| Light || 5-10mg
|-
| Common || 10-20mg
|-
| Strong || 20-30mg
|-
| Heavy || 30mg+
|}

= Duration =

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 20-75 minutes
|-
| Total || 4-8 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 1-15 minutes
|-
| Total || 4-8 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Rectal
|-
| Onset || 5-20 minutes
|-
| Total || 4-8 hours
|}

= Effects =
== Positive ==

* Euphoria

* Giggling

* Empathy

* Personal Insight

* Enhanced Colours

* Closed and Open Eye Visuals

* Enhanced Tactile Sensation

== Neutral ==

* Decreased Appetite

* Pupil Dilation

* Time Dilation

== Negative ==

* Restlessness

* Sweating/Chills

* Nausea

* Insomnia

* Muscle Tension

* Confusion

= Aliases =

* Bees

* Nexus

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
Systematic name: 2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine

Unlike most hallucinogens, 2C-B has been shown to be a low efficacy serotonin 5-HT2A receptor partial agonist or even full antagonist. This suggests that the 5-HT2C receptor is primarily responsible for mediating the effects experienced by users of 2C-B, although functional antagonism of 5-HT2A or activation of the 5-HT2A-coupled phospholipase D pathway may also play a role. The rank order of receptorantagonist potency for this family of drugs is 2C-I > 2C-B > 2C-D > 2C-H.

Research suggests that 2C-B increases dopamine levels in the brains of rats, which may contribute to its psychoactivity.

= Harm Reduction =

2C-B is known as one of the safer psychedelics, with several reported cases of users far exceeding commonly used dosing limits without lasting adverse physical effects. It is also observed to have a low addiction potential. It is a stimulating psychedelic, and therefore it's important to remain hydrated. Refer to [[Psychedelics#Harm_Reduction|Psychedelic Harm Reduction]] for more information.

Do not take heroic doses thinking that 2C-B is one of the "safer psychedelics".

= Interactions =

2C-B increases dopamine levels and also has an effect on serotonin. Therefore, 2C-B may react negatively with serotonic drugs like anti-depressants and tramadol.

= Legal Status =
Internationally, 2C-B is a Schedule II drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. In the Netherlands, 2C-B became a list I substance of the Opium Law despite no health incidents occurring. Following the ban, other phenethylamines were sold in place of 2C-B until the Netherlands became the first country in the world to ban 2C-I, 2C-T-2 and 2C-T-7 alongside 2C-B.

* UK: Class A (Along with all the others in the [[2C-X|2C-X family]]. (Illegal to produce, supply, or possess.))

* United States: [http://www.justice.gov/dea/druginfo/ds.shtml Schedule I] (Illegal to produce, supply, or possess.)

= Links =

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B Wikipedia]
* [https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb/2cb.shtml 2C-B Erowid Vault]

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Psychedelic]]

2C-B

2014-10-17T14:47:12Z

Sevenforall:

[[File:2cb.jpg|thumb|200px|2C-B vial and powder]]

'''2C-B''' is a psychedelic drug of the [[2C-X|2C-X family]].
Effects are often described as being more easily managed than other psychedelics; it is often compared to a mixture of a LSD and MDMA.
2C-B is also known for the strong body component of its effects which are alternately described as pleasurable energy or a 'sense of being in the body,' and by others as an unpleasant 'buzzing' or body-load, which is mostly occurring during onset. Users also report open eye visuals in the form of colour distortions, melting like hallucinations, and other minor visual psychedelic effects.

= History =
2C-B was first synthesized in 1974 by Alexander Shulgin, and it first saw use among the psychiatric community as an aid during therapy. It was considered one of the best drugs for this purpose because of its short duration, relative absence of side effects, and comparably mild nature. Shortly after becoming popular in the medical community, it became popular recreationally. 2C-B was first sold commercially as an aphrodisiac under the trade name "Eros", which was manufactured by the German pharmaceutical company Drittewelle. From many years after it was available as tablets in Dutch smart shops under the name "Nexus".

= Dosage =
'''NOTE: DO NOT TAKE THE BELOW DOSING INFORMATION AS A KNOW ALL, PLEASE TAKE CAUTION, AND REMEMBER THAT YOU CAN ALWAYS TAKE MORE, BUT NEVER LESS.'''

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 5-15mg
|-
| Common || 15-30mg
|-
| Strong || 30-50mg
|-
| Heavy || 50mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 5-10mg
|-
| Common || 10-20mg
|-
| Strong || 20-30mg
|-
| Heavy || 30mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Rectal
|-
| Light || 5-10mg
|-
| Common || 10-20mg
|-
| Strong || 20-30mg
|-
| Heavy || 30mg+
|}

= Duration =

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 20-75 minutes
|-
| Total || 4-8 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 1-15 minutes
|-
| Total || 4-8 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Rectal
|-
| Onset || 5-20 minutes
|-
| Total || 4-8 hours
|}

= Effects =
== Positive ==

* Euphoria

* Giggling

* Empathy

* Personal Insight

* Enhanced Colours

* Closed and Open Eye Visuals

* Enhanced Tactile Sensation

== Neutral ==

* Decreased Appetite

* Pupil Dilation

* Time Dilation

== Negative ==

* Restlessness

* Sweating/Chills

* Nausea

* Insomnia

* Muscle Tension

* Confusion

= Aliases =

* Bees

* Nexus

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
Systematic name: 2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine

Unlike most hallucinogens, 2C-B has been shown to be a low efficacy serotonin 5-HT2A receptor partial agonist or even full antagonist. This suggests that the 5-HT2C receptor is primarily responsible for mediating the effects experienced by users of 2C-B, although functional antagonism of 5-HT2A or activation of the 5-HT2A-coupled phospholipase D pathway may also play a role. The rank order of receptorantagonist potency for this family of drugs is 2C-I > 2C-B > 2C-D > 2C-H.

Research suggests that 2C-B increases dopamine levels in the brains of rats, which may contribute to its psychoactivity.

