TripSit Wiki - User contributions [en]

Benzodiazepines

2018-07-08T00:15:17Z

Gaius: /* Dosage */

[[File:Xanax.jpg|thumb|250px|Alprazolam pills and prescription bottle]]

Benzodiazepines are drugs which act upon the GABA(A) receptor, and produce a general set of effects which vary by compound, mostly being sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant. The first benzodiazepine, Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which has also marketed diazepam (Valium) since 1963.

= Dosage =

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of benzodiazepines
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| [[Alprazolam|Alprazolam (Xanax)]]
| 6 - 12 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Bromazepam (Lexotan, Lexomil)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 5 - 6 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Brotizolam (Lendormin)
| 2 - 6 hours
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)
| 5 - 30 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 25 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clobazam (Frisium, Urbanol)
| 12 - 60 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clonazepam (Klonopin)
| 18 - 50 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| [[Clonazolam]]
| N/A
| 0.2 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clorazepate (Tranxene)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| [[Diazepam|Diazepam (Valium)]]
| 20 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diclazepam (Ro5-3448)
| ~42 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Estazolam (ProSom, Nuctalon)
| 10 - 24 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Etizolam|Etizolam (Etilaam, Etizola, Etizest, Depas)]]
| 4-12 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Flubromazepam
| 106 hours
| 6 - 8 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flubromazolam
| Long
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Flunitrazepam|Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)]]
| 18 - 26 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 1 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flutoprazepam (Restas)
| 60 - 90 hours
| ~2.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flurazepam (Dalmane)
| [40 - 250 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Halazepam (Paxipam)
| [30 - 100 hours]
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Ketazolam (Anseren)
| 30 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Loprazolam (Dormonoct)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Lorazepam (Ativan)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 1 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Lormetazepam (Noctamid)
| 10 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Midazolam (Dormicum)
| 1.6 - 8.3 hours
| 10mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Medazepam (Nobrium)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Nitrazepam (Mogadon)
| 15 - 38 hours
| 10 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Nordazepam (Nordaz)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Oxazepam (Serax)
| 4 - 15 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Phenazepam
| 60 hours
| ~1 mg.
| Hypnotic
|-
| Prazepam (Centrax)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 - 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Pyrazolam
| Short
| .83 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Quazepam (Doral)
| 25 - 100 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Temazepam (Restoril)
| 8 - 22 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Triazolam (Halcion)
| 2 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Non-benzodiazepines commonly referred to as Z-drugs
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Zaleplon (Sonata)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Zolpidem|Zolpidem (Ambien)]]
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zopiclone (Imovane)
| 5 - 6 hours
| 15 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
| 6 hours
| 3 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

= Effects =
== Positive ==

* Anti-Anxiety
* Sedative
* Muscle relaxant

== Negative ==

* High addiction potential
* Withdrawals can be fatal
* Risk of blackout
* Inability to drink
* Inability to drive
* Loss of balance
* Memory Loss
* Procrastination
* "Hangover"
* Long-term effects
* High addiction potential

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

* Addiction potential - High

* Risk of blackouts

* Risk of death when mixed with alcohol or other drugs. '''An extremely high percentage of drug-related deaths are due to mixing benzos with other drugs, especially opiates and alcohol.'''

* Mental illness

* Heart issues

* CNS depressant when mixed with other drugs

== Research Chemicals ==

The main danger of the drugs in this class is the risk of blacking out or overdosing by mixing it with other CNS depressants.

Most of the research chemicals from this class are usually active under 10mg's. The best course of action with these substances is putting X amount of active chemical into X amount of your solvent of choice (Such as Propylene-Glycol or Ethanol) And using an oral syringe to get the dose you want. Granted a fair amount are sold are either in presses or on a blotter.

See the [[Research Chemicals]] page for more information.

