TripSit Wiki - User contributions [en]

Main Page

2015-04-19T17:39:27Z

Nndmt: Undo revision 4504 by Teknos (talk)

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Welcome to TripSit Wiki!<span style="display: none"></span>}}
<table style="max-width: 1000px; display:block;" cellpadding=5>
<tr>
<td valign=top width=30% bgcolor=#f1f1f1>
== Drug Knowledge ==
*'''List of [[:Category:Drugs|Psychoactive Substances]]'''
*Main pages for drug classes:
**[[Psychedelics]]
**[[Dissociatives]]
**[[Stimulants]]
**[[Depressants]]
***[[Opioids]]
***[[Benzodiazepines]]
**[[Antidepressants]]
**[[Deliriants]]
**[[:Category:Ethnobotanical|Ethnobotanicals]]
**[[Research Chemicals]]

* [[Drug combinations]]
* [http://factsheet.tripsit.me/factsheet Factsheets]
* [[Glossary]]

== [[Guides]] ==

* [[Addiction]]
* [[Overdose]]
* [[Panic Attacks]]
* [[How To Deal With A Bad Trip]]
* [[Common Misconceptions About Psychedelics]]
* [[Quick Guide to Stimulant Comedowns]]
* [[Quick Guide to Volumetric Dosing]]
* [[Cold Water Extraction]]

== Tripsitting ==
* [[How_To_Tripsit_Online|How to Tripsit online]]
* [[How_To_Tripsit_In_Real_Life|How to Tripsit in real life]]

== Harm Reduction Supplies & Testing ==
* [[Scales]]
* [[Test Kits]]
* [[Sources for Laboratory Analysis]]

</td>
<td valign=top width=30% bgcolor=#f1f1f1>
== [[:Category:Common Drugs|Common Drugs]] ==

* '''[[:Category:Psychedelic|Psychedelics]]'''
** [[Mushrooms]]
** [[DMT]]
** [[LSD]]
** [[LSA]]
** [[Mescaline]]
** [[2C-X|2C-X series]]
** [[NBOMes|NBOMe series]]
** [[DOx|DOx series]]
** [[AMT|αMT]]
** [[Cannabis]]

* '''[[:Category:Dissociative|Dissociatives]]'''
** [[PCP]]
** [[3-MeO-PCP]]
** [[Ketamine]]
** [[MXE]]
** [[DXM]]
** [[Diphenidine]]
** [[Salvia]]
** [[Nitrous Oxide]]

* '''[[:Category:Stimulant|Stimulants]]'''
** [[Adderall]]
** [[Amphetamine]]
** [[Methamphetamine]]
** [[MDMA]]
** [[MDA]]
** [[Mephedrone]]
** [[Cocaine]]
** [[Methylphenidate]]

* '''[[:Category:Depressant|Depressants]]'''
** [[Alcohol]]
** [[Etizolam]]
** [[GHB]]
** [[Kava]]
** [[Zolpidem]]

* '''[[:Category:Opioid|Opioids]]'''
** [[Kratom]]
** [[Morphine]]
** [[Heroin]]
** [[Codeine]]
** [[Tramadol]]
** [[Hydrocodone]]
** [[Oxycodone]]
** [[Buprenorphine]]
</td>

<td valign=top width=20%>
== Community ==
=== IRC ===
* [[IRC_User_Guide|'''New user guide''']]
* [http://tripsit.me/tripsitapp/ Tripsit's portable IRC distribution]
* [[Channels]]
** [http://chat.tripsit.me/?nick=Social?#tripsit #tripsit]
** [http://chat.tripsit.me/?nick=Social?#home #home]
** [http://chat.tripsit.me/?nick=Social?#drugs #drugs]
* [[How_to_connect_through_Tor|How to Connect through Tor]]
* [[List of IRC bot commands]]
* Moderation [[Commands reference]]

=== TripRadio ===
* [http://radio.tripsit.me Listen Now]

* [[Radio|General info]]
* [[DJ Application|We need DJs!]]
* [[How to DJ|How to setup DJ software]]
</td>

<td valign=top width=25%>
== Important Pages ==
* [[TripSit Rules]]
* [[Network Terms of Service]]
* [[List of staff and their roles]]
* [[TripSit's Plans]]
</td>

</tr>
</table>

[[About|About Tripsit wiki]]

TripSit wiki currently has [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFPAGES}} pages]].

View a [[Special:AllPages|list of all pages]].

__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__

Main Page

2015-04-19T17:38:49Z

Nndmt: Undo revision 4505 by Teknos (talk)

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Welcome to TripSit Wiki!<span style="display: none"></span>}}
<table style="max-width: 1000px; display:block;" cellpadding=5>
<th colspan="2"> [https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/Community Information on our IRC and radio community]</th>
<tr>
<td valign=top width=30% bgcolor=#f1f1f1>
== Drug Knowledge ==
*'''List of [[:Category:Drugs|Psychoactive Substances]]'''
*Main pages for drug classes:
**[[Psychedelics]]
**[[Dissociatives]]
**[[Stimulants]]
**[[Depressants]]
***[[Opioids]]
***[[Benzodiazepines]]
**[[Antidepressants]]
**[[Deliriants]]
**[[:Category:Ethnobotanical|Ethnobotanicals]]
**[[Research Chemicals]]

* [[Drug combinations]]
* [http://factsheet.tripsit.me/factsheet Factsheets]
* [[Glossary]]

== [[Guides]] ==

* [[Addiction]]
* [[Overdose]]
* [[Panic Attacks]]
* [[How To Deal With A Bad Trip]]
* [[Common Misconceptions About Psychedelics]]
* [[Quick Guide to Stimulant Comedowns]]
* [[Quick Guide to Volumetric Dosing]]
* [[Cold Water Extraction]]

== Tripsitting ==
* [[How_To_Tripsit_Online|How to Tripsit online]]
* [[How_To_Tripsit_In_Real_Life|How to Tripsit in real life]]

== Harm Reduction Supplies & Testing ==
* [[Scales]]
* [[Test Kits]]
* [[Sources for Laboratory Analysis]]

</td>
<td valign=top width=30% bgcolor=#f1f1f1>
== [[:Category:Common Drugs|Common Drugs]] ==

* '''[[:Category:Psychedelic|Psychedelics]]'''
** [[Mushrooms]]
** [[DMT]]
** [[LSD]]
** [[LSA]]
** [[Mescaline]]
** [[2C-X|2C-X series]]
** [[NBOMes|NBOMe series]]
** [[DOx|DOx series]]
** [[AMT|αMT]]
** [[Cannabis]]

* '''[[:Category:Dissociative|Dissociatives]]'''
** [[PCP]]
** [[3-MeO-PCP]]
** [[Ketamine]]
** [[MXE]]
** [[DXM]]
** [[Diphenidine]]
** [[Salvia]]
** [[Nitrous Oxide]]

* '''[[:Category:Stimulant|Stimulants]]'''
** [[Adderall]]
** [[Amphetamine]]
** [[Methamphetamine]]
** [[MDMA]]
** [[MDA]]
** [[Mephedrone]]
** [[Cocaine]]
** [[Methylphenidate]]

* '''[[:Category:Depressant|Depressants]]'''
** [[Alcohol]]
** [[Etizolam]]
** [[GHB]]
** [[Kava]]
** [[Zolpidem]]

* '''[[:Category:Opioid|Opioids]]'''
** [[Kratom]]
** [[Morphine]]
** [[Heroin]]
** [[Codeine]]
** [[Tramadol]]
** [[Hydrocodone]]
** [[Oxycodone]]
** [[Buprenorphine]]
</td>
</tr>
</table>
[[About|About Tripsit wiki]]

TripSit wiki currently has [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFPAGES}} pages]].

View a [[Special:AllPages|list of all pages]].

__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__

Opioids

2015-04-17T19:21:14Z

Nndmt: /* Harm Reduction */

[[File:Papaver_somniferum.jpg|250px|right|Close-up color photo of a Papaver somniferum pod]]

Opiates and opioids are classes of depressant analgesics derived from or chemically similar to substances found in Papaver somniferum, the opium poppy. They include both naturally occurring and synthetic substances. The term opiate is often used interchangeably for opioid. Opiate is limited to the natural alkaloids found in the resin of the poppy. Opioid refers to both opiates and synthetic substances as well as opioid peptides. The analgesic effect of opioids are due to decreased perception of pain, decreased reaction to pain as well as increased pain tolerance. They can also be used as for their antitussive properties.

= Common opioids =

*[[Heroin]]

*[[Codeine]]

*[[Tramadol]]

*[[Hydrocodone]]

*[[Oxycodone]]

*[[Hydromorphone]]

*[[Oxymorphone]]

= History =

Opioids are among the world's oldest known drugs; the therapeutic use of the opium poppy predates recorded history. Excavations of the remains of neolithic settlements in Switzerland (the Cortaillod culture, 32002600 B.C.), have shown that Papaver was already being cultivated then; perhaps for the food value in the seeds (45% oil), which we know as poppy seeds. The slightly narcotic property of this plant was undoubtedly already known then.

[[Opium]] contains a considerable number of different substances, and in the nineteenth century these were isolated. In 1806 Friedrich Serturner was the first to extract one of these substances in its pure form. He called morphine after Morpheus, the Greek god of sleep. Codeine (Robiquet, 1832) and papaverine (Merck, 1848) followed. These pure substances supplanted the use of raw opium for medical purposes. Like opium they were frequently used as painkillers and as anti-diarrheal. The invention of the hypodermic needle in the mid-nineteenth century lead to widespread use of morphine intravenously as a painkiller and recreational drug.

= Effects =

All opiate drugs have similar effects. At low doses they relieve pain and anxiety, and if the dose is increased, they produce a sedative effect.The analgesic (painkiller) effects of opioids are due to decreased perception of pain, decreased reaction to pain as well as increased pain tolerance. Opioids can cause cough suppression, which can be both an indication for opioid administration or an unintended side effect.

Opiates influence the pupils: they contract (miosis). This is an extremely reliable signal of opiate use. Besides this, when suffocation occurs (as a result of respiratory inhibition) in the case of an overdose, the pupils dilate (mydriasis).

The most striking quality of painkilling effect of opiates is that it has virtually no effect whatever on the other sensory perceptions, consciousness or the motor functions. All other substances with a painkilling effect, such as laughing gas, alcohol, ether and barbiturates also have, in an effective dose, a definate effect on consciousness, motor coordination, the intellect and emotional control. The drowsiness which can be caused by opiates is experienced only at high dosage.

Opiates are affecting respiratory center. Both frequency and the depth of breathing is reduced. In the case of overdose, respiration can come to a complete halt resulting in death.

Dependence is characterised by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms that occur if opioid use is abruptly discontinued. The withdrawal symptoms for opiates include severe dysphoria, craving for another opiate dose, irritability, sweating, nausea, rhinorrea, tremor, vomiting and myalgia.

== Positive ==

*Euphoria

*Analgesic effect

*Pain relief

== Neutral ==

*Itching

== Negative ==

*Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (More sensitive to pain after stopping the use)

*Nausea

*Vomiting

*Constipation

*Respiratory depression

= Addiction =

Opiates also give us the classical model of addiction. Used regularly, they produce tolerance - a need to continue increasing the dose in order to get the same effect, and stopping after repeated use produces withdrawal symptoms that can reinforce the addiction - physical discomfort and a mental craving for the drug, driving the user to continue taking the drug despite negative consequences of behavior.

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =

An opioid is any psychoactive chemical that resembles an opiate in its pharmacological effects. They work by binding to the opioid receptors (Delta, Kappa, Mu) Which are found in the Central/Peripheral nervous system and in the GI tract.

= Harm Reduction =

Avoid driving on higher doses.

Opioid analgesics do not cause any specific organ toxicity, unlike many other drugs, such as aspirin and acetaminophen. They are not associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding and renal toxicity, however people seeking codeine experiences from medications that contain acetaminophen (paracetamol) may be putting themselves at risk for acetaminophen-related complications such as liver damage. In the case of Acetaminophen and aspirin containing medications, [[Cold Water Extraction]] is useful to reduce the amount of non opioid analgesics ingested

If possible, having Naloxone available (especially when dealing with high doses) is a good idea. Naloxone is a pure opioid antagonist, which means it reverses the effects of opiate drugs and can reverse overdose symptoms.