= Harm Reduction =

2C-B is known as one of the safer psychedelics, with several reported cases of users far exceeding commonly used dosing limits without lasting adverse physical effects. It is also observed to have a low addiction potential. It is a stimulating psychedelic, and therefore it's important to remain hydrated. Refer to [[Psychedelics#Harm_Reduction|Psychedelic Harm Reduction]] for more information.

Do not take heroic doses thinking that 2C-B is one of the "safer psychedelics".

= Interactions =

2C-B increases dopamine levels and also has an effect on serotonin. Therefore, 2C-B may react negatively with serotonic drugs like anti-depressants and tramadol.

= Legal Status =
Internationally, 2C-B is a Schedule II drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. In the Netherlands, 2C-B became a list I substance of the Opium Law despite no health incidents occurring. Following the ban, other phenethylamines were sold in place of 2C-B until the Netherlands became the first country in the world to ban 2C-I, 2C-T-2 and 2C-T-7 alongside 2C-B.

* UK: Class A (Along with all the others in the [[2C-X|2C-X family]]. (Illegal to produce, supply, or possess.))

* United States: [http://www.justice.gov/dea/druginfo/ds.shtml Schedule I] (Illegal to produce, supply, or possess.)

= Links =

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B Wikipedia]
* [https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb/2cb.shtml 2C-B Erowid Vault]

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Psychedelic]]

2C-B

2014-10-17T14:46:43Z

Sevenforall:

[[File:2cb.jpg|thumb|250px|2C-B vial and powder]]

'''2C-B''' is a psychedelic drug of the [[2C-X|2C-X family]].
Effects are often described as being more easily managed than other psychedelics; it is often compared to a mixture of a LSD and MDMA.
2C-B is also known for the strong body component of its effects which are alternately described as pleasurable energy or a 'sense of being in the body,' and by others as an unpleasant 'buzzing' or body-load, which is mostly occurring during onset. Users also report open eye visuals in the form of colour distortions, melting like hallucinations, and other minor visual psychedelic effects.

= History =
2C-B was first synthesized in 1974 by Alexander Shulgin, and it first saw use among the psychiatric community as an aid during therapy. It was considered one of the best drugs for this purpose because of its short duration, relative absence of side effects, and comparably mild nature. Shortly after becoming popular in the medical community, it became popular recreationally. 2C-B was first sold commercially as an aphrodisiac under the trade name "Eros", which was manufactured by the German pharmaceutical company Drittewelle. From many years after it was available as tablets in Dutch smart shops under the name "Nexus".

= Dosage =
'''NOTE: DO NOT TAKE THE BELOW DOSING INFORMATION AS A KNOW ALL, PLEASE TAKE CAUTION, AND REMEMBER THAT YOU CAN ALWAYS TAKE MORE, BUT NEVER LESS.'''

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 5-15mg
|-
| Common || 15-30mg
|-
| Strong || 30-50mg
|-
| Heavy || 50mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 5-10mg
|-
| Common || 10-20mg
|-
| Strong || 20-30mg
|-
| Heavy || 30mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Rectal
|-
| Light || 5-10mg
|-
| Common || 10-20mg
|-
| Strong || 20-30mg
|-
| Heavy || 30mg+
|}

= Duration =

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 20-75 minutes
|-
| Total || 4-8 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 1-15 minutes
|-
| Total || 4-8 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Rectal
|-
| Onset || 5-20 minutes
|-
| Total || 4-8 hours
|}

= Effects =
== Positive ==

* Euphoria

* Giggling

* Empathy

* Personal Insight

* Enhanced Colours

* Closed and Open Eye Visuals

* Enhanced Tactile Sensation

== Neutral ==

* Decreased Appetite

* Pupil Dilation

* Time Dilation

== Negative ==

* Restlessness

* Sweating/Chills

* Nausea

* Insomnia

* Muscle Tension

* Confusion

= Aliases =

* Bees

* Nexus

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
Systematic name: 2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine

Unlike most hallucinogens, 2C-B has been shown to be a low efficacy serotonin 5-HT2A receptor partial agonist or even full antagonist. This suggests that the 5-HT2C receptor is primarily responsible for mediating the effects experienced by users of 2C-B, although functional antagonism of 5-HT2A or activation of the 5-HT2A-coupled phospholipase D pathway may also play a role. The rank order of receptorantagonist potency for this family of drugs is 2C-I > 2C-B > 2C-D > 2C-H.

Research suggests that 2C-B increases dopamine levels in the brains of rats, which may contribute to its psychoactivity.

= Harm Reduction =

2C-B is known as one of the safer psychedelics, with several reported cases of users far exceeding commonly used dosing limits without lasting adverse physical effects. It is also observed to have a low addiction potential. It is a stimulating psychedelic, and therefore it's important to remain hydrated. Refer to [[Psychedelics#Harm_Reduction|Psychedelic Harm Reduction]] for more information.

Do not take heroic doses thinking that 2C-B is one of the "safer psychedelics".

= Interactions =

2C-B increases dopamine levels and also has an effect on serotonin. Therefore, 2C-B may react negatively with serotonic drugs like anti-depressants and tramadol.

= Legal Status =
Internationally, 2C-B is a Schedule II drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. In the Netherlands, 2C-B became a list I substance of the Opium Law despite no health incidents occurring. Following the ban, other phenethylamines were sold in place of 2C-B until the Netherlands became the first country in the world to ban 2C-I, 2C-T-2 and 2C-T-7 alongside 2C-B.

* UK: Class A (Along with all the others in the [[2C-X|2C-X family]]. (Illegal to produce, supply, or possess.))

* United States: [http://www.justice.gov/dea/druginfo/ds.shtml Schedule I] (Illegal to produce, supply, or possess.)