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
The term benzodiazepine is the chemical name for the heterocyclic ring system, which is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems. Under Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature, a diazepine is a heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms, five carbon atom and the maximum possible number of cumulative double bonds. The "benzo" prefix indicates the benzene ring fused onto the diazepine ring.
Benzodiazepine drugs are substituted 1,4-benzodiazepines, although the chemical term can refer to many other compounds that do not have useful pharmacological properties. Different benzodiazepine drugs have different side groups attached to this central structure. The different side groups affect the binding of the molecule to the GABAA receptor and so modulate the pharmacological properties. Many of the pharmacologically active "classical" benzodiazepine drugs contain the 5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one substructure.
Nonbenzodiazepines also bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA(A) receptor and possess similar pharmacological properties. While the nonbenzodiazepines are by definition structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines, both classes of drugs possess a common pharmacophore, which explains their binding to a common receptor site

[[File:benzo.png|500px]]

* 2-keto compounds:
::Chlordiazepoxide, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Flurazepam, Halazepam, Prazepam, and others.
* 3-hydroxy compounds:
::Lorazepam, Lormetazepam,Oxazepam, Temazepam
* 7-nitro compounds:
::Clonazepam, Flunitrazepam, Nimetazepam, Nitrazepam
* Triazolo compounds:
::Adinazolam, Alprazolam, Clonazolam, Estazolam, Triazolam
* Imidazo compounds
::Climazolam, Loprazolam, Midazolam

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
Image:Xanax.jpg|''(Purepac) alprazolam pills and prescription bottle''
Image:Alprazolam_solution.jpg|''Alprazolam solved in propylene glycol''
Image:Alpraz.jpg|''.5mg (Qualitest) alprazolam pills''
Image:Ativan.png|''Lorazepam (Ativan) pill''
</gallery>

= Links =
http://www.dr-bob.org/tips/bzd.html

[http://tripsit.me/history-of-etizolam History of Etizolam on Tripsit.me]

= Sources =

Madsen U, Bräuner-Osborne H, Greenwood JR, Johansen TN, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Liljefors T, Nielsen M, Frølund B (2005). "GABA and Glutamate receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential in CNS disorders". In Gad SC. Drug Discovery Handbook. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience/J. Wiley. pp. 797–907. ISBN 0-471-21384-5.
^ a b Panico, R.; Powell, W. H.; Richer, J. C., eds. (1993). A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds. IUPAC/Blackwell Science. pp. 40–3. ISBN 0-632-03488-2.; Moss GP (1998). "Nomenclature of fused and bridged fused ring systems (IUPAC Recommendations 1998)". Pure Appl Chem 70 (1): 143–216. doi:10.1351/pac199870010143.
Olsen RW, Betz H (2006). "GABA and glycine". In Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Brady S, Price DD (eds.). Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects (7th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 291–302. ISBN 0-12-088397-X.
Shorter E (2005). "Benzodiazepines". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–2. ISBN 0-19-517668-5.
Zavala F (1997). "Benzodiazepines, anxiety and immunity". Pharmacol Ther 75 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00055-7. PMID 9504140.
Narimatsu E, Niiya T, Kawamata M, Namiki A (2006). "[The mechanisms of depression by benzodiazepines, barbiturates and propofol of excitatory synaptic transmissions mediated by adenosine neuromodulation]". Masui (in Japanese) 55 (6): 684–91. PMID 16780077.
Juergens, MD, Steven M. "Understanding Benzodiazepines". California Society of Addiction Medicine. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Carlo, Pia; Renata Finollo, Anna Ledda, Giovanni Brambilla (January 1989). "Absence of liver DNA fragmentation in rats treated with high oral doses of 32 benzodiazepine drugs". Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 12 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1016/0272-0590(89)90059-6. PMID 2925017.