Some users have noted that following the "3 day rule" prevents chemical dependency with some opioids, meaning that using no more than 3 days in a row. (this has no medical basis however, and should be taken as only a guideline at best)

When preparing IV solutions for injection of street drugs, a wheel filter (micron filter) is essential for reducing particulate matter in the solution, as well as using sterile needles, and clean distilled water. Never re-use injection equipment

== Interactions ==

Don't mix any of the class with any other CNS [[Depressants]] as it increases the risk of an overdose, and respiratory depression.

[[Tramadol]] and [[Meperidine]] are affecting serotonin levels in the brain, and might cause Serotonin Syndrome with some combinations. Check [[Drug Combinations]] for more information.

==Research Chemicals==

Respiratory depression is one of the very common side effects with this class, and puts users at a high risk of overdose. With research chemicals, this is a particular issue since there are some substances being openly sold for which a single microgram can be the difference between life and death. With the emerging research chemical market for opioids, most have been explored in-vivo (outside of a human) and also in-vitro (in human) - though there are some exceptions (e.g. W-18/Acryl-Fentanyl).

It's suggested to start at the lowest possible dose; in the case of W-18, animal testing has shown it to be around 10,000x the potency of Morphine. So the logical way to start is either to volumetrically dose, or use a precise scale with a +/- microgram amount. Titrating up to an active dose on this class might be the most difficult, due to the massively steep dosage curves.

See the [[Research Chemicals]] page for more information.

= Links =

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiod Wikipedia]

[https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/opiates/ Erowid]

[http://www.drugtext.org/sub/opiat1.html drugtext]

[[Category:Drug class]]

Methamphetamine

2015-04-02T21:42:33Z

Nndmt: /* Harm Reduction */ capitalization

[[File:Crystal Meth.jpg|250px|right]]

'''Methamphetamine''' is a strong physical and mental stimulant. It is legally prescribed as a treatment for ADD under the brand name Desoxyn, for both children and adults. Recreationally, methamphetamine is used to increase sexual drive, lift the mood, and increase energy, allowing some users to engage in sexual activity continuously for several days straight. Methamphetamine production is a relatively simple process, especially when compared to many other recreational drugs which has contributed to its widespread use. It is frequently reported on in the media when home meth-producing labs are busted.

Methamphetamine exists as two [[Glossary#Enantiomer|enantiomers]], dextrorotary and levorotary. Dextromethamphetamine is a stronger central nervous system(CNS) stimulant than levomethamphetamine; however, both are addictive and produce the same toxicity symptoms at high doses. Methamphetamine may be sold illegally, either as pure dextromethamphetamine or in an equal parts mixture of the right and left handed molecules (i.e., 50% levomethamphetamine and 50% dextromethamphetamine). Both dextromethamphetamine and racemic methamphetamine are schedule II controlled substances in the United States. Similarly, the production, distribution, sale, and possession of methamphetamine is restricted or illegal in many other countries due to its placement in schedule II of the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substancestreaty. In contrast, levomethamphetamine is an over-the-counter drug in the United States.

== History ==
Amphetamine, discovered before methamphetamine, was first synthesized in 1887 in Germany by Romanian chemist Lazăr Edeleanu who named it phenylisopropylamine. Shortly after, methamphetamine was synthesized from ephedrine in 1893 by Japanesechemist Nagai Nagayoshi. Three decades later, in 1919, methamphetamine hydrochloride was synthesized by pharmacologist Akira Ogata via reduction of ephedrine using red phosphorus and iodine. During World War II, methamphetamine was used extensively by the Axis forces for its stimulant effects. Obetrol, patented by Obetrol Pharmaceuticals in the 1950s and indicated for treatment of obesity, was one of the first brands of pharmaceutical methamphetamine products. Due to the psychological and stimulant effects of methamphetamine, Obetrol became a popular diet pill in America in the 1950s and 1960s. Eventually, as the addictive properties of the drug became known, governments began to strictly regulate the production and distribution of methamphetamine. For example, during the early 1970s in the United States, methamphetamine became a schedule II controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act. Currently, methamphetamine is sold under the trade name Desoxyn, trademarked by the Danish pharmaceutical company Lundbeck. As of January 2013, the Desoxyn trademark had been sold to Italian pharmaceutical company Recordati.

== Dosage ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 5-15mg
|-
| Common || 10-30mg
|-
| Strong || 20-60mg
|-
| Heavy || 40-150mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 5-15mg
|-
| Common || 10-40mg
|-
| Strong || 30-60mg
|-
| Heavy || 50mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Smoked
|-
| Light || 5-10mg
|-
| Common || 10-20mg
|-
| Strong || 30-60mg
|-
| Heavy || 50mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Intravenous
|-
| Light || 5-10mg
|-
| Common || 10-40mg
|-
| Strong || 30-60mg
|-
| Heavy || 50-100mg
|}

== Duration ==

These durations are for users of somewhat moderate tolerance. Amphetamine naive users may not be able to sleep for 18+ hours after oral use and other routes will be lengthened as well.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 20-70 minutes
|-
| Total || 8-10 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 5-10 minutes
|-
| Total || 2-4 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Smoked
|-
| Onset || 0-2 minutes
|-
| Total || 1-4 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Intravenous
|-
| Onset || 0-2 minutes
|-
| Total || 4-8 hours
|}

== Effects ==
=== Positive ===

*Increased energy, alertness

*Sleep suppression

*Increased sociability

*Mood elevation

*Increased libido

=== Neutral ===

*Excessive talking

*Decreased appetite

*Sweating

*Dilated pupils

=== Negative ===

*Weight loss

*Disturbed sleep patterns, Insomnia

*Bruxia

*Drying of oral mucosa

*Loss of appetite

*Visual and auditory hallucinations

*Itchiness

*Aggressiveness

*Moodiness, Irritability, Anxiety

*Increased heart rate, Irregular heart rhythm

*Excessive sweating, Dehydration

*Fatal kidney disorder

*Possible brain damage

*Liver damage

== Harm Reduction ==
When dealing with methamphetamine it's important to remember that a large number of the harms come not from the drug itself, but from the behaviors the drug causes individuals to exhibit. Loss of sleep, poor nutrition, and poor self care are the cause of many of the negative effects.

*Methamphetamine lasts for a long time and will impair sleep. Dose early in the day and do not redose to avoid sleep disruption.

*Oral ROA has less redose compulsion than other routes such as vaporization.

*It is important to eat and stay hydrated, even if you do not feel the need for food. Even if you are not feeling like eating you can generally have some fruit or a bowl of cereal or yogurt with granola.

*It is important to keep up on your self-care. "Meth mouth" is caused by poor oral hygiene combined with the habit of users to sip sugary beverages to relieve dry mouth symptoms. Use water and not soda to relieve dry mouth. Remember to brush your teeth after eating or consuming any caloric beverages.

== Chemistry and Pharmacology ==
[[File:Meth molecule.jpg|150px|right]]

Systematic name: N-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine

At room temperature, the free base of methamphetamine is a clear and colorless liquid with an odor characteristic of geranium leaves. It is soluble in diethyl ether and ethanol as well as miscible with chloroform. In contrast, the methampetamine hydrochloride salt is odorless with a bitter taste. It has a melting point between 170 to 175 °C (338 to 347 °F) and, at room temperature, occurs as white crystals or a white crystalline powder. The hydrochloride salt is also freely soluble in alcohol and water.

Powder methamphetamine is the hydrochloride salt form which is strongly hygroscopic (absorbs water from the air quickly). The HCl salt is smokable as is. Crystal meth "Crystal Meth" or "Ice" refer to methamphetamine grown into crystals. Though many people believe that Crystal Meth is the freebase form of methamphetamie HCl, this is not true. Methamphetamine is smokable in its normal HCL form, but taking the time to grow it into crystals makes it easier to smoke. Meth in visible crystals (rather than powder) is likely to be relatively pure as it is difficult to grow crystals from impure material. Methamphetamine freebase is an oil and is uncommon on the street.

== Links==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine Wikipedia]

[https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/meth/meth.shtml Erowid]

[http://reddit.com/r/Drugs/wiki/methamphetamine /r/Drugs Wiki]

[http://science.howstuffworks.com/meth3.htm howstuffworks]

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]

Methamphetamine

2015-04-02T21:39:04Z

Nndmt: punctuation

[[File:Crystal Meth.jpg|250px|right]]

'''Methamphetamine''' is a strong physical and mental stimulant. It is legally prescribed as a treatment for ADD under the brand name Desoxyn, for both children and adults. Recreationally, methamphetamine is used to increase sexual drive, lift the mood, and increase energy, allowing some users to engage in sexual activity continuously for several days straight. Methamphetamine production is a relatively simple process, especially when compared to many other recreational drugs which has contributed to its widespread use. It is frequently reported on in the media when home meth-producing labs are busted.

Methamphetamine exists as two [[Glossary#Enantiomer|enantiomers]], dextrorotary and levorotary. Dextromethamphetamine is a stronger central nervous system(CNS) stimulant than levomethamphetamine; however, both are addictive and produce the same toxicity symptoms at high doses. Methamphetamine may be sold illegally, either as pure dextromethamphetamine or in an equal parts mixture of the right and left handed molecules (i.e., 50% levomethamphetamine and 50% dextromethamphetamine). Both dextromethamphetamine and racemic methamphetamine are schedule II controlled substances in the United States. Similarly, the production, distribution, sale, and possession of methamphetamine is restricted or illegal in many other countries due to its placement in schedule II of the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substancestreaty. In contrast, levomethamphetamine is an over-the-counter drug in the United States.

== History ==
Amphetamine, discovered before methamphetamine, was first synthesized in 1887 in Germany by Romanian chemist Lazăr Edeleanu who named it phenylisopropylamine. Shortly after, methamphetamine was synthesized from ephedrine in 1893 by Japanesechemist Nagai Nagayoshi. Three decades later, in 1919, methamphetamine hydrochloride was synthesized by pharmacologist Akira Ogata via reduction of ephedrine using red phosphorus and iodine. During World War II, methamphetamine was used extensively by the Axis forces for its stimulant effects. Obetrol, patented by Obetrol Pharmaceuticals in the 1950s and indicated for treatment of obesity, was one of the first brands of pharmaceutical methamphetamine products. Due to the psychological and stimulant effects of methamphetamine, Obetrol became a popular diet pill in America in the 1950s and 1960s. Eventually, as the addictive properties of the drug became known, governments began to strictly regulate the production and distribution of methamphetamine. For example, during the early 1970s in the United States, methamphetamine became a schedule II controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act. Currently, methamphetamine is sold under the trade name Desoxyn, trademarked by the Danish pharmaceutical company Lundbeck. As of January 2013, the Desoxyn trademark had been sold to Italian pharmaceutical company Recordati.

== Dosage ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 5-15mg
|-
| Common || 10-30mg
|-
| Strong || 20-60mg
|-
| Heavy || 40-150mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 5-15mg
|-
| Common || 10-40mg
|-
| Strong || 30-60mg
|-
| Heavy || 50mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Smoked
|-
| Light || 5-10mg
|-
| Common || 10-20mg
|-
| Strong || 30-60mg
|-
| Heavy || 50mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Intravenous
|-
| Light || 5-10mg
|-
| Common || 10-40mg
|-
| Strong || 30-60mg
|-
| Heavy || 50-100mg
|}

== Duration ==

These durations are for users of somewhat moderate tolerance. Amphetamine naive users may not be able to sleep for 18+ hours after oral use and other routes will be lengthened as well.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 20-70 minutes
|-
| Total || 8-10 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 5-10 minutes
|-
| Total || 2-4 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Smoked
|-
| Onset || 0-2 minutes
|-
| Total || 1-4 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Intravenous
|-
| Onset || 0-2 minutes
|-
| Total || 4-8 hours
|}

== Effects ==
=== Positive ===

*Increased energy, alertness

*Sleep suppression

*Increased sociability

*Mood elevation

*Increased libido

=== Neutral ===

*Excessive talking

*Decreased appetite

*Sweating

*Dilated pupils

=== Negative ===

*Weight loss

*Disturbed sleep patterns, Insomnia

*Bruxia

*Drying of oral mucosa

*Loss of appetite

*Visual and auditory hallucinations

*Itchiness

*Aggressiveness

*Moodiness, Irritability, Anxiety

*Increased heart rate, Irregular heart rhythm

*Excessive sweating, Dehydration

*Fatal kidney disorder

*Possible brain damage

*Liver damage

== Harm Reduction ==
When dealing with methamphetamine it's important to remember that a large number of the harms come not from the drug itself, but from the behaviors the drug causes individuals to exhibit. Loss of sleep, poor nutrition, and poor self care are the cause of many of the negative effects.