= Links =

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B Wikipedia]
* [https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb/2cb.shtml 2C-B Erowid Vault]

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Psychedelic]]

2C-B

2014-10-17T14:46:31Z

Sevenforall:

[[File:2cb.jpg|thumb|250px|2C-B vial and powder]

'''2C-B''' is a psychedelic drug of the [[2C-X|2C-X family]].
Effects are often described as being more easily managed than other psychedelics; it is often compared to a mixture of a LSD and MDMA.
2C-B is also known for the strong body component of its effects which are alternately described as pleasurable energy or a 'sense of being in the body,' and by others as an unpleasant 'buzzing' or body-load, which is mostly occurring during onset. Users also report open eye visuals in the form of colour distortions, melting like hallucinations, and other minor visual psychedelic effects.

= History =
2C-B was first synthesized in 1974 by Alexander Shulgin, and it first saw use among the psychiatric community as an aid during therapy. It was considered one of the best drugs for this purpose because of its short duration, relative absence of side effects, and comparably mild nature. Shortly after becoming popular in the medical community, it became popular recreationally. 2C-B was first sold commercially as an aphrodisiac under the trade name "Eros", which was manufactured by the German pharmaceutical company Drittewelle. From many years after it was available as tablets in Dutch smart shops under the name "Nexus".

= Dosage =
'''NOTE: DO NOT TAKE THE BELOW DOSING INFORMATION AS A KNOW ALL, PLEASE TAKE CAUTION, AND REMEMBER THAT YOU CAN ALWAYS TAKE MORE, BUT NEVER LESS.'''

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 5-15mg
|-
| Common || 15-30mg
|-
| Strong || 30-50mg
|-
| Heavy || 50mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 5-10mg
|-
| Common || 10-20mg
|-
| Strong || 20-30mg
|-
| Heavy || 30mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Rectal
|-
| Light || 5-10mg
|-
| Common || 10-20mg
|-
| Strong || 20-30mg
|-
| Heavy || 30mg+
|}

= Duration =

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 20-75 minutes
|-
| Total || 4-8 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 1-15 minutes
|-
| Total || 4-8 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Rectal
|-
| Onset || 5-20 minutes
|-
| Total || 4-8 hours
|}

= Effects =
== Positive ==

* Euphoria

* Giggling

* Empathy

* Personal Insight

* Enhanced Colours

* Closed and Open Eye Visuals

* Enhanced Tactile Sensation

== Neutral ==

* Decreased Appetite

* Pupil Dilation

* Time Dilation

== Negative ==

* Restlessness

* Sweating/Chills

* Nausea

* Insomnia

* Muscle Tension

* Confusion

= Aliases =

* Bees

* Nexus

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
Systematic name: 2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine

Unlike most hallucinogens, 2C-B has been shown to be a low efficacy serotonin 5-HT2A receptor partial agonist or even full antagonist. This suggests that the 5-HT2C receptor is primarily responsible for mediating the effects experienced by users of 2C-B, although functional antagonism of 5-HT2A or activation of the 5-HT2A-coupled phospholipase D pathway may also play a role. The rank order of receptorantagonist potency for this family of drugs is 2C-I > 2C-B > 2C-D > 2C-H.

Research suggests that 2C-B increases dopamine levels in the brains of rats, which may contribute to its psychoactivity.

= Harm Reduction =

2C-B is known as one of the safer psychedelics, with several reported cases of users far exceeding commonly used dosing limits without lasting adverse physical effects. It is also observed to have a low addiction potential. It is a stimulating psychedelic, and therefore it's important to remain hydrated. Refer to [[Psychedelics#Harm_Reduction|Psychedelic Harm Reduction]] for more information.

Do not take heroic doses thinking that 2C-B is one of the "safer psychedelics".

= Interactions =

2C-B increases dopamine levels and also has an effect on serotonin. Therefore, 2C-B may react negatively with serotonic drugs like anti-depressants and tramadol.

= Legal Status =
Internationally, 2C-B is a Schedule II drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. In the Netherlands, 2C-B became a list I substance of the Opium Law despite no health incidents occurring. Following the ban, other phenethylamines were sold in place of 2C-B until the Netherlands became the first country in the world to ban 2C-I, 2C-T-2 and 2C-T-7 alongside 2C-B.

* UK: Class A (Along with all the others in the [[2C-X|2C-X family]]. (Illegal to produce, supply, or possess.))

* United States: [http://www.justice.gov/dea/druginfo/ds.shtml Schedule I] (Illegal to produce, supply, or possess.)

= Links =

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B Wikipedia]
* [https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb/2cb.shtml 2C-B Erowid Vault]

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Psychedelic]]

Amphetamine

2014-10-17T14:38:49Z

Sevenforall: /* Images */

[[File:Spaste.png|thumb|500px|Dried speed paste]]

Amphetamine is a CNS stimulant, producing mild euphoria and an abundance of energy. Amphetamines include both the specific chemical 'amphetamine' and the general class of chemicals which share structural similaries. Amphetamines generally cause strong physical and mental stimulation, keeping users awake and alert for many hours, and some amphetamines cause mood lift / euphoria. Because they increase wakefulness, various amphetamines have been used by the military, by pilots, truck drivers, and other workers to keep functioning past their normal limits.

Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Amphetamine properly refers to the racemic free base, or equal parts of the enantiomers levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine in their pure amine forms. Nonetheless, the term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers, or to either of them alone.

= Dosage =

Depending on purity, amphetamine dosage '''will''' vary.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 25-40mg
|-
| Common || 40-75mg
|-
| Strong || 75-125mg
|-
| Heavy || 125-175mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 15-25mg
|-
| Common || 25-40mg
|-
| Strong || 40-75mg
|-
| Heavy || 75-100mg+
|}

= Duration =

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 15-30 minutes
|-
| Total || 2-4 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 1-5 minutes
|-
| Total || 1-3 hours
|}

= Effects =

== Positive ==

* Increased focus

* Abundance of energy

* Increased motivation

== Negative ==

* Racing thoughts

* Reduced appetite

* Flushing of the face

* Increased body temperature

* Tachycardia (Elevated heart rate)

* Paranoia

* Insomnia

== After effects ==

* Hangover

* Afterglow

* Restlessness

* Persisting stimulation (5-15 hours after last dose.)