[[Category:Drug class]]

Clonazolam

2018-07-07T23:45:25Z

Gaius: /* Interactions */

[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]
'''Clonazolam''' (also known as '''Clonitrazolam''') is a novel [[psychoactive class::depressant]] substance of the [[chemical class::benzodiazepine]] chemical class which produces [[anxiolytic]], [[sedative]], [[muscle relaxant]], and [[amnesic]] effects when [[routes of administration|administered]]. This compound is a novel [[research chemical]] derivative of the FDA-approved drugs [[clonazepam]] ('''Klonopin''', '''Rivitrol''') and [[alprazolam]] ('''Xanax'''). Clonazolam is reported to be roughly 2.5x as potent as alprazolam.

== History ==
The synthesis of clonazolam was first reported in 1971. It was described as the most active compound in the series tested.<ref>6-phenyl-4H-s-triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines which have central nervous system depressant activity (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5165540</ref><ref>Triazolobenzazepines, process and intermediates for their preparation and medicines containing them | https://www.google.com/patents/EP0072029B1</ref>

Very little is known about this substance, but it has recently become easily accessible through online [[research chemical]] vendors where it is being sold as a [[designer drug]].<ref>Characterization of the four designer benzodiazepines clonazolam, deschloroetizolam, flubromazolam, and meclonazepam, and identification of their in vitro metabolites | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11419-015-0277-6</ref><ref>Identification of main human urinary metabolites of the designer nitrobenzodiazepines clonazolam, meclonazepam, and nifoxipam by nano-liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry for drug testing purposes. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27071765</ref>

== Usage ==
Ritual use, different types of administration and how to do it, etc.
== Dosage ==

General note/warning about dosage

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Threshold || 50-75ug
|-
| Light || 75-200ug
|-
| Common || 200-400ug
|-
| Strong || 500-1000ug
|}

== Duration ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 10-30 minutes
|-
| Total || 6-10 hours
|-
| After-effects || 1-12 hours (dose-dependent)
|}

== Effects ==

=== Postive ===

* effect

=== Neutral ===

*effect

=== Negative ===

*effect

== Images ==
<gallery>
File:Example.jpg| ''Example image 1''
File:Example.jpg| ''Example image with link: [[TripSit Rules]]''
</gallery>

== Harm Reduction ==
Clonazolam is reputed to be highly potent, and concerns have been raised that it and [[flubromazolam]] may pose comparatively higher risks than other designer benzodiazepines due to their ability to produce strong sedation and amnesia at oral doses as low as 0.5 mg, or 500 micrograms (ug).<ref>Designer benzodiazepines: A new challenge (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26043347</ref> It is reported to have a medium-length onset of action (20 - 60 minutes).

*warning 1

*warning 2

=== WARNING ===
Due to its extremely high potency, it is often found on blotter paper or in [[volumetric dosing|volumetrically dosed]] solutions. Ingestion of raw clonazolam powder is unsafe due to its microgram-range potency and the ease in which it can lead to multi-day blackouts.

=== Potentiators ===

*substance 1

*substance 2
=== Interactions ===
Check out our [[Drug Combinations]] page and chart for interactions and combinations of common drugs.

*All other CNS depressants.

== Chemistry and Pharmacology ==
Clonazolam is a drug of the [[benzodiazepine]] class. Benzodiazepine drugs contain a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring, which is a seven membered ring with the two nitrogen constituents located at R1 and R4. The benzyl ring of clonazolam is substituted at R8 with a nitro group, NO2-. Further, the diazepine ring is bonded at R6 to a 2-chlorinated phenyl ring.

Clonazolam also contains a 1-methylated triazole ring fused to and incorporating R1 and R2 of its diazepine ring. Clonazolam belongs to a class of benzodiazepines containing this fused triazole ring, called triazolobenzodiazepines, distinguished by the suffix "-zolam." Clonazolam is also a nitrobenzodiazepine, a subclass of benzodiazepines which contain a nitro (NO2-) group. Other nitrobenzodiazepines include clonazepam and flunitrazepam.
=== LD50 ===

== Legal status==
* USA: Unscheduled
* UK: Class C

== Links ==

=== Further Reading ===

=== Off-Site Resources ===

Clonazolam

2018-07-07T23:42:14Z

Gaius:

[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]
'''Clonazolam''' (also known as '''Clonitrazolam''') is a novel [[psychoactive class::depressant]] substance of the [[chemical class::benzodiazepine]] chemical class which produces [[anxiolytic]], [[sedative]], [[muscle relaxant]], and [[amnesic]] effects when [[routes of administration|administered]]. This compound is a novel [[research chemical]] derivative of the FDA-approved drugs [[clonazepam]] ('''Klonopin''', '''Rivitrol''') and [[alprazolam]] ('''Xanax'''). Clonazolam is reported to be roughly 2.5x as potent as alprazolam.