*Methamphetamine lasts for a long time and will impair sleep. Dose early in the day and do not redose to avoid sleep disruption.

*Oral roa has less redose compulsion than other routes such as vaporization.

*It is important to eat and stay hydrated, even if you do not feel the need for food. Even if you are not feeling like eating you can generally have some fruit or a bowl of cereal or yogurt with granola.

*It is important to keep up on your self-care. "Meth mouth" is caused by poor oral hygiene combined with the habit of users to sip sugary beverages to relieve dry mouth symptoms. Use water and not soda to relieve dry mouth. Remember to brush your teeth after eating or consuming any caloric beverages.

== Chemistry and Pharmacology ==
[[File:Meth molecule.jpg|150px|right]]

Systematic name: N-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine

At room temperature, the free base of methamphetamine is a clear and colorless liquid with an odor characteristic of geranium leaves. It is soluble in diethyl ether and ethanol as well as miscible with chloroform. In contrast, the methampetamine hydrochloride salt is odorless with a bitter taste. It has a melting point between 170 to 175 °C (338 to 347 °F) and, at room temperature, occurs as white crystals or a white crystalline powder. The hydrochloride salt is also freely soluble in alcohol and water.

Powder methamphetamine is the hydrochloride salt form which is strongly hygroscopic (absorbs water from the air quickly). The HCl salt is smokable as is. Crystal meth "Crystal Meth" or "Ice" refer to methamphetamine grown into crystals. Though many people believe that Crystal Meth is the freebase form of methamphetamie HCl, this is not true. Methamphetamine is smokable in its normal HCL form, but taking the time to grow it into crystals makes it easier to smoke. Meth in visible crystals (rather than powder) is likely to be relatively pure as it is difficult to grow crystals from impure material. Methamphetamine freebase is an oil and is uncommon on the street.

== Links==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine Wikipedia]

[https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/meth/meth.shtml Erowid]

[http://reddit.com/r/Drugs/wiki/methamphetamine /r/Drugs Wiki]

[http://science.howstuffworks.com/meth3.htm howstuffworks]

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]

Methamphetamine

2015-04-02T21:38:35Z

Nndmt: cleanup, formatting

[[File:Crystal Meth.jpg|250px|right]]

'''Methamphetamine''' is a strong physical and mental stimulant. It is legally prescribed as a treatment for ADD under the brand name Desoxyn, for both children and adults. Recreationally, methamphetamine is used to increase sexual drive , lift the mood, and increase energy, allowing some users to engage in sexual activity continuously for several days straight. Methamphetamine production is a relatively simple process, especially when compared to many other recreational drugs which has contributed to its widespread use. It is frequently reported on in the media when home meth-producing labs are busted.

Methamphetamine exists as two [[Glossary#Enantiomer|enantiomers]], dextrorotary and levorotary. Dextromethamphetamine is a stronger central nervous system(CNS) stimulant than levomethamphetamine; however, both are addictive and produce the same toxicity symptoms at high doses. Methamphetamine may be sold illegally, either as pure dextromethamphetamine or in an equal parts mixture of the right and left handed molecules (i.e., 50% levomethamphetamine and 50% dextromethamphetamine). Both dextromethamphetamine and racemic methamphetamine are schedule II controlled substances in the United States. Similarly, the production, distribution, sale, and possession of methamphetamine is restricted or illegal in many other countries due to its placement in schedule II of the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substancestreaty. In contrast, levomethamphetamine is an over-the-counter drug in the United States.

== History ==
Amphetamine, discovered before methamphetamine, was first synthesized in 1887 in Germany by Romanian chemist Lazăr Edeleanu who named it phenylisopropylamine. Shortly after, methamphetamine was synthesized from ephedrine in 1893 by Japanesechemist Nagai Nagayoshi. Three decades later, in 1919, methamphetamine hydrochloride was synthesized by pharmacologist Akira Ogata via reduction of ephedrine using red phosphorus and iodine. During World War II, methamphetamine was used extensively by the Axis forces for its stimulant effects. Obetrol, patented by Obetrol Pharmaceuticals in the 1950s and indicated for treatment of obesity, was one of the first brands of pharmaceutical methamphetamine products. Due to the psychological and stimulant effects of methamphetamine, Obetrol became a popular diet pill in America in the 1950s and 1960s. Eventually, as the addictive properties of the drug became known, governments began to strictly regulate the production and distribution of methamphetamine. For example, during the early 1970s in the United States, methamphetamine became a schedule II controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act. Currently, methamphetamine is sold under the trade name Desoxyn, trademarked by the Danish pharmaceutical company Lundbeck. As of January 2013, the Desoxyn trademark had been sold to Italian pharmaceutical company Recordati.

== Dosage ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 5-15mg
|-
| Common || 10-30mg
|-
| Strong || 20-60mg
|-
| Heavy || 40-150mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 5-15mg
|-
| Common || 10-40mg
|-
| Strong || 30-60mg
|-
| Heavy || 50mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Smoked
|-
| Light || 5-10mg
|-
| Common || 10-20mg
|-
| Strong || 30-60mg
|-
| Heavy || 50mg+
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Intravenous
|-
| Light || 5-10mg
|-
| Common || 10-40mg
|-
| Strong || 30-60mg
|-
| Heavy || 50-100mg
|}

== Duration ==

These durations are for users of somewhat moderate tolerance. Amphetamine naive users may not be able to sleep for 18+ hours after oral use and other routes will be lengthened as well.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 20-70 minutes
|-
| Total || 8-10 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 5-10 minutes
|-
| Total || 2-4 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Smoked
|-
| Onset || 0-2 minutes
|-
| Total || 1-4 hours
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Intravenous
|-
| Onset || 0-2 minutes
|-
| Total || 4-8 hours
|}

== Effects ==
=== Positive ===

*Increased energy, alertness

*Sleep suppression

*Increased sociability

*Mood elevation

*Increased libido

=== Neutral ===

*Excessive talking

*Decreased appetite

*Sweating

*Dilated pupils

=== Negative ===

*Weight loss

*Disturbed sleep patterns, Insomnia

*Bruxia

*Drying of oral mucosa

*Loss of appetite

*Visual and auditory hallucinations

*Itchiness

*Aggressiveness

*Moodiness, Irritability, Anxiety

*Increased heart rate, Irregular heart rhythm

*Excessive sweating, Dehydration

*Fatal kidney disorder

*Possible brain damage

*Liver damage

== Harm Reduction ==
When dealing with methamphetamine it's important to remember that a large number of the harms come not from the drug itself, but from the behaviors the drug causes individuals to exhibit. Loss of sleep, poor nutrition, and poor self care are the cause of many of the negative effects.

*Methamphetamine lasts for a long time and will impair sleep. Dose early in the day and do not redose to avoid sleep disruption.

*Oral roa has less redose compulsion than other routes such as vaporization.

*It is important to eat and stay hydrated, even if you do not feel the need for food. Even if you are not feeling like eating you can generally have some fruit or a bowl of cereal or yogurt with granola.

*It is important to keep up on your self-care. "Meth mouth" is caused by poor oral hygiene combined with the habit of users to sip sugary beverages to relieve dry mouth symptoms. Use water and not soda to relieve dry mouth. Remember to brush your teeth after eating or consuming any caloric beverages.

== Chemistry and Pharmacology ==
[[File:Meth molecule.jpg|150px|right]]

Systematic name: N-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine

At room temperature, the free base of methamphetamine is a clear and colorless liquid with an odor characteristic of geranium leaves. It is soluble in diethyl ether and ethanol as well as miscible with chloroform. In contrast, the methampetamine hydrochloride salt is odorless with a bitter taste. It has a melting point between 170 to 175 °C (338 to 347 °F) and, at room temperature, occurs as white crystals or a white crystalline powder. The hydrochloride salt is also freely soluble in alcohol and water.

Powder methamphetamine is the hydrochloride salt form which is strongly hygroscopic (absorbs water from the air quickly). The HCl salt is smokable as is. Crystal meth "Crystal Meth" or "Ice" refer to methamphetamine grown into crystals. Though many people believe that Crystal Meth is the freebase form of methamphetamie HCl, this is not true. Methamphetamine is smokable in its normal HCL form, but taking the time to grow it into crystals makes it easier to smoke. Meth in visible crystals (rather than powder) is likely to be relatively pure as it is difficult to grow crystals from impure material. Methamphetamine freebase is an oil and is uncommon on the street.

== Links==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine Wikipedia]

[https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/meth/meth.shtml Erowid]

[http://reddit.com/r/Drugs/wiki/methamphetamine /r/Drugs Wiki]

[http://science.howstuffworks.com/meth3.htm howstuffworks]

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]

Acetylfentanyl

2015-04-02T21:32:54Z

Nndmt: /* Harm Reduction */ punctuation

Acetylfentanyl is a potent opioid analgesic with a potency approximately 6.67x that of morphine, sold only as a designer drug since the 1980s.

== History ==

Not much is currently known about the history of acetylfentanyl, except that it was discovered at the same time as fentanyl, and has no currently acceptable medical use.

== Dosage ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 10 mg
|-
| Common || 10-15 mg
|-
| Strong || 15-20 mg
|}

== Duration ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 7-10 minutes
|-
| Total || 3-4 hours
|}

== Effects ==

=== Postive ===

*Analgesia
*Euphoria
*Feelings of relaxation

=== Neutral ===

*Sedation
*Changes in focus, attention

=== Negative ===

*Respiratory depression
*Diarrhoea
*Nausea
*Constipation
*Dry Mouth
*Somnolence
*Confusion
*Weakness
*Sweating
*Headache
*Fatigue
*Dizziness
*Nervousness
*Anxiety
*Urinary retention
*Hallucinations

== Harm Reduction ==
As acetlyfentanyl is fairly potent, proper weighing of doses is essential, as well as proper identification of the substance.

There have been at least 14 reported acetylfentanyl related deaths in Rhode Island, 50 in Pennsylvania, as well as a handful others around the United States.

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Risk of Post-acute withdrawal effects

* Strong addiction potential due to short effects

* Risk of overdose/death

=== Interactions ===
Check out our [[Drug Combinations]] page and chart for interactions and combinations of common drugs.

=== LD50 ===
The LD50 of acetlyfentanyl is 9.3 mg/kg in mice

== Legal status==
* USA: Acetylfentanyl is a fentanyl analogue, making it schedule 1

[[Category:Drugs]]

[[Category:Depressant]]

[[Category:Opioid]]

Acetylfentanyl

2015-04-02T21:31:59Z

Nndmt: /* Harm Reduction */ english

Acetylfentanyl is a potent opioid analgesic with a potency approximately 6.67x that of morphine, sold only as a designer drug since the 1980s.

== History ==

Not much is currently known about the history of acetylfentanyl, except that it was discovered at the same time as fentanyl, and has no currently acceptable medical use.

== Dosage ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 10 mg
|-
| Common || 10-15 mg
|-
| Strong || 15-20 mg
|}

== Duration ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 7-10 minutes
|-
| Total || 3-4 hours
|}

== Effects ==

=== Postive ===

*Analgesia
*Euphoria
*Feelings of relaxation

=== Neutral ===

*Sedation
*Changes in focus, attention

=== Negative ===

*Respiratory depression
*Diarrhoea
*Nausea
*Constipation
*Dry Mouth
*Somnolence
*Confusion
*Weakness
*Sweating
*Headache
*Fatigue
*Dizziness
*Nervousness
*Anxiety
*Urinary retention
*Hallucinations

== Harm Reduction ==
As acetlyfentanyl is fairly potent, proper weighing of doses is essential, as well as proper identification of the substance.

There have been at least 14 reported acetylfentanyl related deaths in Rhode Island, 50 in Pennsylvania, as well as a handful others around the United States

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Risk of Post-acute withdrawal effects

* Strong addiction potential due to short effects

* Risk of overdose/death

=== Interactions ===
Check out our [[Drug Combinations]] page and chart for interactions and combinations of common drugs.

=== LD50 ===
The LD50 of acetlyfentanyl is 9.3 mg/kg in mice

== Legal status==
* USA: Acetylfentanyl is a fentanyl analogue, making it schedule 1

[[Category:Drugs]]

[[Category:Depressant]]

[[Category:Opioid]]

Acetylfentanyl

2015-04-02T21:30:30Z

Nndmt: /* Dosage */ HOW DO I TEMPLATE?