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

== Detection Times ==

* Blood: 12 hours

* Hair: 90 days

* Saliva: 3 days

* Urine: 1-4 days

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Image:Spaste.png|''Drying speed paste''
Image:Amphetamine.jpg|''Dried speed with vial''
Image:Amphetamines.JPG|''52mg of amphetamines''
</gallery>

= Legal status =

* Canada: Schedule I

* Great Britain: Class B

* Thailand: Category 1

* United States: [http://www.justice.gov/dea/druginfo/ds.shtml Schedule II]

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]

Amphetamine

2014-10-17T14:37:28Z

Sevenforall: /* Images */

[[File:Spaste.png|thumb|500px|Dried speed paste]]

Amphetamine is a CNS stimulant, producing mild euphoria and an abundance of energy. Amphetamines include both the specific chemical 'amphetamine' and the general class of chemicals which share structural similaries. Amphetamines generally cause strong physical and mental stimulation, keeping users awake and alert for many hours, and some amphetamines cause mood lift / euphoria. Because they increase wakefulness, various amphetamines have been used by the military, by pilots, truck drivers, and other workers to keep functioning past their normal limits.

Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Amphetamine properly refers to the racemic free base, or equal parts of the enantiomers levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine in their pure amine forms. Nonetheless, the term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers, or to either of them alone.

= Dosage =

Depending on purity, amphetamine dosage '''will''' vary.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 25-40mg
|-
| Common || 40-75mg
|-
| Strong || 75-125mg
|-
| Heavy || 125-175mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 15-25mg
|-
| Common || 25-40mg
|-
| Strong || 40-75mg
|-
| Heavy || 75-100mg+
|}

= Duration =

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 15-30 minutes
|-
| Total || 2-4 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 1-5 minutes
|-
| Total || 1-3 hours
|}

= Effects =

== Positive ==

* Increased focus

* Abundance of energy

* Increased motivation

== Negative ==

* Racing thoughts

* Reduced appetite

* Flushing of the face

* Increased body temperature

* Tachycardia (Elevated heart rate)

* Paranoia

* Insomnia

== After effects ==

* Hangover

* Afterglow

* Restlessness

* Persisting stimulation (5-15 hours after last dose.)

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

== Detection Times ==

* Blood: 12 hours

* Hair: 90 days

* Saliva: 3 days

* Urine: 1-4 days

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Image:Spaste.png|''Dried speed paste''
Image:Amphetamine.jpg|''Amphetamine vial''
Image:Amphetamines.JPG|''52mg of amphetamines''
</gallery>

= Legal status =

* Canada: Schedule I

* Great Britain: Class B

* Thailand: Category 1

* United States: [http://www.justice.gov/dea/druginfo/ds.shtml Schedule II]

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]

Amphetamine

2014-10-17T14:37:17Z

Sevenforall: /* Images */

[[File:Spaste.png|thumb|500px|Dried speed paste]]

Amphetamine is a CNS stimulant, producing mild euphoria and an abundance of energy. Amphetamines include both the specific chemical 'amphetamine' and the general class of chemicals which share structural similaries. Amphetamines generally cause strong physical and mental stimulation, keeping users awake and alert for many hours, and some amphetamines cause mood lift / euphoria. Because they increase wakefulness, various amphetamines have been used by the military, by pilots, truck drivers, and other workers to keep functioning past their normal limits.

Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Amphetamine properly refers to the racemic free base, or equal parts of the enantiomers levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine in their pure amine forms. Nonetheless, the term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers, or to either of them alone.

= Dosage =

Depending on purity, amphetamine dosage '''will''' vary.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 25-40mg
|-
| Common || 40-75mg
|-
| Strong || 75-125mg
|-
| Heavy || 125-175mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 15-25mg
|-
| Common || 25-40mg
|-
| Strong || 40-75mg
|-
| Heavy || 75-100mg+
|}

= Duration =

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 15-30 minutes
|-
| Total || 2-4 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 1-5 minutes
|-
| Total || 1-3 hours
|}

= Effects =

== Positive ==

* Increased focus

* Abundance of energy

* Increased motivation

== Negative ==

* Racing thoughts

* Reduced appetite

* Flushing of the face

* Increased body temperature

* Tachycardia (Elevated heart rate)

* Paranoia

* Insomnia

== After effects ==

* Hangover

* Afterglow

* Restlessness

* Persisting stimulation (5-15 hours after last dose.)

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

== Detection Times ==

* Blood: 12 hours

* Hair: 90 days

* Saliva: 3 days

* Urine: 1-4 days

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Image:Amphetamine.jpg|''Amphetamine vial''
Image:Spaste.png|''Dried speed paste''
Image:Amphetamines.JPG|''52mg of amphetamines''
</gallery>

= Legal status =

* Canada: Schedule I

* Great Britain: Class B

* Thailand: Category 1

* United States: [http://www.justice.gov/dea/druginfo/ds.shtml Schedule II]

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]

File:Amphetamine.jpg

2014-10-17T14:36:12Z

Sevenforall: Amphetamine vial and dried paste.

Amphetamine vial and dried paste.

Etizolam

2014-10-15T14:30:15Z

Sevenforall: /* Chemistry and Pharmacology */

[[File:Etizolam.jpg|thumb|300px|Sealed vial of etizolam solved in propylene glycol.]]

Etizolam is a research chemical analogue of the [[benzodiazepines|benzodiazepine]] class of drugs - the benzene ring being replaced by a thiophene ring, making it a thienodiazepine. The drug largely shares the effect profile of benzodiazepine drugs (being both hypnotic and anxiolytic), however studies have shown some major differences between etizolam and the more traditional benzos used for treatments; it suffers much less from the build-up of tolerance, and also has a larger range of observed side-effects with abuse.

= History =

The availability of Etizolam in the more general research chemical scene began around 2011, and attention has only increased since. Its prevalence is probably due to both the low cost of the drug (with 500-1000 standard doses costing around £100, and is available in bulk powder form for even less), and the highly addictive nature it shares with benzodiazepines.