== History ==
The synthesis of clonazolam was first reported in 1971. It was described as the most active compound in the series tested.<ref>6-phenyl-4H-s-triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines which have central nervous system depressant activity (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5165540</ref><ref>Triazolobenzazepines, process and intermediates for their preparation and medicines containing them | https://www.google.com/patents/EP0072029B1</ref>

Very little is known about this substance, but it has recently become easily accessible through online [[research chemical]] vendors where it is being sold as a [[designer drug]].<ref>Characterization of the four designer benzodiazepines clonazolam, deschloroetizolam, flubromazolam, and meclonazepam, and identification of their in vitro metabolites | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11419-015-0277-6</ref><ref>Identification of main human urinary metabolites of the designer nitrobenzodiazepines clonazolam, meclonazepam, and nifoxipam by nano-liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry for drug testing purposes. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27071765</ref>

== Usage ==
Ritual use, different types of administration and how to do it, etc.
== Dosage ==

General note/warning about dosage

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Threshold || 50-75ug
|-
| Light || 75-200ug
|-
| Common || 200-400ug
|-
| Strong || 500-1000ug
|}

== Duration ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || 10-30 minutes
|-
| Total || 6-10 hours
|-
| After-effects || 1-12 hours (dose-dependent)
|}

== Effects ==

=== Postive ===

* effect

=== Neutral ===

*effect

=== Negative ===

*effect

== Images ==
<gallery>
File:Example.jpg| ''Example image 1''
File:Example.jpg| ''Example image with link: [[TripSit Rules]]''
</gallery>

== Harm Reduction ==
Clonazolam is reputed to be highly potent, and concerns have been raised that it and [[flubromazolam]] may pose comparatively higher risks than other designer benzodiazepines due to their ability to produce strong sedation and amnesia at oral doses as low as 0.5 mg, or 500 micrograms (ug).<ref>Designer benzodiazepines: A new challenge (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26043347</ref> It is reported to have a medium-length onset of action (20 - 60 minutes).

*warning 1

*warning 2

=== WARNING ===
Due to its extremely high potency, it is often found on blotter paper or in [[volumetric dosing|volumetrically dosed]] solutions. Ingestion of raw clonazolam powder is unsafe due to its microgram-range potency and the ease in which it can lead to multi-day blackouts.

=== Potentiators ===

*substance 1

*substance 2
=== Interactions ===
Check out our [[Drug Combinations]] page and chart for interactions and combinations of common drugs.

== Chemistry and Pharmacology ==
Clonazolam is a drug of the [[benzodiazepine]] class. Benzodiazepine drugs contain a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring, which is a seven membered ring with the two nitrogen constituents located at R1 and R4. The benzyl ring of clonazolam is substituted at R8 with a nitro group, NO2-. Further, the diazepine ring is bonded at R6 to a 2-chlorinated phenyl ring.

Clonazolam also contains a 1-methylated triazole ring fused to and incorporating R1 and R2 of its diazepine ring. Clonazolam belongs to a class of benzodiazepines containing this fused triazole ring, called triazolobenzodiazepines, distinguished by the suffix "-zolam." Clonazolam is also a nitrobenzodiazepine, a subclass of benzodiazepines which contain a nitro (NO2-) group. Other nitrobenzodiazepines include clonazepam and flunitrazepam.
=== LD50 ===

== Legal status==
* USA: Unscheduled
* UK: Class C

== Links ==

=== Further Reading ===

=== Off-Site Resources ===

Clonazolam

2018-07-07T23:38:24Z

Gaius: Created page with " left '''Clonazolam''' (also known as '''Clonitrazolam''') i..."