Acetylfentanyl is a potent opioid analgesic with a potency approximately 6.67x that of morphine, sold only as a designer drug since the 1980s.

== History ==

Not much is currently known about the history of acetylfentanyl, except that it was discovered at the same time as fentanyl, and has no currently acceptable medical use.

== Dosage ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 10 mg
|-
| Common || 10-15 mg
|-
| Strong || 15-20 mg
|}

== Duration ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 7-10 minutes
|-
| Total || 3-4 hours
|}

== Effects ==

=== Postive ===

*Analgesia
*Euphoria
*Feelings of relaxation

=== Neutral ===

*Sedation
*Changes in focus, attention

=== Negative ===

*Respiratory depression
*Diarrhoea
*Nausea
*Constipation
*Dry Mouth
*Somnolence
*Confusion
*Weakness
*Sweating
*Headache
*Fatigue
*Dizziness
*Nervousness
*Anxiety
*Urinary retention
*Hallucinations

== Harm Reduction ==
As acetlyfentanyl is fairly potent, proper weighing of doses is essential, as well as proper identification of the substance.

There have been at least 14 reported deaths from acetylfentanyl related deaths in Rhode Island, 50 in Pennsylvania, as well as a handful others around the United States

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Risk of Post-acute withdrawal effects

* Strong addiction potential due to short effects

* Risk of overdose/death

=== Interactions ===
Check out our [[Drug Combinations]] page and chart for interactions and combinations of common drugs.

=== LD50 ===
The LD50 of acetlyfentanyl is 9.3 mg/kg in mice

== Legal status==
* USA: Acetylfentanyl is a fentanyl analogue, making it schedule 1

[[Category:Drugs]]

[[Category:Depressant]]

[[Category:Opioid]]

Acetylfentanyl

2015-04-02T18:40:04Z

Nndmt: /* Harm Reduction */ added fatality stats

Acetylfentanyl is a potent opioid analgesic with a potency approximately 6.67x that of morphine, sold only as a designer drug since the 1980s.

== History ==

Not much is currently known about the history of acetylfentanyl, except that it was discovered at the same time as fentanyl, and has no currently acceptable medical use.

== Dosage ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 10 mg
|-
| Common || 10-15 x mg
|-
| Strong || 15-20 mg
|}

== Duration ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 7-10 minutes
|-
| Total || 3-4 hours
|}

== Effects ==

=== Postive ===

*Analgesia
*Euphoria
*Feelings of relaxation

=== Neutral ===

*Sedation
*Changes in focus, attention

=== Negative ===

*Respiratory depression
*Diarrhoea
*Nausea
*Constipation
*Dry Mouth
*Somnolence
*Confusion
*Weakness
*Sweating
*Headache
*Fatigue
*Dizziness
*Nervousness
*Anxiety
*Urinary retention
*Hallucinations

== Harm Reduction ==
As acetlyfentanyl is fairly potent, proper weighing of doses is essential, as well as proper identification of the substance.

There have been at least 14 reported deaths from acetylfentanyl related deaths in Rhode Island, 50 in Pennsylvania, as well as a handful others around the United States

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Risk of Post-acute withdrawal effects

* Strong addiction potential due to short effects

* Risk of overdose/death

=== Interactions ===
Check out our [[Drug Combinations]] page and chart for interactions and combinations of common drugs.

=== LD50 ===
The LD50 of acetlyfentanyl is 9.3 mg/kg in mice

== Legal status==
* USA: Acetylfentanyl is a fentanyl analogue, making it schedule 1

[[Category:Drugs]]

[[Category:Depressant]]

[[Category:Opioid]]

Acetylfentanyl

2015-04-02T18:32:54Z

Nndmt: /* LD50 */ added mice under ld50

Acetylfentanyl is a potent opioid analgesic with a potency approximately 6.67x that of morphine, sold only as a designer drug since the 1980s.

== History ==

Not much is currently known about the history of acetylfentanyl, except that it was discovered at the same time as fentanyl, and has no currently acceptable medical use.

== Dosage ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 10 mg
|-
| Common || 10-15 x mg
|-
| Strong || 15-20 mg
|}

== Duration ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 7-10 minutes
|-
| Total || 3-4 hours
|}

== Effects ==

=== Postive ===

*Analgesia
*Euphoria
*Feelings of relaxation

=== Neutral ===

*Sedation
*Changes in focus, attention

=== Negative ===

*Respiratory depression
*Diarrhoea
*Nausea
*Constipation
*Dry Mouth
*Somnolence
*Confusion
*Weakness
*Sweating
*Headache
*Fatigue
*Dizziness
*Nervousness
*Anxiety
*Urinary retention
*Hallucinations

== Harm Reduction ==
As acetlyfentanyl is fairly potent, proper weighing of doses is essential, as well as proper identification of the substance.

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Risk of Post-acute withdrawal effects

* Strong addiction potential due to short effects

* Risk of overdose/death

=== Interactions ===
Check out our [[Drug Combinations]] page and chart for interactions and combinations of common drugs.

=== LD50 ===
The LD50 of acetlyfentanyl is 9.3 mg/kg in mice

== Legal status==
* USA: Acetylfentanyl is a fentanyl analogue, making it schedule 1

[[Category:Drugs]]

[[Category:Depressant]]

[[Category:Opioid]]

Acetylfentanyl

2015-04-02T18:25:08Z

Nndmt: fixed potency

Acetylfentanyl is a potent opioid analgesic with a potency approximately 6.67x that of morphine, sold only as a designer drug since the 1980s.

== History ==

Not much is currently known about the history of acetylfentanyl, except that it was discovered at the same time as fentanyl, and has no currently acceptable medical use.

== Dosage ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 10 mg
|-
| Common || 10-15 x mg
|-
| Strong || 15-20 mg
|}

== Duration ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 7-10 minutes
|-
| Total || 3-4 hours
|}

== Effects ==

=== Postive ===

*Analgesia
*Euphoria
*Feelings of relaxation

=== Neutral ===

*Sedation
*Changes in focus, attention

=== Negative ===

*Respiratory depression
*Diarrhoea
*Nausea
*Constipation
*Dry Mouth
*Somnolence
*Confusion
*Weakness
*Sweating
*Headache
*Fatigue
*Dizziness
*Nervousness
*Anxiety
*Urinary retention
*Hallucinations

== Harm Reduction ==
As acetlyfentanyl is fairly potent, proper weighing of doses is essential, as well as proper identification of the substance.

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Risk of Post-acute withdrawal effects

* Strong addiction potential due to short effects

* Risk of overdose/death

=== Interactions ===
Check out our [[Drug Combinations]] page and chart for interactions and combinations of common drugs.

=== LD50 ===
The LD50 of acetlyfentanyl is 9.3 mg/kg

== Legal status==
* USA: Acetylfentanyl is a fentanyl analogue, making it schedule 1

[[Category:Drugs]]

[[Category:Depressant]]

[[Category:Opioid]]

Acetylfentanyl

2015-04-02T18:06:49Z

Nndmt: first draft

Acetylfentanyl is a potent opioid analgesic with a potency 80x that of morphine, sold only as a designer drug since the 1980s.

== History ==

Not much is currently known about the history of acetylfentanyl, except that it was discovered at the same time as fentanyl, and has no currently acceptable medical use.

== Dosage ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light || 10 mg
|-
| Common || 10-15 x mg
|-
| Strong || 15-20 mg
|}

== Duration ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 7-10 minutes
|-
| Total || 3-4 hours
|}

== Effects ==

=== Postive ===

*Analgesia
*Euphoria
*Feelings of relaxation

=== Neutral ===

*Sedation
*Changes in focus, attention

=== Negative ===

*Respiratory depression
*Diarrhoea
*Nausea
*Constipation
*Dry Mouth
*Somnolence
*Confusion
*Weakness
*Sweating
*Headache
*Fatigue
*Dizziness
*Nervousness
*Anxiety
*Urinary retention
*Hallucinations

== Harm Reduction ==
As acetlyfentanyl is fairly potent, proper weighing of doses is essential, as well as proper identification of the substance.

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Risk of Post-acute withdrawal effects

* Strong addiction potential due to short effects

* Risk of overdose/death

=== Interactions ===
Check out our [[Drug Combinations]] page and chart for interactions and combinations of common drugs.

=== LD50 ===
The LD50 of acetlyfentanyl is 9.3 mg/kg

== Legal status==
* USA: Acetylfentanyl is a fentanyl analogue, making it schedule 1

[[Category:Drugs]]

[[Category:Depressant]]

[[Category:Opioid]]

Fentanyl

2015-04-02T17:45:07Z

Nndmt: /* Negative */ british english edit

'''Fentanyl''' is a synthetic opiate analgesic with a rapid onset and short duration of action. It is a strong agonist at the μ-opioid receptors and is historically used to treat breakthrough pain. Fentanyl is approximately 100 times more potent than morphine, and is commonly used as a patch. The patches work by releasing fentanyl into body fats, which then slowly release the drug into the bloodstream over 48 to 72 hours, allowing for long-lasting relief from pain.

== History ==

Fentanyl was first synthesized by Paul Janssen in 1960. Fentanyl was introduced in patch form in the mid 1990s, shortly followed by lollipop form. As of 2012 fentanyl was the most widely used synthetic opioid in clinical practice.

== Dosage ==

Approximately 100 micrograms of fentanyl is equivalent to 10mg of morphine. Rate of absorption is dependent on a number of factors. Body temperature, skin type, amount of body fat, and placement of the patch can have major effects. Fentanyl is available as a patch, nasal spray, lollipop lozenge (brand name Actiq, or colloquially "percopop"), or inhaler.

=== Patch ===

Bioavailability: varies per manufacturer; there is higher ba in the enclosed-satchel (such as Sandoz) vs the adhesive-matrix (such as Mylan) patches. The difficulty with ba in patches is separating the drug from the adhesive or carrier. It is difficult to extract a dose from either vehicle with sufficient accuracy to prevent harm in a recreational setting.

Comeup time: 20 to 60 minutes.

Duration: 24 to 72 hours; varies based upon ambient temperature, body temperature, skin salinity and perspiration, location of patch (volume of adipose tissue under the dermis), type of patch, dosage of patch. Most tolerant users will find 24 hours to be about the limit whereas naive users will more likely see 72 hours.

Medium (typical) dose: 50μg/hr + (depending on tolerance)

Patches are available in doses ranging from 12.5μg/hr to 100μg/hr, with patches previously available at strengths to 200μg/hr having been discontinued. Total fentanyl content of these patches are 1.25mg to 10mg; not all of this is available to the body from the patch and would have to be extracted using e.g., ethanol for "complete" usage.

The patch may be taken orally (sublingually) by sectioning into doses (such as 1/10th of a 10mg patch being 1mg delivered), but it is not recommended, and requires a solvent such as overproof ethanol for sufficient absorption.

=== Insufflated ===
Fentanyl powder may be snorted, but it is not recommended.

=== Smoked ===

The gel inside patches can be smoked. The powder also may be smoked, although it is not recommended.

=== Injected ===
Fentanyl is most commonly prepared in a saline solution with lactose or inositol as a buffering agent and either sold as heroin or as fentanyl itself. Fentanyl is not commonly available by itself as a powder and has low potential for abuse due to the low margin of safety with microgram-scale dosages.

== Effects ==
The effects of fentanyl are similar to that of heroin.

=== Positive ===

*Analgesia
*Euphoria
*Feelings of relaxation

=== Neutral ===

*Sedative effects
*Changes in focus, attention

=== Negative ===

*Respiratory depression
*Diarrhoea
*Nausea
*Constipation
*Dry Mouth
*Somnolence
*Confusion
*Weakness
*Sweating
*Headache
*Fatigue
*Dizziness
*Nervousness
*Anxiety
*Urinary retention
*Hallucinations

=== After effects ===

* Risk of post-acute withdrawal effects, diarrhea including depression, anxiety disorder, psychosis, or even suicidal ideation in extreme cases

== Harm Reduction ==

Fentanyl is considered one of the safest opioid medications on the market, as well as the least physically harmful to the body with long-term or life-term use. Still, fentanyl has caused overdoses and deaths, especially when mixed with other drugs.

Illicitly synthesized fentanyl powder has also appeared on the United States market. Because of the extremely high strength of pure fentanyl powder, it is very difficult to dilute appropriately, and often the resulting mixture may be far too strong and, consequently, very dangerous.