Though relatively new to the recreational research chemical scene, etizolam differs from most other research chemicals in that it is actually approved and actively prescribed as a medical treatment for anxiety in many countries around the world (such as India) under brand names such as Etilaam and Etizest. Its origins as a medical drug are actually very unclear, though medical papers citing its use in the treatment of anxiety are recorded as early as the 90s.

= Doses =

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Oral

| Light ||.5-1mg
|-
| Common ||1-2mg
|-
| Strong ||2-5mg
|-
|Heavy ||5mg+
|}

= Duration =

Note: Duration can be significantly longer with higher doses.

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Oral

|-

| Onset || 20-60 Minutes

|-

| Total || 5-8 hours

|}

= Effects =

== Positive ==

* Anti-Anxiety

* Relaxation

* A Sense of Well Being

== Neutral ==

* Appetite fluctuation

* Drowsiness

== Negative ==

* Memory loss

* Blackout potential

* Motor skill impairment

* Headaches

* Dizziness

* Nausea

* Lethargy

* Depression

* Irritability, aggression, rage

* Personality changes

* Emotional and social dissociation or derealization (long term)

== Long Term Effects ==

* The effects of long-term Etizolam, as with benzodiazepine use include drug dependence as well as the possibility of adverse effects on cognitive function, physical health, and mental health.

* There are a number of side-effects associated with addiction to benzodiazepines such as depression and flu-like symptoms, though occurring in only a small amount of people.

* In some users, particular with abuse Etizolam has been shown to cause blepharospasm.

* In very rare cases, Etizolam has been responsible for skin lesions in abusers.

= Harm Reduction =

* When on high doses of depressants, users are likely to black out and potentially hurt themselves through misadventure. If you are taking a hypnotic dose of Etizolam, it is best to confine yourself to your bed.

* Some users report Etizolam as given to compulsive redosing, especially when a user is 'blacked out'. To avoid this, keep doses low and be wary of reduced inhibitions while under the influence.

==Interactions==

As with other depressants, Etizolam should not be combined with any other CNS depressants (such as [[alcohol]]), at the risk of respiratory depression, which can lead to death.

See the [[Drug combinations]] chart for more information.

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =

Etizolam is absorbed fairly rapidly, with peak plasma levels achieved between 30 minutes and 2 hours. It has a mean elimination half life of about 3.5 hours. Etizolam acts as a full agonist at the benzodiazepine receptor to produce its range of therapeutic and adverse effects. In addition, etizolam, unlike most other benzodiazepines, has prolactogenic effects, leading to an increase in blood levels of prolactin, which is a protein that in humans is best known for its role in enabling female mammals to produce milk.

During a controlled clinical trial that compared the effectiveness of etizolam and several benzodiazepines for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, it was found that etizolam became more effective over time, implying a type of reverse tolerance.

The LD50 of Etizolam is currently unknown.

= Legal status =

==USA==

Etizolam is not controlled in the USA. However, it is a Schedule I drug in Arkansas and Mississippi.

==UK==

Not controlled as of October 2014.

==Germany==

Controlled since 2013.

=Images=
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
Image:Etizolam.jpg|''Etizolam solution''
Image:etizolam2.jpg|''Etizolam tablets''
</gallery>

= Links =

* [http://tripsit.me/history-of-etizolam History of Etizolam]

* [https://www.erowid.org/pharms/etizolam/etizolam_law.shtml Legal Status]

* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16107249 Chemistry & Pharmacology]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_long-term_benzodiazepine_use Long Term Effects]

[[Category:Depressant]]

[[Category:Drugs]]

Etizolam

2014-10-15T13:54:52Z

Sevenforall: /* Chemistry and Pharmacology */

[[File:Etizolam.jpg|thumb|300px|Sealed vial of etizolam solved in propylene glycol.]]

Etizolam is a research chemical analogue of the [[benzodiazepines|benzodiazepine]] class of drugs - the benzene ring being replaced by a thiophene ring, making it a thienodiazepine. The drug largely shares the effect profile of benzodiazepine drugs (being both hypnotic and anxiolytic), however studies have shown some major differences between etizolam and the more traditional benzos used for treatments; it suffers much less from the build-up of tolerance, and also has a larger range of observed side-effects with abuse.

= History =

The availability of Etizolam in the more general research chemical scene began around 2011, and attention has only increased since. Its prevalence is probably due to both the low cost of the drug (with 500-1000 standard doses costing around £100, and is available in bulk powder form for even less), and the highly addictive nature it shares with benzodiazepines.

Though relatively new to the recreational research chemical scene, etizolam differs from most other research chemicals in that it is actually approved and actively prescribed as a medical treatment for anxiety in many countries around the world (such as India) under brand names such as Etilaam and Etizest. Its origins as a medical drug are actually very unclear, though medical papers citing its use in the treatment of anxiety are recorded as early as the 90s.

= Doses =

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Oral

| Light ||.5-1mg
|-
| Common ||1-2mg
|-
| Strong ||2-5mg
|-
|Heavy ||5mg+
|}

= Duration =

Note: Duration can be significantly longer with higher doses.

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Oral

|-

| Onset || 20-60 Minutes

|-

| Total || 5-8 hours

|}

= Effects =

== Positive ==

* Anti-Anxiety

* Relaxation

* A Sense of Well Being

== Neutral ==

* Appetite fluctuation

* Drowsiness

== Negative ==

* Memory loss

* Blackout potential

* Motor skill impairment

* Headaches

* Dizziness

* Nausea

* Lethargy

* Depression

* Irritability, aggression, rage

* Personality changes

* Emotional and social dissociation or derealization (long term)

== Long Term Effects ==

* The effects of long-term Etizolam, as with benzodiazepine use include drug dependence as well as the possibility of adverse effects on cognitive function, physical health, and mental health.

* There are a number of side-effects associated with addiction to benzodiazepines such as depression and flu-like symptoms, though occurring in only a small amount of people.

* In some users, particular with abuse Etizolam has been shown to cause blepharospasm.