[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]
'''Clonazolam''' (also known as '''Clonitrazolam''') is a novel [[psychoactive class::depressant]] substance of the [[chemical class::benzodiazepine]] chemical class which produces [[anxiolytic]], [[sedative]], [[muscle relaxant]], and [[amnesic]] effects when [[routes of administration|administered]]. This compound is a novel [[research chemical]] derivative of the FDA-approved drugs [[clonazepam]] ('''Klonopin''', '''Rivitrol''') and [[alprazolam]] ('''Xanax'''). Clonazolam is reported to be roughly 2.5x as potent as alprazolam.

== History ==
The synthesis of clonazolam was first reported in 1971. It was described as the most active compound in the series tested.<ref>6-phenyl-4H-s-triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines which have central nervous system depressant activity (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5165540</ref><ref>Triazolobenzazepines, process and intermediates for their preparation and medicines containing them | https://www.google.com/patents/EP0072029B1</ref>

Very little is known about this substance, but it has recently become easily accessible through online [[research chemical]] vendors where it is being sold as a [[designer drug]].<ref>Characterization of the four designer benzodiazepines clonazolam, deschloroetizolam, flubromazolam, and meclonazepam, and identification of their in vitro metabolites | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11419-015-0277-6</ref><ref>Identification of main human urinary metabolites of the designer nitrobenzodiazepines clonazolam, meclonazepam, and nifoxipam by nano-liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry for drug testing purposes. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27071765</ref>

== Usage ==
Ritual use, different types of administration and how to do it, etc.
== Dosage ==

General note/warning about dosage

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Threshold || x mg
|-
| Light || x mg
|-
| Common || x mg
|-
| Strong || x mg
|}

== Duration ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral
|-
| Onset || x minutes
|-
| Total || x hours
|-
| After-effects || x hours (dose-dependent)
|}

== Effects ==

=== Postive ===

* effect

=== Neutral ===

*effect

=== Negative ===

*effect

== Images ==
<gallery>
File:Example.jpg| ''Example image 1''
File:Example.jpg| ''Example image with link: [[TripSit Rules]]''
</gallery>

== Harm Reduction ==
Clonazolam is reputed to be highly potent, and concerns have been raised that it and [[flubromazolam]] may pose comparatively higher risks than other designer benzodiazepines due to their ability to produce strong sedation and amnesia at oral doses as low as 0.5 mg, or 500 micrograms (ug).<ref>Designer benzodiazepines: A new challenge (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26043347</ref> It is reported to have a medium-length onset of action (20 - 60 minutes).

*warning 1

*warning 2

=== WARNING ===
Due to its extremely high potency, it is often found on blotter paper or in [[volumetric dosing|volumetrically dosed]] solutions. Ingestion of raw clonazolam powder is unsafe due to its microgram-range potency and the ease in which it can lead to multi-day blackouts.

=== Potentiators ===

*substance 1

*substance 2
=== Interactions ===
Check out our [[Drug Combinations]] page and chart for interactions and combinations of common drugs.

== Chemistry and Pharmacology ==

=== LD50 ===

== Legal status==
* USA:
* UK:

== Links ==

=== Further Reading ===

=== Off-Site Resources ===

Benzodiazepines

2018-07-07T23:34:17Z

Gaius: /* Chemistry and Pharmacology */

[[File:Xanax.jpg|thumb|250px|Alprazolam pills and prescription bottle]]

Benzodiazepines are drugs which act upon the GABA(A) receptor, and produce a general set of effects which vary by compound, mostly being sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant. The first benzodiazepine, Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which has also marketed diazepam (Valium) since 1963.