Sometimes fentanyl is sold as heroin. Some dealers may mix fentanyl powder with heroin to increase potency or compensate for low-quality heroin. If you have any concerns about your drug, please test it.

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Risk of Post-acute withdrawal effects

* Strong addiction potential due to short effects

* Risk of overdose/death

== Chemistry and Pharmacology ==

Fentanyl is a potent μ-opioid receptor agonist with relatively little effect on κ or δ receptors compared to most opioids. Being very lipid soluble, it penetrates the blood-brain barrier quickly and efficiently, which accounts for its high potency compared to traditional opioids. When taken orally, fentanyl undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism by CYP3A4 to non-active metabolites, and as such, CYP3A4 inhibitors (such as grapefruit juice) could potentially be very dangerous when coadministered with fentanyl.

== Images ==
[[File:fent.jpg|thumb|left|various commercial preparations for parenteral administration]]
[[file:fpatch.gif|thumb|left|packaging for the 100ug/hr Mylan brand fentanyl patch]]
[[file:Mylan.jpg|thumb|left|400x400|a 75ug/hr Mylan patch applied to the skin]]
<br clear="all"/>

== Legal status==
In most countries, fentanyl is illegal to sell without a license and illegal to buy or possess without a license or prescription.

*Europe: http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/customs/l33215_en.htm
*USA: Regulated as a schedule II opiate.
*Canada: Regulated as schedule I.
*Australia: Fentanyl is a border controlled substance under Criminal Code Act 9.1.314 and is additionally controlled by several states and territories.

[[Category:Drugs]]

[[Category:Opioid]]

[[Category:Depressant]]

Fentanyl

2015-04-02T17:43:56Z

Nndmt: /* Negative */ capitalization

'''Fentanyl''' is a synthetic opiate analgesic with a rapid onset and short duration of action. It is a strong agonist at the μ-opioid receptors and is historically used to treat breakthrough pain. Fentanyl is approximately 100 times more potent than morphine, and is commonly used as a patch. The patches work by releasing fentanyl into body fats, which then slowly release the drug into the bloodstream over 48 to 72 hours, allowing for long-lasting relief from pain.

== History ==

Fentanyl was first synthesized by Paul Janssen in 1960. Fentanyl was introduced in patch form in the mid 1990s, shortly followed by lollipop form. As of 2012 fentanyl was the most widely used synthetic opioid in clinical practice.

== Dosage ==

Approximately 100 micrograms of fentanyl is equivalent to 10mg of morphine. Rate of absorption is dependent on a number of factors. Body temperature, skin type, amount of body fat, and placement of the patch can have major effects. Fentanyl is available as a patch, nasal spray, lollipop lozenge (brand name Actiq, or colloquially "percopop"), or inhaler.

=== Patch ===

Bioavailability: varies per manufacturer; there is higher ba in the enclosed-satchel (such as Sandoz) vs the adhesive-matrix (such as Mylan) patches. The difficulty with ba in patches is separating the drug from the adhesive or carrier. It is difficult to extract a dose from either vehicle with sufficient accuracy to prevent harm in a recreational setting.

Comeup time: 20 to 60 minutes.

Duration: 24 to 72 hours; varies based upon ambient temperature, body temperature, skin salinity and perspiration, location of patch (volume of adipose tissue under the dermis), type of patch, dosage of patch. Most tolerant users will find 24 hours to be about the limit whereas naive users will more likely see 72 hours.

Medium (typical) dose: 50μg/hr + (depending on tolerance)

Patches are available in doses ranging from 12.5μg/hr to 100μg/hr, with patches previously available at strengths to 200μg/hr having been discontinued. Total fentanyl content of these patches are 1.25mg to 10mg; not all of this is available to the body from the patch and would have to be extracted using e.g., ethanol for "complete" usage.

The patch may be taken orally (sublingually) by sectioning into doses (such as 1/10th of a 10mg patch being 1mg delivered), but it is not recommended, and requires a solvent such as overproof ethanol for sufficient absorption.

=== Insufflated ===
Fentanyl powder may be snorted, but it is not recommended.

=== Smoked ===

The gel inside patches can be smoked. The powder also may be smoked, although it is not recommended.

=== Injected ===
Fentanyl is most commonly prepared in a saline solution with lactose or inositol as a buffering agent and either sold as heroin or as fentanyl itself. Fentanyl is not commonly available by itself as a powder and has low potential for abuse due to the low margin of safety with microgram-scale dosages.

== Effects ==
The effects of fentanyl are similar to that of heroin.

=== Positive ===

*Analgesia
*Euphoria
*Feelings of relaxation

=== Neutral ===

*Sedative effects
*Changes in focus, attention

=== Negative ===

*Respiratory depression
*Diarrhea
*Nausea
*Constipation
*Dry Mouth
*Somnolence
*Confusion
*Weakness
*Sweating
*Headache
*Fatigue
*Dizziness
*Nervousness
*Anxiety
*Urinary retention
*Hallucinations

=== After effects ===

* Risk of post-acute withdrawal effects, diarrhea including depression, anxiety disorder, psychosis, or even suicidal ideation in extreme cases

== Harm Reduction ==

Fentanyl is considered one of the safest opioid medications on the market, as well as the least physically harmful to the body with long-term or life-term use. Still, fentanyl has caused overdoses and deaths, especially when mixed with other drugs.

Illicitly synthesized fentanyl powder has also appeared on the United States market. Because of the extremely high strength of pure fentanyl powder, it is very difficult to dilute appropriately, and often the resulting mixture may be far too strong and, consequently, very dangerous.

Sometimes fentanyl is sold as heroin. Some dealers may mix fentanyl powder with heroin to increase potency or compensate for low-quality heroin. If you have any concerns about your drug, please test it.

* Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery

* Risk of Post-acute withdrawal effects

* Strong addiction potential due to short effects

* Risk of overdose/death

== Chemistry and Pharmacology ==

Fentanyl is a potent μ-opioid receptor agonist with relatively little effect on κ or δ receptors compared to most opioids. Being very lipid soluble, it penetrates the blood-brain barrier quickly and efficiently, which accounts for its high potency compared to traditional opioids. When taken orally, fentanyl undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism by CYP3A4 to non-active metabolites, and as such, CYP3A4 inhibitors (such as grapefruit juice) could potentially be very dangerous when coadministered with fentanyl.

== Images ==
[[File:fent.jpg|thumb|left|various commercial preparations for parenteral administration]]
[[file:fpatch.gif|thumb|left|packaging for the 100ug/hr Mylan brand fentanyl patch]]
[[file:Mylan.jpg|thumb|left|400x400|a 75ug/hr Mylan patch applied to the skin]]
<br clear="all"/>

== Legal status==
In most countries, fentanyl is illegal to sell without a license and illegal to buy or possess without a license or prescription.

*Europe: http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/customs/l33215_en.htm
*USA: Regulated as a schedule II opiate.
*Canada: Regulated as schedule I.
*Australia: Fentanyl is a border controlled substance under Criminal Code Act 9.1.314 and is additionally controlled by several states and territories.

[[Category:Drugs]]

[[Category:Opioid]]

[[Category:Depressant]]

LSA

2015-04-02T17:13:56Z

Nndmt: i should proofread before hitting "save page"

[[File:Hbwr.jpg|200px|right]]
'''LSA''' or '''d-lysergic acid amide''' (also known as Ergine and d-lysergamide), a chemical found in some psychedelic seeds and plants as well as some fungi, is a potent psychoactive and a precursor to synthesizing LSD.

Hawaiian Baby Woodrose Seeds are prepared by removing the shell of the seed (as it may contain pesticides) crushing the internals, and mixing it in a drink or capsuled and taken orally. Some reports indicate if mixed with lemon juice, the crushed seeds can be taken sublingually, however this isn't common due to the strong taste.

== Dosage ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral Hawaiian Baby Woodrose Seeds
|-
| Light || 1-2 seeds
|-
| Common || 2-6 seeds
|-
| Strong || 6-14 seeds
|-
| Heavy || 14+ seeds
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral Morning Glory Seeds
|-
| Light || 50-100 seeds
|-
| Common || 100-250 seeds
|-
| Strong || 250-400 seeds
|-
| Heavy || 400+ seeds
|}

== Duration ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral Morning Glory Seeds
|-
| Onset || 30-180 minutes
|-
| Total || 4-10 hours
|}

== Effects ==
=== Positive ===
* Mood lift
* Feelings of insight
* Therapeutic psychological reflection (introspective thoughts and discussions)
* Increased interest in areas of thought that are normally ignored
* Increase in giggling and laughing
* Sensory enhancement (taste, smell, etc.)
* Closed- and open-eyed visuals including trails, color shifts, brightening, etc.

=== Neutral ===
* Pupil dilation
* Sedation of the body and mind
* Change in perception of time
* Looping, patterned, out-of-control thinking
* Slight increase in heart rate
* Long lasting "afterglow" of effects

=== Negative ===
* Increased anxiety/paranoia
* Nausea/vomiting
* Muscular tightness, particularly in the legs, back, and jaw
* Abdominal cramping
* Confusion
* Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)
* Insomnia
* next day hangover, characterized by a feeling of mental sluggishness and dulled emotions.

== Extraction ==

LSA is often extracted from the seed medium in which it is purchased, to reduce the difficulty of consumption and potentially remove certain compounds which may cause nausea.

There are two main methods, cold water extraction and polar/nonpolar extraction.

=== Cold water extraction ===

This method is simple and easily done with common household items. The seed material is ground down into a fine dust using a coffee grinder, herb grinder or mortar and pestle. This seed 'pulp' is then placed inside a teabag which has been emptied of it's contents, and the bag resealed using sellotape or some staples. The top of the bag should be folded over to prevent any seeds from escaping. The bag should then be submerged in 250-500ml of water. Wrap your containing glass in tin-foil to avoid subjecting the LSA to any excess light, and store in your fridge for 3-4 hours, stirring intermittantly. When done, the bag can be removed, and the water consumed.

The drawbacks of cold water extraction are that many of the fats which may cause nausea are not extracted. It is not guaranteed that nausea will not result from this method.

=== Polar/non-polar extraction ===

This method is significantly more advanced, however will allow for the extraction of fairly pure LSA crystals.

The first step again requires the grinding of the seed pulp to a fine powder. Then the pulp must be added to a quantity of petroleum ether in a sealable container (Caution, petroleum ether is *not* food safe). When doing extractions keep in mind the principle of 'like dissolves like'. Petroleum ether is a nonpolar solvent which will dissolve all nonpolar compounds in the seed pulp. As LSA is a polar compound, it remains in the pulp. Store your mixture of seed pulp and petroleum ether in a cool dark place for anywhere up to 3 days (depending on how much you desire a high yield), stirring intermittantly, then filter it using coffee filters or some other method which will leave you with seed pulp seperate from the petroleum ether. Discard the ''solution'' and keep the solid pulp. This process is also known as 'defatting' as it will remove any fats contained within the seed pulp due to their solubility in petroleum ether. These fats may be responsible for nausea if consumed.

The advantage to using petroleum ether is its high volatility - the seed pulp should be spread out across some paper in a well ventilated area to allow the petroleum ether to evaporate away. If purity is important, you may repeat the washing procedure again as many times as you wish with diminishing returns on purity.

The second phase of our extraction is the polar pull. To perform this we again mix our seed pulp with a solvent - this time a polar one. Pure ethanol is ideal, food safe and volatile it will easily dissolve our LSA. Mix the seed pulp in a suitable quantity of ethanol, again storing in a cool dark place for anwhere up to 3 days. Finally filter the solution again, this time discarding the ''seed pulp''.

The resulting ethanol solution should contain a relatively pure sample of LSA. This can be evaporated down by leaving out in a dish in a cool, dark, well ventilated place, and will yield solid crystals of LSA which can subsequently be consumed directly.

This method is significantly less likely to produce nausea, however it is not guaranteed, as some nausea can be produced by consuming pure LSA itself.

== Harm Reduction ==

See [[Psychedelics#Harm_Reduction|Psychedelic Harm Reduction]] for general information.

== Images ==

<gallery>
File:Morning glory seeds.jpg| ''Morning Glory seeds containing ergine''
File:LSA extraction.jpg| ''LSA extracted from morning glory seeds using a [[Cold Water Extraction]]''
</gallery>

== Legal status ==

Ergine, the active component in LSA, is schedule III in the USA. It is considered a precursor to LSD.

However, plant seeds containing ergine are legal to purchase and possess, but not consume.