* In very rare cases, Etizolam has been responsible for skin lesions in abusers.

= Harm Reduction =

* When on high doses of depressants, users are likely to black out and potentially hurt themselves through misadventure. If you are taking a hypnotic dose of Etizolam, it is best to confine yourself to your bed.

* Some users report Etizolam as given to compulsive redosing, especially when a user is 'blacked out'. To avoid this, keep doses low and be wary of reduced inhibitions while under the influence.

==Interactions==

As with other depressants, Etizolam should not be combined with any other CNS depressants (such as [[alcohol]]), at the risk of respiratory depression, which can lead to death.

See the [[Drug combinations]] chart for more information.

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =

Etizolam is absorbed fairly rapidly, with peak plasma levels achieved between 30 minutes and 2 hours. It has a mean elimination half life of about 3.5 hours. Etizolam acts as a full agonist at the benzodiazepine receptor to produce its range of therapeutic and adverse effects. In addition, etizolam, unlike most other benzodiazepines, has prolactogenic effects, leading to an increase in blood levels of prolactin, which is a protein that in humans is best known for its role in enabling female mammals to produce milk. Etizolam abuse can also cause lactation in males.

During a controlled clinical trial that compared the effectiveness of etizolam and several benzodiazepines for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, it was found that etizolam became more effective over time, implying a type of reverse tolerance.

The LD50 of Etizolam is currently unknown.

= Legal status =

==USA==

Etizolam is not controlled in the USA. However, it is a Schedule I drug in Arkansas and Mississippi.

==UK==

Not controlled as of October 2014.

==Germany==

Controlled since 2013.

=Images=
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
Image:Etizolam.jpg|''Etizolam solution''
Image:etizolam2.jpg|''Etizolam tablets''
</gallery>

= Links =

* [http://tripsit.me/history-of-etizolam History of Etizolam]

* [https://www.erowid.org/pharms/etizolam/etizolam_law.shtml Legal Status]

* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16107249 Chemistry & Pharmacology]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_long-term_benzodiazepine_use Long Term Effects]

[[Category:Depressant]]

[[Category:Drugs]]

Etizolam

2014-10-15T13:54:31Z

Sevenforall: /* USA */

[[File:Etizolam.jpg|thumb|300px|Sealed vial of etizolam solved in propylene glycol.]]

Etizolam is a research chemical analogue of the [[benzodiazepines|benzodiazepine]] class of drugs - the benzene ring being replaced by a thiophene ring, making it a thienodiazepine. The drug largely shares the effect profile of benzodiazepine drugs (being both hypnotic and anxiolytic), however studies have shown some major differences between etizolam and the more traditional benzos used for treatments; it suffers much less from the build-up of tolerance, and also has a larger range of observed side-effects with abuse.

= History =

The availability of Etizolam in the more general research chemical scene began around 2011, and attention has only increased since. Its prevalence is probably due to both the low cost of the drug (with 500-1000 standard doses costing around £100, and is available in bulk powder form for even less), and the highly addictive nature it shares with benzodiazepines.

Though relatively new to the recreational research chemical scene, etizolam differs from most other research chemicals in that it is actually approved and actively prescribed as a medical treatment for anxiety in many countries around the world (such as India) under brand names such as Etilaam and Etizest. Its origins as a medical drug are actually very unclear, though medical papers citing its use in the treatment of anxiety are recorded as early as the 90s.

= Doses =

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Oral

| Light ||.5-1mg
|-
| Common ||1-2mg
|-
| Strong ||2-5mg
|-
|Heavy ||5mg+
|}

= Duration =

Note: Duration can be significantly longer with higher doses.

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Oral

|-

| Onset || 20-60 Minutes

|-

| Total || 5-8 hours

|}

= Effects =

== Positive ==

* Anti-Anxiety

* Relaxation

* A Sense of Well Being

== Neutral ==

* Appetite fluctuation

* Drowsiness

== Negative ==

* Memory loss

* Blackout potential

* Motor skill impairment

* Headaches

* Dizziness

* Nausea

* Lethargy

* Depression

* Irritability, aggression, rage

* Personality changes

* Emotional and social dissociation or derealization (long term)

== Long Term Effects ==

* The effects of long-term Etizolam, as with benzodiazepine use include drug dependence as well as the possibility of adverse effects on cognitive function, physical health, and mental health.

* There are a number of side-effects associated with addiction to benzodiazepines such as depression and flu-like symptoms, though occurring in only a small amount of people.

* In some users, particular with abuse Etizolam has been shown to cause blepharospasm.

* In very rare cases, Etizolam has been responsible for skin lesions in abusers.

= Harm Reduction =

* When on high doses of depressants, users are likely to black out and potentially hurt themselves through misadventure. If you are taking a hypnotic dose of Etizolam, it is best to confine yourself to your bed.

* Some users report Etizolam as given to compulsive redosing, especially when a user is 'blacked out'. To avoid this, keep doses low and be wary of reduced inhibitions while under the influence.

==Interactions==

As with other depressants, Etizolam should not be combined with any other CNS depressants (such as [[alcohol]]), at the risk of respiratory depression, which can lead to death.

See the [[Drug combinations]] chart for more information.

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =

Etizolam is absorbed fairly rapidly, with peak plasma levels achieved between 30 minutes and 2 hours. It has a mean elimination half life of about 3.5 hours. Etizolam acts as a full agonist at the benzodiazepine receptor to produce its range of therapeutic and adverse effects.

In addition, etizolam, unlike most other benzodiazepines, has prolactogenic effects, leading to an increase in blood levels of prolactin, which is a protein that in humans is best known for its role in enabling female mammals to produce milk. Etizolam abuse can also cause lactation in males.

During a controlled clinical trial that compared the effectiveness of etizolam and several benzodiazepines for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, it was found that etizolam became more effective over time, implying a type of reverse tolerance.

The LD50 of Etizolam is currently unknown.

= Legal status =

==USA==

Etizolam is not controlled in the USA. However, it is a Schedule I drug in Arkansas and Mississippi.