= Dosage =

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of benzodiazepines
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| [[Alprazolam|Alprazolam (Xanax)]]
| 6 - 12 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Bromazepam (Lexotan, Lexomil)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 5 - 6 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Brotizolam (Lendormin)
| 2 - 6 hours
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)
| 5 - 30 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 25 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clobazam (Frisium, Urbanol)
| 12 - 60 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clonazepam (Klonopin)
| 18 - 50 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clonazolam
| N/A
| 0.2 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clorazepate (Tranxene)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| [[Diazepam|Diazepam (Valium)]]
| 20 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diclazepam (Ro5-3448)
| ~42 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Estazolam (ProSom, Nuctalon)
| 10 - 24 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Etizolam|Etizolam (Etilaam, Etizola, Etizest, Depas)]]
| 4-12 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Flubromazepam
| 106 hours
| 6 - 8 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flubromazolam
| Long
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Flunitrazepam|Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)]]
| 18 - 26 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 1 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flutoprazepam (Restas)
| 60 - 90 hours
| ~2.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flurazepam (Dalmane)
| [40 - 250 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Halazepam (Paxipam)
| [30 - 100 hours]
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Ketazolam (Anseren)
| 30 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Loprazolam (Dormonoct)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Lorazepam (Ativan)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 1 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Lormetazepam (Noctamid)
| 10 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Midazolam (Dormicum)
| 1.6 - 8.3 hours
| 10mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Medazepam (Nobrium)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Nitrazepam (Mogadon)
| 15 - 38 hours
| 10 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Nordazepam (Nordaz)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Oxazepam (Serax)
| 4 - 15 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Phenazepam
| 60 hours
| ~1 mg.
| Hypnotic
|-
| Prazepam (Centrax)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 - 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Pyrazolam
| Short
| .83 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Quazepam (Doral)
| 25 - 100 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Temazepam (Restoril)
| 8 - 22 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Triazolam (Halcion)
| 2 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Non-benzodiazepines commonly referred to as Z-drugs
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Zaleplon (Sonata)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Zolpidem|Zolpidem (Ambien)]]
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zopiclone (Imovane)
| 5 - 6 hours
| 15 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
| 6 hours
| 3 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

= Effects =
== Positive ==

* Anti-Anxiety
* Sedative
* Muscle relaxant

== Negative ==

* High addiction potential
* Withdrawals can be fatal
* Risk of blackout
* Inability to drink
* Inability to drive
* Loss of balance
* Memory Loss
* Procrastination
* "Hangover"
* Long-term effects
* High addiction potential

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

* Addiction potential - High

* Risk of blackouts

* Risk of death when mixed with alcohol or other drugs. '''An extremely high percentage of drug-related deaths are due to mixing benzos with other drugs, especially opiates and alcohol.'''

* Mental illness

* Heart issues

* CNS depressant when mixed with other drugs

== Research Chemicals ==

The main danger of the drugs in this class is the risk of blacking out or overdosing by mixing it with other CNS depressants.

Most of the research chemicals from this class are usually active under 10mg's. The best course of action with these substances is putting X amount of active chemical into X amount of your solvent of choice (Such as Propylene-Glycol or Ethanol) And using an oral syringe to get the dose you want. Granted a fair amount are sold are either in presses or on a blotter.

See the [[Research Chemicals]] page for more information.

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
The term benzodiazepine is the chemical name for the heterocyclic ring system, which is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems. Under Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature, a diazepine is a heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms, five carbon atom and the maximum possible number of cumulative double bonds. The "benzo" prefix indicates the benzene ring fused onto the diazepine ring.
Benzodiazepine drugs are substituted 1,4-benzodiazepines, although the chemical term can refer to many other compounds that do not have useful pharmacological properties. Different benzodiazepine drugs have different side groups attached to this central structure. The different side groups affect the binding of the molecule to the GABAA receptor and so modulate the pharmacological properties. Many of the pharmacologically active "classical" benzodiazepine drugs contain the 5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one substructure.
Nonbenzodiazepines also bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA(A) receptor and possess similar pharmacological properties. While the nonbenzodiazepines are by definition structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines, both classes of drugs possess a common pharmacophore, which explains their binding to a common receptor site