== Links ==

http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/lsa/lsa.shtml

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Psychedelic]]

LSA

2015-04-02T17:13:10Z

Nndmt: cleaned up introduction

[[File:Hbwr.jpg|200px|right]]
'''LSA''' or '''d-lysergic acid amide''' (also known as Ergine and d-lysergamide), is a chemical found in some psychedelic seeds and plants as well as some fungi, is a potent psychoactive and a precursor to synthesizing LSD.

Hawaiian Baby Woodrose Seeds are prepared by removing the shell of the seed (as it may contain pesticides) crushing the internals, and mixing it in a drink or capsuled and taken orally. Some reports indicate if mixed with lemon juice, the crushed seeds can be taken sublingually, however this isn't common due to the strong taste.

== Dosage ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral Hawaiian Baby Woodrose Seeds
|-
| Light || 1-2 seeds
|-
| Common || 2-6 seeds
|-
| Strong || 6-14 seeds
|-
| Heavy || 14+ seeds
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral Morning Glory Seeds
|-
| Light || 50-100 seeds
|-
| Common || 100-250 seeds
|-
| Strong || 250-400 seeds
|-
| Heavy || 400+ seeds
|}

== Duration ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral Morning Glory Seeds
|-
| Onset || 30-180 minutes
|-
| Total || 4-10 hours
|}

== Effects ==
=== Positive ===
* Mood lift
* Feelings of insight
* Therapeutic psychological reflection (introspective thoughts and discussions)
* Increased interest in areas of thought that are normally ignored
* Increase in giggling and laughing
* Sensory enhancement (taste, smell, etc.)
* Closed- and open-eyed visuals including trails, color shifts, brightening, etc.

=== Neutral ===
* Pupil dilation
* Sedation of the body and mind
* Change in perception of time
* Looping, patterned, out-of-control thinking
* Slight increase in heart rate
* Long lasting "afterglow" of effects

=== Negative ===
* Increased anxiety/paranoia
* Nausea/vomiting
* Muscular tightness, particularly in the legs, back, and jaw
* Abdominal cramping
* Confusion
* Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)
* Insomnia
* next day hangover, characterized by a feeling of mental sluggishness and dulled emotions.

== Extraction ==

LSA is often extracted from the seed medium in which it is purchased, to reduce the difficulty of consumption and potentially remove certain compounds which may cause nausea.

There are two main methods, cold water extraction and polar/nonpolar extraction.

=== Cold water extraction ===

This method is simple and easily done with common household items. The seed material is ground down into a fine dust using a coffee grinder, herb grinder or mortar and pestle. This seed 'pulp' is then placed inside a teabag which has been emptied of it's contents, and the bag resealed using sellotape or some staples. The top of the bag should be folded over to prevent any seeds from escaping. The bag should then be submerged in 250-500ml of water. Wrap your containing glass in tin-foil to avoid subjecting the LSA to any excess light, and store in your fridge for 3-4 hours, stirring intermittantly. When done, the bag can be removed, and the water consumed.

The drawbacks of cold water extraction are that many of the fats which may cause nausea are not extracted. It is not guaranteed that nausea will not result from this method.

=== Polar/non-polar extraction ===

This method is significantly more advanced, however will allow for the extraction of fairly pure LSA crystals.

The first step again requires the grinding of the seed pulp to a fine powder. Then the pulp must be added to a quantity of petroleum ether in a sealable container (Caution, petroleum ether is *not* food safe). When doing extractions keep in mind the principle of 'like dissolves like'. Petroleum ether is a nonpolar solvent which will dissolve all nonpolar compounds in the seed pulp. As LSA is a polar compound, it remains in the pulp. Store your mixture of seed pulp and petroleum ether in a cool dark place for anywhere up to 3 days (depending on how much you desire a high yield), stirring intermittantly, then filter it using coffee filters or some other method which will leave you with seed pulp seperate from the petroleum ether. Discard the ''solution'' and keep the solid pulp. This process is also known as 'defatting' as it will remove any fats contained within the seed pulp due to their solubility in petroleum ether. These fats may be responsible for nausea if consumed.

The advantage to using petroleum ether is its high volatility - the seed pulp should be spread out across some paper in a well ventilated area to allow the petroleum ether to evaporate away. If purity is important, you may repeat the washing procedure again as many times as you wish with diminishing returns on purity.

The second phase of our extraction is the polar pull. To perform this we again mix our seed pulp with a solvent - this time a polar one. Pure ethanol is ideal, food safe and volatile it will easily dissolve our LSA. Mix the seed pulp in a suitable quantity of ethanol, again storing in a cool dark place for anwhere up to 3 days. Finally filter the solution again, this time discarding the ''seed pulp''.

The resulting ethanol solution should contain a relatively pure sample of LSA. This can be evaporated down by leaving out in a dish in a cool, dark, well ventilated place, and will yield solid crystals of LSA which can subsequently be consumed directly.

This method is significantly less likely to produce nausea, however it is not guaranteed, as some nausea can be produced by consuming pure LSA itself.

== Harm Reduction ==

See [[Psychedelics#Harm_Reduction|Psychedelic Harm Reduction]] for general information.

== Images ==

<gallery>
File:Morning glory seeds.jpg| ''Morning Glory seeds containing ergine''
File:LSA extraction.jpg| ''LSA extracted from morning glory seeds using a [[Cold Water Extraction]]''
</gallery>

== Legal status ==

Ergine, the active component in LSA, is schedule III in the USA. It is considered a precursor to LSD.

However, plant seeds containing ergine are legal to purchase and possess, but not consume.

== Links ==

http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/lsa/lsa.shtml

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Psychedelic]]

LSD

2015-04-02T17:05:30Z

Nndmt: /* Chemistry and Pharmacology */ how do i english?

[[File:Lsd_bottle.jpg|thumb|right]]

'''Lysergic acid diethylamide''', abbreviated LSD or LSD-25, also known as lysergide (INN) and colloquially as '''acid''', is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug of the ergoline family, well known for its psychological effects which can include altered thinking processes, closed and open-eyed visuals, synesthesia, an altered sense of time and spiritual experiences, as well as for its key role in 1960s counterculture. It is used mainly as an entheogen, recreational drug, and as an agent in psychedelic therapy. LSD is non-addictive, is not known to cause brain damage, and has extremely low toxicity relative to dose. However, acute adverse psychiatric reactions such as anxiety, paranoia, and delusions are possible.
LSD is the best known and most researched psychedelic. It is the standard against which all other psychedelics are compared. It is active at extremely low doses and is most commonly available on blotter or in liquid form.

== History ==
First synthesized by Albert Hofmann on November 16, 1938, LSD went on to become a staple of the psychedelic world and the centerpiece of the 1960s counterculture.
On April 19, 1943, Hofmann returned to investigate LSD further and ingested 250 micrograms of LSD. Hofmann believed this dose to have a minuscule, threshold effect. He rode his bicycle home and later wrote that, "... little by little I could begin to enjoy the unprecedented colors and plays of shapes that persisted behind my closed eyes. Kaleidoscopic, fantastic images surged in on me, alternating, variegated, opening and then closing themselves in circles and spirals, exploding in colored fountains, rearranging and hybridizing themselves in constant flux ..." This day in history later became known as Bicycle Day and is celebrated by LSD enthusiasts as the world's first LSD trip.

== Dosage ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 50-100µg
|-
| Common || 100-300µg
|-
| Strong || 300µg+
|}

== Duration ==

Note: Duration can be significantly longer with higher doses.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 30-120 minutes
|-
| Total || 8-12 hours
|}

== Effects ==

=== Positive ===
* Mood lift, euphoria, sense of well being
* Closed and open eye visuals, including the saturation of colors, tracers, etc.

[[File:Lsdpatterns.png|thumb|500px|An example of visual effects on LSD]]

* Enhanced audio/tactile senses
* Increase in associative & creative thinking; introspection
* At high doses, feeling of 'oneness' with everything; ego death

=== Neutral ===

* Racing thoughts, thought loops
* Extreme pupil dilation; increased sensitivity to light
* Inability to focus
* Slight increase in body temperature and heart rate
* Time dilation; seconds feel like minutes, minutes like hours

=== Negative ===

* Tension
* Anxiety, restlessness, confusion
* Insomnia
* Nausea
* Dizziness

=== After effects ===

User may feel "out of it" and generally off the day after, esp. with larger doses. Residual euphoria and a "ready to take on the world" feeling may persist. No bodily harm from recreational doses of LSD, though mental effects from long term chronic use can be negative in some people.

== Harm Reduction ==

LSD is regarded as being an extremely safe psychedelic, being almost impossible to overdose on. However, although extraordinarily uncommon, a few cases have been reported in the medical literature of dangerous overheating following ingestion of large amounts of LSD, including one non-fatal case that brought the patient's body temperature to over 106°F (41°C). LSD may also cause dangerous physiological and psychological reactions when used in conjunction with lithium or tricyclic antidepressants.

See [[Psychedelics#Harm_Reduction|Psychedelic Harm Reduction]] for general information.

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
Chemical name: 9,10-Didehydro-N,N-diethyl-6-methylergoline-8ß-carboxamide

The mental effects of LSD can be rapidly reversed by the IM administration of 50 mg chlorpromazine.

=== LD50 ===

The LD50 has not been determined, but some estimates suggest doses higher than 10mg (10,000 µg) may be fatal

=== Reactivity ===

Stable for moderate periods of time under normal temperatures and pressures. Thermal decomposition products of LSD when stored in massive quantities may include dangerous amounts of toxic oxides, carbon, and nitrogen. Long-term storage of LSD should be done by limiting exposure to heat, light, and air; eg. wrapped in aluminium foil, vacuum sealed, and placed in a freezer or refrigerator.

=== Polymerization ===

Hazardous polymerization has not been reported to occur under normal temperatures and pressures.

= Legal status =

LSD is illegal to possess for recreational purposes in most nations. This includes the US, Canada, Mexico, Finland, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden, New Zealand, Australia, Norway, Portugal, Russia, UK, and Brazil.

Some exceptions are made in nations where it is used in legitimate research, such as Russia. A license is required.

= Links =

* [http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/lsd/lsd.shtml Erowid]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD Wikipedia]
* [http://www.maps.org/research/cluster/psilo-lsd/cns-neuroscience+therapeutics_2008-passie.pdf The Pharmacology of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: A Review]

[[Category:Psychedelic]]
[[Category:Drugs]]

Cocaine

2015-04-02T15:41:00Z

Nndmt: /* Production */ punctuation

[[File:Cocaine.jpg|right]]

Cocaine is a powerful CNS stimulant, and most consumed psychoactive plant constituent in the world. Cocaine is known among its users for the 'rush' it provides when first insufflated. It's a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is gathered from the leaves of the coca plant. (Erythroxylon coca). Pure cocaine (as a base) is not water soluble but can be dissolved in alcohol, chloroform, turpentine oil, olive oil, or acetone. Cocaine salts are water soluble.

The name comes from "coca" (Quechua "cuca") and "ine" because of its use as a local anesthetic. Later the suffix "-caine" was later used to form names of synthetic local anesthetics.

== History ==

For over a thousand years people have chewed the leaves of Eryhtoxylon coca, a plant that has many alkaloids, including cocaine.

The isolation of the Cocaine alkaloid was not achieved until 1855 by the German chemist Friedrich Gaedcke, who named the alkaloid "Erythroxyline"

In 1856 Albert Niemann developed an improved purification process.

In 1879. Vassili von Anrep devised an experiment to demonstrate the analgesic properties of this alkaloid. He prepared two separate jars, one containing a cocaine-salt solution, while the other contained only salt water. He then submerged a frog's legs into the two jars, one leg in the treatment and one in the control, and proceeded to stimulate the legs in several different ways. The leg that had been immersed in the cocaine solution reacted very differently from the leg that had been immersed in salt water.

Later, other substances derived from cocaine, including eucaine, procaine (= Novocaine), tetracaine (= Pantocaine) (1930), lidocaine (= Xylocaine) (1944), mepivacaine (= Scandicaine) (1957), prilocain (= Xylonest) (1960), bupivacaine (1963), and etidocain (= Duranest) (1972), were also used as local anesthetics (Busch and Rummel 1990; Schneider 1993, 19*). Holocaine was also regarded as a substitute.