==UK==

Not controlled as of October 2014.

==Germany==

Controlled since 2013.

=Images=
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
Image:Etizolam.jpg|''Etizolam solution''
Image:etizolam2.jpg|''Etizolam tablets''
</gallery>

= Links =

* [http://tripsit.me/history-of-etizolam History of Etizolam]

* [https://www.erowid.org/pharms/etizolam/etizolam_law.shtml Legal Status]

* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16107249 Chemistry & Pharmacology]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_long-term_benzodiazepine_use Long Term Effects]

[[Category:Depressant]]

[[Category:Drugs]]

Terminology

2014-10-15T13:53:38Z

Sevenforall:

;MXE
:Methoxetamine

;Agonist
;agonist
:A substance that initiates a physiological response when combined with a receptor.

;Antagonist
;antagonist
:A substance that interferes with or inhibits the physiological action of another.

;Cannabinoid
;cannabinoid
:Chemicals produced naturally that bind to cannabinoid receptors. They are involved in a variety of mental and physical processes, including pain regulation, food intake, and reward.

;CNS
:Central Nervous System

;Cathinone
;cathinone
:Cathinone, or Benzoylethanamine is a monoamine alkaloid found in the shrub Catha edulis (khat) and is chemically similar to ephedrine, cathine and other amphetamines. Cathinone differs from amphetamine by possessing a ketone oxygen atom on the β position of the side chain.

;Chiral
;chiral
:The term chiral describes an object, especially a molecule, which has or produces a non-superimposeable mirror image of itself.

;Dopamine
;dopamine
:A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention, learning, and the brain’s pleasure and reward system.

;Enantiomer
;enantiomer
:One of two stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other that are non-superposable (not identical). Think of it like the left and right hand, which are identical aside from orientation.

;GABA
:Gamma aminobutyric acid an amino acid that is found in the central nervous system; acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter.

;LD50
;ld50
:The dosage of a substance at which 50% of the exposed subjects does not survive. To estimate the LD50 for humans, tests are conducted on non-human subjects.

;MAO
:Monoamine Oxidase, an enzyme that catalyses the metabolism of many drugs (e.g., DMT, dopamine and serotonin).
;MAOI
:Monoamine oxidase inhibitor are drugs that inhibit the action of monoamine oxidase in the brain and so allow monoamines to accumulate.

;Nootropic
;nootropic
:Nootropics, also referred to as smart drugs, memory enhancers, neuro enhancers, cognitive enhancers, and intelligence enhancers, are drugs, supplements, nutraceuticals, and functional foods that purportedly improve mental functions such as cognition, memory, intelligence, motivation, attention, and concentration. They are generally neuroprotective, and non-toxic.

;Norepinephrine
:Norepinephrine, or noradrenaline, is a catecholamine with multiple roles including as a hormone and a neurotransmitter.

;Phenethylamine
;phenethylamine
:Phenethylamine (PEA) is a natural monoamine alkaloid, trace amine, and psychoactive drug with stimulant effects. In the mammalian central nervous system, phenethylamine is believed to function as a neuromodulator or neurotransmitter.

;Releaser
;releaser
:A releasing agent (RA), or simply releaser, is a drug that induces the release of a neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron into the synapse, leading to an increase in the extracellular concentrations of the neurotransmitter.

;Serotonin
;serotonin
:A monoamine neurotransmitter, biochemically derived from tryptophan, that is primarily found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, platelets, and central nervous system (CNS) of humans and animals. It is a well-known contributor to feelings of well-being.

;ROA
:Common abbreviation for Route Of Administration, used to describe the various different methods of ingesting drugs, including oral, insufflation, sublingual/buccal, rectal, vaginal, intramuscular (IM) and intravenous (IV) injection.

;Bioavailability
;bioavailability
:The fraction of an administered dose that is absorbed into a living system.

;Oral administration
;oral administration
;orally
:Route of administration in which the subject swallows a substance.

;Sublingual administration
;sublingual administration
;sublingually
:Route of administration in which the subject places a substance under the tongue.

;Buccal administration
;buccal administration
;buccally

:Route of administration in which the subject places a substance against their gums or other oral mucosa.

;Isomer
;isomer
:Each of two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties.

;DRI
:Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor

;SRI
:Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor

;NDRI
:Norepinephrine-Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor

;SSRI
:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor

;SNRI
:Serotonin–Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor

;SNDRI
;TRI
:Serotonin–Norepinephrine–Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor

;SARI
:Serotonin Antagonist and Reuptake Inhibitor

;TCA
:Tricyclic Antidepressant

;TeCA
:Tetracyclic Antidepressant

;NMDA
:N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. NMDA antagonists are often dissociatives.

;TAAR
:Trace amine-associated receptor

;Bruxism
;Bruxing
;bruxing
:Grinding or clenching of the teeth

;Ataxia
;ataxia
:Loss of motor coordination

;Pyrrolidine
;pyrrolidine
:Amphetamines with a pyrrolidine group.

;Pyrrolidinophenone
;pyrrolidinophenone
:Pyrovalerones or Pyrrolidinophenones are Cathinones (βk-Amphetamines) with a pyrrolidine group.

;Steroid
;steroid
:Anabolic steroids are drugs that are structurally related to the cyclic steroid ring system and have similar effects to testosterone in the body. They increase protein within cells, especially in skeletal muscles. Anabolic steroids also have androgenic and virilizing properties, including the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics such as the growth of the vocal cords, testicles (primary sexual characteristics) and body hair (secondary sexual characteristics).

;SARM
:Selective androgen receptor modulators or SARMs are a novel class of androgen receptor ligands. They are intended to have the same kind of effects as androgenic drugs like anabolic steroids but be much more selective in their action, allowing them to be used for many more clinical indications than the relatively limited legitimate uses that anabolic steroids are currently approved for.