== Usage ==
=== Ritual Use ===

Cocaine has been called the champagne of drugs, the drug of high society, the drug of the rich, et cetera, and. it is certainly most often associated with the wealthier classes. As a result, consumption of the drug has taken on a strong social character. Cocaine is rarely used by one person alone. When it is taken with others, the consumption follows a rather well-defined ritual. The person providing the costly substance lays out several lines (preferably on a mirror), then takes a currency note (often of high value) and rolls it up. One end of the rolled bill is placed in a nostril and held with one hand, while the other hand is used to press the other nostril closed. Half of one line, or a small line, is then snuffed into the nostril. The person then switches nostrils and snuffs the remaining powder, after which the mirror is passed to the next person. This circle may be repeated several time, and it is customary for each of several participants to prepare lines from their own supply.

=== Crack or Free-Base Cocaine ===

In the German press, crack has been portrayed as "death for a few dollars," "the devil's drug from the U.S.A.;' et cetera. The general idea seems to be that "cocaine was a miracle, but crack, crack was better than sex" or "cocaine was purgatory-but crack is hell" (in Wiener 6 [1986]: 65,66). Crack, which is also known as base, free base, baseball, rocks, Roxanne, and supercoke, is nothing more than smokeable free-base cocaine (Siegel 1982b). In other words, crack is cocaine in the form of a free base (Pulvirenti and Koob 1996, 48). It can be obtained from an aqueous solution of cocaine hydrochloride to which an alkaline substance (such as sodium carbonate) is added. The cocaine salt is transformed into the pure base, or, in other words, the pure substance. It can then be purified with ether, causing the cocaine to crystallize out. Crack is usually "smoked" (i.e., vaporized and inhaled) in glass pipes. A typical dosage ranges from 0.05 to 0.1 g. The effect is very similar to that of snuffed cocaine but is much more intense: Although crack is a derivative of cocaine, there is little comparison between the mild and mostly stimulating cocaine inebriation and the effects of the short-term crack high, which can literally bowl one over. Whereas cocaine produces a euphoric sensation of great concentration and razor-sharp intelligence for about 20 to 60 minutes, crack lasts for only three to five minutes while giving the consumer an incredibly strong kick with regard to physical sensations as well as the euphoria of absolute omnipotence. Of course, this has resulted in many myths, including one that crack is particularly pure. (Sahihi 1995,37*) Ethnologists have begun using the field methods typical of the discipline to study the "crack phenomenon;' which appears to be a typically American product (Holden 1989). "Crack life" is a reflection of the problems in American society and reveals deep social fissures and cultural anomalies. For users, the "crack way" is an important form of identity formation. Crack is frequently found together with prostitution, as "addicts" may accept it as a form of payment for sexual services (Carlson and Siegal 1991).

On the street, the following substances may be used as substitutes for cocaine or crack in times of shortage: procaine, caffeine, benzocaine, phenylpropanolamine, lidocaine, and ephedrine (Siegel 1980).

=== Medicinal Use ===

The medicinal applications of cocaine were discovered only a short time after the isolation of the molecule itself. Cocaine was initially used for local anesthesia in ophthalmology and dentistry, and infiltration anesthesia was developed just a few years later (Custer 1898). Because analogs (e.g., procaine) were developed that produce specific effects with no psychoactive side effects, cocaine is rarely used as an anesthetic today.

== Dosage ==

A "line" of cocaine typically contains between 20 and 100 mg of cocaine, depending on the purity of the substance and the consumer's preference. Many users consume between 2 and 3 g in a day or night.

Depending on purity, cocaine dosage '''will''' vary

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light|| 20-50mg
|-
| Common || 50-100mg
|-
| Strong || 100-150mg
|-
| Heavy || 150mg+
|}

== Duration ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 1-3 minutes
|-
| Total || 1-1.5 hours
|}

== Effects ==

Very high dosages of cocaine are said to be able to induce hallucinations, an effect that is frequently noted in the neurological literature (Pulvirenti and Koob 1996,49) as well as in prose and poetry (Rheiner 1979, 27). Hallucinations (of nonexistent people, images, flickering lights) often occur during nights in which dosages of 2 to 3 g have been taken. For many people, cocaine also dispels fear. It stimulates a need for alcoholic beverages at the same time that it strongly suppresses the effects of alcohol. A similar dynamic applies to nicotine. In a certain sense, there is something unsatisfying about the effects of cocaine. A person may sense that satisfaction could be achieved if the effects could possibly be increased. However, using more cocaine does not produce an enhancement of its effects. Just as coca was and is employed in SouthAmerica as an aphrodisiac, cocaine has a similar use in the West. Cocaine's reputation as an aphrodisiac can be traced back to Sigmund Freud (1884) and has been repeatedly confirmed in the pharmacological literature. At a high level of intoxication, central excitation sets in with characteristic shivering, an initial state of euphoria that turns into delirium and hallucinations. For women, the stimulation ... not infrequently has an erotic character and has resulted in later accusations of sexual misconduct against the operating physician. (Fiihner 1943, 196*) Some psychiatrists believe that cocaine stimulates the "sexual center" of the brain (Siegel 1982a). For many users, cocaine is inevitably associated with sexuality (MacDonald et al. 1988; Phillips and Wynne 1980,221). Cocaine relaxes and opens the sphincter muscles, which makes anal penetration easier as well as substantially more pleasurable. However, cocaine (much like ephedrine) often has an adverse effect on erectile function and consequently leads to temporary impotence (cf. Siegel 1982a).

=== Positive ===

* Elevated Mood

* Euphoria

* Stimulation

=== Neutral ===

* Hyper-inflated ego

* Numbing effects

* Sweating

* Dilated pupils

* Decreased Appetite

* Decreased Sleep

=== Negative ===

* Increase in irritability

* Raised Heartrate

* Increase in body temperature

* Urge to redose

== Harm Reduction ==

Avoid: 2C-T-X, aMT, Tramadol, Meperidine, MAOI's. See [[Drug combinations]] for more.

=== Addiction ===

The addictive potential of cocaine has been the subject of much debate. This issue does not appear to be oriented toward the user as much as it reflects the current legal situation. In recent years, there have been efforts to develop a vaccination against "cocaine addiction." Of course, the research in this area is conducted on rats (Hellwig 1996). The effect of cocaine on the brain is also an object of much research, since studies that confirm the adverse effects of cocaine are likely to receive financial support from the government. Studies that do not have a political agenda are the exception rather than the rule (Volkow and Swann 1990).

People who use cocaine frequently suffer from a runny nose ("coke sniffles") the following day. Users may counteract this undesirable and unpleasant aftereffect by rinsing their nose with a saline solution (e.g., with medicinal salts). Many users rub vitamin E oil in their nose, a practice said to regenerate the highly irritated mucous membranes in the nose (Voigt 1982,72). Although cocaine can be very helpful in dealing with an acute attack of hay fever, chronic use can actually contribute to the condition.

== Chemistry and Pharmacology ==

Cocaine stimulates the central nervous system, especially the autonomic (sympathetic) system, where it inhibits the reuptake of the neurotransmitters noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin and increases the time in which they remain in the synaptic cleft. Cocaine is a triple reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI). It also acts as local anesthetic. It has strong stimulant and vasoconstricting properties.

[[File:Cocaine molecule.gif|right]]

=== Production ===

The Colombian and Peruvian colloquial term for coca plantations used in cocaine production are known as "cocales". Bolivian huanaco leaves (Erythroxylum coca var. coca) are preferred for cocaine production because they are the highest yielding. Under optimal conditions, it is possible to produce 1 kg of pure cocaine from 100 kg of coca leaves. In the early 1980s, some 100 tons of pure cocaine were exported from Colombia alone. Although cultivation of coca for traditional use is legal in Colombia, this only makes a fraction of the total coca produced for the illegal drug market. The methods of extracting cocaine from the coca plant are relatively unchanged, utilizing an acid/base extraction method, which is a common method of extracting alkaloids from plant matter. Due to the high demand for cocaine, production in some areas is out of financial necessity, due to lack of other employment opportunities, or low profit margins of legal crops.

Eradication of coca production has been mostly ineffective, hampered by the appearance of new strains of coca that show traits such as higher potency (increasing the profit margins of cocaine producers) and resistance to defoliants. Efforts in Colombia to reduce illicit coca cultivation have resulted only in decentralization of production.

There have been accusations of United States government involvement with the distribution of cocaine, such as the Iran-Contra affair as well as Mena Intermountain Municipal Airport being used as a "drop point" for CIA trafficked cocaine, although the latter has never been proven.

== Legal status ==

Possession of cocaine without a medical prescription is illegal pretty much worldwide.

[[Category:Drugs]]

[[Category:Stimulant]]

Cocaine

2015-04-02T15:38:04Z

Nndmt: /* Production */

[[File:Cocaine.jpg|right]]

Cocaine is a powerful CNS stimulant, and most consumed psychoactive plant constituent in the world. Cocaine is known among its users for the 'rush' it provides when first insufflated. It's a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is gathered from the leaves of the coca plant. (Erythroxylon coca). Pure cocaine (as a base) is not water soluble but can be dissolved in alcohol, chloroform, turpentine oil, olive oil, or acetone. Cocaine salts are water soluble.

The name comes from "coca" (Quechua "cuca") and "ine" because of its use as a local anesthetic. Later the suffix "-caine" was later used to form names of synthetic local anesthetics.

== History ==

For over a thousand years people have chewed the leaves of Eryhtoxylon coca, a plant that has many alkaloids, including cocaine.

The isolation of the Cocaine alkaloid was not achieved until 1855 by the German chemist Friedrich Gaedcke, who named the alkaloid "Erythroxyline"

In 1856 Albert Niemann developed an improved purification process.

In 1879. Vassili von Anrep devised an experiment to demonstrate the analgesic properties of this alkaloid. He prepared two separate jars, one containing a cocaine-salt solution, while the other contained only salt water. He then submerged a frog's legs into the two jars, one leg in the treatment and one in the control, and proceeded to stimulate the legs in several different ways. The leg that had been immersed in the cocaine solution reacted very differently from the leg that had been immersed in salt water.

Later, other substances derived from cocaine, including eucaine, procaine (= Novocaine), tetracaine (= Pantocaine) (1930), lidocaine (= Xylocaine) (1944), mepivacaine (= Scandicaine) (1957), prilocain (= Xylonest) (1960), bupivacaine (1963), and etidocain (= Duranest) (1972), were also used as local anesthetics (Busch and Rummel 1990; Schneider 1993, 19*). Holocaine was also regarded as a substitute.

== Usage ==
=== Ritual Use ===

Cocaine has been called the champagne of drugs, the drug of high society, the drug of the rich, et cetera, and. it is certainly most often associated with the wealthier classes. As a result, consumption of the drug has taken on a strong social character. Cocaine is rarely used by one person alone. When it is taken with others, the consumption follows a rather well-defined ritual. The person providing the costly substance lays out several lines (preferably on a mirror), then takes a currency note (often of high value) and rolls it up. One end of the rolled bill is placed in a nostril and held with one hand, while the other hand is used to press the other nostril closed. Half of one line, or a small line, is then snuffed into the nostril. The person then switches nostrils and snuffs the remaining powder, after which the mirror is passed to the next person. This circle may be repeated several time, and it is customary for each of several participants to prepare lines from their own supply.

=== Crack or Free-Base Cocaine ===

In the German press, crack has been portrayed as "death for a few dollars," "the devil's drug from the U.S.A.;' et cetera. The general idea seems to be that "cocaine was a miracle, but crack, crack was better than sex" or "cocaine was purgatory-but crack is hell" (in Wiener 6 [1986]: 65,66). Crack, which is also known as base, free base, baseball, rocks, Roxanne, and supercoke, is nothing more than smokeable free-base cocaine (Siegel 1982b). In other words, crack is cocaine in the form of a free base (Pulvirenti and Koob 1996, 48). It can be obtained from an aqueous solution of cocaine hydrochloride to which an alkaline substance (such as sodium carbonate) is added. The cocaine salt is transformed into the pure base, or, in other words, the pure substance. It can then be purified with ether, causing the cocaine to crystallize out. Crack is usually "smoked" (i.e., vaporized and inhaled) in glass pipes. A typical dosage ranges from 0.05 to 0.1 g. The effect is very similar to that of snuffed cocaine but is much more intense: Although crack is a derivative of cocaine, there is little comparison between the mild and mostly stimulating cocaine inebriation and the effects of the short-term crack high, which can literally bowl one over. Whereas cocaine produces a euphoric sensation of great concentration and razor-sharp intelligence for about 20 to 60 minutes, crack lasts for only three to five minutes while giving the consumer an incredibly strong kick with regard to physical sensations as well as the euphoria of absolute omnipotence. Of course, this has resulted in many myths, including one that crack is particularly pure. (Sahihi 1995,37*) Ethnologists have begun using the field methods typical of the discipline to study the "crack phenomenon;' which appears to be a typically American product (Holden 1989). "Crack life" is a reflection of the problems in American society and reveals deep social fissures and cultural anomalies. For users, the "crack way" is an important form of identity formation. Crack is frequently found together with prostitution, as "addicts" may accept it as a form of payment for sexual services (Carlson and Siegal 1991).

On the street, the following substances may be used as substitutes for cocaine or crack in times of shortage: procaine, caffeine, benzocaine, phenylpropanolamine, lidocaine, and ephedrine (Siegel 1980).

=== Medicinal Use ===

The medicinal applications of cocaine were discovered only a short time after the isolation of the molecule itself. Cocaine was initially used for local anesthesia in ophthalmology and dentistry, and infiltration anesthesia was developed just a few years later (Custer 1898). Because analogs (e.g., procaine) were developed that produce specific effects with no psychoactive side effects, cocaine is rarely used as an anesthetic today.

== Dosage ==

A "line" of cocaine typically contains between 20 and 100 mg of cocaine, depending on the purity of the substance and the consumer's preference. Many users consume between 2 and 3 g in a day or night.

Depending on purity, cocaine dosage '''will''' vary

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Light|| 20-50mg
|-
| Common || 50-100mg
|-
| Strong || 100-150mg
|-
| Heavy || 150mg+
|}

== Duration ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Insufflated
|-
| Onset || 1-3 minutes
|-
| Total || 1-1.5 hours
|}

== Effects ==

Very high dosages of cocaine are said to be able to induce hallucinations, an effect that is frequently noted in the neurological literature (Pulvirenti and Koob 1996,49) as well as in prose and poetry (Rheiner 1979, 27). Hallucinations (of nonexistent people, images, flickering lights) often occur during nights in which dosages of 2 to 3 g have been taken. For many people, cocaine also dispels fear. It stimulates a need for alcoholic beverages at the same time that it strongly suppresses the effects of alcohol. A similar dynamic applies to nicotine. In a certain sense, there is something unsatisfying about the effects of cocaine. A person may sense that satisfaction could be achieved if the effects could possibly be increased. However, using more cocaine does not produce an enhancement of its effects. Just as coca was and is employed in SouthAmerica as an aphrodisiac, cocaine has a similar use in the West. Cocaine's reputation as an aphrodisiac can be traced back to Sigmund Freud (1884) and has been repeatedly confirmed in the pharmacological literature. At a high level of intoxication, central excitation sets in with characteristic shivering, an initial state of euphoria that turns into delirium and hallucinations. For women, the stimulation ... not infrequently has an erotic character and has resulted in later accusations of sexual misconduct against the operating physician. (Fiihner 1943, 196*) Some psychiatrists believe that cocaine stimulates the "sexual center" of the brain (Siegel 1982a). For many users, cocaine is inevitably associated with sexuality (MacDonald et al. 1988; Phillips and Wynne 1980,221). Cocaine relaxes and opens the sphincter muscles, which makes anal penetration easier as well as substantially more pleasurable. However, cocaine (much like ephedrine) often has an adverse effect on erectile function and consequently leads to temporary impotence (cf. Siegel 1982a).

=== Positive ===

* Elevated Mood

* Euphoria

* Stimulation

=== Neutral ===

* Hyper-inflated ego

* Numbing effects

* Sweating

* Dilated pupils

* Decreased Appetite

* Decreased Sleep

=== Negative ===

* Increase in irritability

* Raised Heartrate

* Increase in body temperature

* Urge to redose

== Harm Reduction ==

Avoid: 2C-T-X, aMT, Tramadol, Meperidine, MAOI's. See [[Drug combinations]] for more.

=== Addiction ===

The addictive potential of cocaine has been the subject of much debate. This issue does not appear to be oriented toward the user as much as it reflects the current legal situation. In recent years, there have been efforts to develop a vaccination against "cocaine addiction." Of course, the research in this area is conducted on rats (Hellwig 1996). The effect of cocaine on the brain is also an object of much research, since studies that confirm the adverse effects of cocaine are likely to receive financial support from the government. Studies that do not have a political agenda are the exception rather than the rule (Volkow and Swann 1990).

People who use cocaine frequently suffer from a runny nose ("coke sniffles") the following day. Users may counteract this undesirable and unpleasant aftereffect by rinsing their nose with a saline solution (e.g., with medicinal salts). Many users rub vitamin E oil in their nose, a practice said to regenerate the highly irritated mucous membranes in the nose (Voigt 1982,72). Although cocaine can be very helpful in dealing with an acute attack of hay fever, chronic use can actually contribute to the condition.

== Chemistry and Pharmacology ==

Cocaine stimulates the central nervous system, especially the autonomic (sympathetic) system, where it inhibits the reuptake of the neurotransmitters noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin and increases the time in which they remain in the synaptic cleft. Cocaine is a triple reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI). It also acts as local anesthetic. It has strong stimulant and vasoconstricting properties.

[[File:Cocaine molecule.gif|right]]

=== Production ===

The Colombian and Peruvian colloquial term for coca plantations used in cocaine production are known as cocales. Bolivian huanaco leaves (Erythroxylum coca var. coca) are preferred for cocaine production because they are the highest yielding. Under optimal conditions, it is possible to produce 1 kg of pure cocaine from 100 kg of coca leaves. In the early 1980s, some 100 tons of pure cocaine were exported from Colombia alone. Although cultivation of coca for traditional use is legal in Colombia, this only makes a fraction of the total coca produced for the illegal drug market. The methods of extracting cocaine from the coca plant are relatively unchanged, utilizing an acid/base extraction method, which is a common method of extracting alkaloids from plant matter. Due to the high demand for cocaine, production in some areas is out of financial necessity, due to lack of other employment opportunities, or low profit margins of legal crops.

Eradication of coca production has been mostly ineffective, hampered by the appearance of new strains of coca that show traits such as higher potency (increasing the profit margins of cocaine producers) and resistance to defoliants. Efforts in Colombia to reduce illicit coca cultivation have resulted only in decentralization of production.

There have been accusations of United States government involvement with the distribution of cocaine, such as the Iran-Contra affair as well as Mena Intermountain Municipal Airport being used as a "drop point" for CIA trafficked cocaine, although the latter has never been proven.

== Legal status ==

Possession of cocaine without a medical prescription is illegal pretty much worldwide.

[[Category:Drugs]]

[[Category:Stimulant]]

Tripsit:Substance template

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Nndmt:

[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|250px|right]]
General info here

== History ==
Some history here

== Usage ==
Ritual use, different types of administration and how to do it, etc.
== Dosage ==

General note/warning about dosage

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Threshold || x mg
|-
| Light || x mg
|-
| Common || x mg
|-
| Strong || x mg
|}

== Duration ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || x minutes
|-
| Total || x hours
|-
| After-effects || x hours (dose-dependent)
|}

== Effects ==

=== Postive ===

* effect

=== Neutral ===

*effect

=== Negative ===

*effect

== Images ==
<gallery>
File:Example.jpg| ''Example image 1''
File:Example.jpg| ''Example image with link: [[TripSit Rules]]''
</gallery>

== Harm Reduction ==
General info and things to avoid.

*warning 1

*warning 2

=== WARNING ===
Warning text

=== Potentiators ===

*substance 1

*substance 2
=== Interactions ===
Check out our [[Drug Combinations]] page and chart for interactions and combinations of common drugs.

== Chemistry and Pharmacology ==

=== LD50 ===

== Legal status==
* USA:
* UK:

== Links ==

=== Further Reading ===

=== Off-Site Resources ===

LSD

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Nndmt: /* Chemistry and Pharmacology */

[[File:Lsd_bottle.jpg|thumb|right]]

'''Lysergic acid diethylamide''', abbreviated LSD or LSD-25, also known as lysergide (INN) and colloquially as '''acid''', is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug of the ergoline family, well known for its psychological effects which can include altered thinking processes, closed and open-eyed visuals, synesthesia, an altered sense of time and spiritual experiences, as well as for its key role in 1960s counterculture. It is used mainly as an entheogen, recreational drug, and as an agent in psychedelic therapy. LSD is non-addictive, is not known to cause brain damage, and has extremely low toxicity relative to dose. However, acute adverse psychiatric reactions such as anxiety, paranoia, and delusions are possible.
LSD is the best known and most researched psychedelic. It is the standard against which all other psychedelics are compared. It is active at extremely low doses and is most commonly available on blotter or in liquid form.

== History ==
First synthesized by Albert Hofmann on November 16, 1938, LSD went on to become a staple of the psychedelic world and the centerpiece of the 1960s counterculture.
On April 19, 1943, Hofmann returned to investigate LSD further and ingested 250 micrograms of LSD. Hofmann believed this dose to have a minuscule, threshold effect. He rode his bicycle home and later wrote that, "... little by little I could begin to enjoy the unprecedented colors and plays of shapes that persisted behind my closed eyes. Kaleidoscopic, fantastic images surged in on me, alternating, variegated, opening and then closing themselves in circles and spirals, exploding in colored fountains, rearranging and hybridizing themselves in constant flux ..." This day in history later became known as Bicycle Day and is celebrated by LSD enthusiasts as the world's first LSD trip.

== Dosage ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Light || 50-100µg
|-
| Common || 100-300µg
|-
| Strong || 300µg+
|}

== Duration ==

Note: Duration can be significantly longer with higher doses.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 30-120 minutes
|-
| Total || 8-12 hours
|}

== Effects ==

=== Positive ===
* Mood lift, euphoria, sense of well being
* Closed and open eye visuals, including the saturation of colors, tracers, etc.

[[File:Lsdpatterns.png|thumb|500px|An example of visual effects on LSD]]

* Enhanced audio/tactile senses
* Increase in associative & creative thinking; introspection
* At high doses, feeling of 'oneness' with everything; ego death

=== Neutral ===

* Racing thoughts, thought loops
* Extreme pupil dilation; increased sensitivity to light
* Inability to focus
* Slight increase in body temperature and heart rate
* Time dilation; seconds feel like minutes, minutes like hours

=== Negative ===

* Tension
* Anxiety, restlessness, confusion
* Insomnia
* Nausea
* Dizziness

=== After effects ===

User may feel "out of it" and generally off the day after, esp. with larger doses. Residual euphoria and a "ready to take on the world" feeling may persist. No bodily harm from recreational doses of LSD, though mental effects from long term chronic use can be negative in some people.

== Harm Reduction ==

LSD is regarded as being an extremely safe psychedelic, being almost impossible to overdose on. However, although extraordinarily uncommon, a few cases have been reported in the medical literature of dangerous overheating following ingestion of large amounts of LSD, including one non-fatal case that brought the patient's body temperature to over 106°F (41°C). LSD may also cause dangerous physiological and psychological reactions when used in conjunction with lithium or tricyclic antidepressants.

See [[Psychedelics#Harm_Reduction|Psychedelic Harm Reduction]] for general information.

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
Chemical name: 9,10-Didehydro-N,N-diethyl-6-methylergoline-8ß-carboxamide

The mental effects of LSD can be rapidly reversed by the IM administration of 50 mg chlorpromazine.

=== LD50 ===

The LD50 is has not been determined, but some estimates suggest doses higher than 10mg (10,000 µg) may be fatal

=== Reactivity ===

Stable for moderate periods of time under normal temperatures and pressures. Thermal decomposition products of LSD when stored in massive quantities may include dangerous amounts of toxic oxides, carbon, and nitrogen. Long-term storage of LSD should be done by limiting exposure to heat, light, and air; eg. wrapped in aluminium foil, vacuum sealed, and placed in a freezer or refrigerator.

=== Polymerization ===

Hazardous polymerization has not been reported to occur under normal temperatures and pressures.

= Legal status =

LSD is illegal to possess for recreational purposes in most nations. This includes the US, Canada, Mexico, Finland, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden, New Zealand, Australia, Norway, Portugal, Russia, UK, and Brazil.

Some exceptions are made in nations where it is used in legitimate research, such as Russia. A license is required.

= Links =

* [http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/lsd/lsd.shtml Erowid]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD Wikipedia]
* [http://www.maps.org/research/cluster/psilo-lsd/cns-neuroscience+therapeutics_2008-passie.pdf The Pharmacology of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: A Review]

[[Category:Psychedelic]]
[[Category:Drugs]]