;Arylcyclohexylamine
;arylcyclohexylamine
:A class of dissociatives, which includes PCP, Ketamine, Methoxetamine and others. An arylcyclohexylamine is composed of a cyclohexylamine unit with an aryl moiety attachment. The aryl group is positioned geminal to the amine. In the simplest cases, the aryl moiety is typically a phenyl ring, sometimes with additional substitution. The amine is usually not primary, secondary amines such as methylamino or ethylamino, or tertiary cycloalkylamines such as piperidino and pyrrolidino, are the most commonly encountered N-substituents.

;Diarylethylamine
;diarylethylamine
:A novel class of drugs, includes Diphenidine, Lefetamine, MT-45 and others.

;Thienodiazepine

;thienodiazepine
:Close analogues of benzodiazepines.

;NBOMe
;NBOMes
:N-Benzyl-Ortho-Methoxy derivatives of psychedelic phenethylamines.

;NBOH
;NBOHs
:N-Benzyl-HydrOxy derivatives of psychedelic phenethylamines.

;NBF
:N-Benzyl-Fluoro derivatives of psychedelic phenethylamines.

;DALT
:Diallyltryptamine

;DET
:Diethyltryptamine

;DPT
:Dipropyltryptamine

;DiPT
:Diisopropyltryptamine

;EiPT
:Ethylisopropyltryptamine

;MET
:Methylethyltryptamine

;MiPT
:Methylisopropyltryptamine

;THC
:Tetrahydrocannabinol

;CBD
:Cannabidiol

;Lethargy
;lethargy
:A lack of energy and enthusiasm.

;Blepharospasm
;blepharospasm
:Involuntary eye twitching.

Etizolam

2014-10-15T13:50:14Z

Sevenforall: /* Chemistry and Pharmacology */

[[File:Etizolam.jpg|thumb|300px|Sealed vial of etizolam solved in propylene glycol.]]

Etizolam is a research chemical analogue of the [[benzodiazepines|benzodiazepine]] class of drugs - the benzene ring being replaced by a thiophene ring, making it a thienodiazepine. The drug largely shares the effect profile of benzodiazepine drugs (being both hypnotic and anxiolytic), however studies have shown some major differences between etizolam and the more traditional benzos used for treatments; it suffers much less from the build-up of tolerance, and also has a larger range of observed side-effects with abuse.

= History =

The availability of Etizolam in the more general research chemical scene began around 2011, and attention has only increased since. Its prevalence is probably due to both the low cost of the drug (with 500-1000 standard doses costing around £100, and is available in bulk powder form for even less), and the highly addictive nature it shares with benzodiazepines.

Though relatively new to the recreational research chemical scene, etizolam differs from most other research chemicals in that it is actually approved and actively prescribed as a medical treatment for anxiety in many countries around the world (such as India) under brand names such as Etilaam and Etizest. Its origins as a medical drug are actually very unclear, though medical papers citing its use in the treatment of anxiety are recorded as early as the 90s.

= Doses =

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Oral

| Light ||.5-1mg
|-
| Common ||1-2mg
|-
| Strong ||2-5mg
|-
|Heavy ||5mg+
|}

= Duration =

Note: Duration can be significantly longer with higher doses.

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Oral

|-

| Onset || 20-60 Minutes

|-

| Total || 5-8 hours

|}

= Effects =

== Positive ==

* Anti-Anxiety

* Relaxation

* A Sense of Well Being

== Neutral ==

* Appetite fluctuation

* Drowsiness

== Negative ==

* Memory loss

* Blackout potential

* Motor skill impairment

* Headaches

* Dizziness

* Nausea

* Lethargy

* Depression

* Irritability, aggression, rage

* Personality changes

* Emotional and social dissociation or derealization (long term)

== Long Term Effects ==

* The effects of long-term Etizolam, as with benzodiazepine use include drug dependence as well as the possibility of adverse effects on cognitive function, physical health, and mental health.

* There are a number of side-effects associated with addiction to benzodiazepines such as depression and flu-like symptoms, though occurring in only a small amount of people.

* In some users, particular with abuse Etizolam has been shown to cause blepharospasm.

* In very rare cases, Etizolam has been responsible for skin lesions in abusers.

= Harm Reduction =

* When on high doses of depressants, users are likely to black out and potentially hurt themselves through misadventure. If you are taking a hypnotic dose of Etizolam, it is best to confine yourself to your bed.

* Some users report Etizolam as given to compulsive redosing, especially when a user is 'blacked out'. To avoid this, keep doses low and be wary of reduced inhibitions while under the influence.

==Interactions==

As with other depressants, Etizolam should not be combined with any other CNS depressants (such as [[alcohol]]), at the risk of respiratory depression, which can lead to death.

See the [[Drug combinations]] chart for more information.

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =

Etizolam is absorbed fairly rapidly, with peak plasma levels achieved between 30 minutes and 2 hours. It has a mean elimination half life of about 3.5 hours. Etizolam acts as a full agonist at the benzodiazepine receptor to produce its range of therapeutic and adverse effects.

In addition, etizolam, unlike most other benzodiazepines, has prolactogenic effects, leading to an increase in blood levels of prolactin, which is a protein that in humans is best known for its role in enabling female mammals to produce milk. Etizolam abuse can also cause lactation in males.

During a controlled clinical trial that compared the effectiveness of etizolam and several benzodiazepines for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, it was found that etizolam became more effective over time, implying a type of reverse tolerance.

The LD50 of Etizolam is currently unknown.

= Legal status =

==USA==

Etizolam is not controlled in the USA, however it is a Schedule I drug in Arkansas and Mississippi.

==UK==

Not controlled as of October 2014.

==Germany==

Controlled since 2013.

=Images=
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
Image:Etizolam.jpg|''Etizolam solution''
Image:etizolam2.jpg|''Etizolam tablets''
</gallery>

= Links =

* [http://tripsit.me/history-of-etizolam History of Etizolam]

* [https://www.erowid.org/pharms/etizolam/etizolam_law.shtml Legal Status]

* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16107249 Chemistry & Pharmacology]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_long-term_benzodiazepine_use Long Term Effects]

[[Category:Depressant]]

[[Category:Drugs]]