[[File:benzo.png|500px]]

* 2-keto compounds:
::Chlordiazepoxide, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Flurazepam, Halazepam, Prazepam, and others.
* 3-hydroxy compounds:
::Lorazepam, Lormetazepam,Oxazepam, Temazepam
* 7-nitro compounds:
::Clonazepam, Flunitrazepam, Nimetazepam, Nitrazepam
* Triazolo compounds:
::Adinazolam, Alprazolam, Clonazolam, Estazolam, Triazolam
* Imidazo compounds
::Climazolam, Loprazolam, Midazolam

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
Image:Xanax.jpg|''(Purepac) alprazolam pills and prescription bottle''
Image:Alprazolam_solution.jpg|''Alprazolam solved in propylene glycol''
Image:Alpraz.jpg|''.5mg (Qualitest) alprazolam pills''
Image:Ativan.png|''Lorazepam (Ativan) pill''
</gallery>

= Links =
http://www.dr-bob.org/tips/bzd.html

[http://tripsit.me/history-of-etizolam History of Etizolam on Tripsit.me]

= Sources =

Madsen U, Bräuner-Osborne H, Greenwood JR, Johansen TN, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Liljefors T, Nielsen M, Frølund B (2005). "GABA and Glutamate receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential in CNS disorders". In Gad SC. Drug Discovery Handbook. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience/J. Wiley. pp. 797–907. ISBN 0-471-21384-5.
^ a b Panico, R.; Powell, W. H.; Richer, J. C., eds. (1993). A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds. IUPAC/Blackwell Science. pp. 40–3. ISBN 0-632-03488-2.; Moss GP (1998). "Nomenclature of fused and bridged fused ring systems (IUPAC Recommendations 1998)". Pure Appl Chem 70 (1): 143–216. doi:10.1351/pac199870010143.
Olsen RW, Betz H (2006). "GABA and glycine". In Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Brady S, Price DD (eds.). Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects (7th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 291–302. ISBN 0-12-088397-X.
Shorter E (2005). "Benzodiazepines". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–2. ISBN 0-19-517668-5.
Zavala F (1997). "Benzodiazepines, anxiety and immunity". Pharmacol Ther 75 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00055-7. PMID 9504140.
Narimatsu E, Niiya T, Kawamata M, Namiki A (2006). "[The mechanisms of depression by benzodiazepines, barbiturates and propofol of excitatory synaptic transmissions mediated by adenosine neuromodulation]". Masui (in Japanese) 55 (6): 684–91. PMID 16780077.
Juergens, MD, Steven M. "Understanding Benzodiazepines". California Society of Addiction Medicine. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Carlo, Pia; Renata Finollo, Anna Ledda, Giovanni Brambilla (January 1989). "Absence of liver DNA fragmentation in rats treated with high oral doses of 32 benzodiazepine drugs". Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 12 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1016/0272-0590(89)90059-6. PMID 2925017.

[[Category:Drug class]]

Benzodiazepines

2018-07-07T23:23:39Z

Gaius: Added Clonazolam

[[File:Xanax.jpg|thumb|250px|Alprazolam pills and prescription bottle]]

Benzodiazepines are drugs which act upon the GABA(A) receptor, and produce a general set of effects which vary by compound, mostly being sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant. The first benzodiazepine, Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which has also marketed diazepam (Valium) since 1963.

= Dosage =

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of benzodiazepines
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| [[Alprazolam|Alprazolam (Xanax)]]
| 6 - 12 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Bromazepam (Lexotan, Lexomil)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 5 - 6 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Brotizolam (Lendormin)
| 2 - 6 hours
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)
| 5 - 30 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 25 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clobazam (Frisium, Urbanol)
| 12 - 60 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clonazepam (Klonopin)
| 18 - 50 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clonazolam
| N/A
| 0.2 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Clorazepate (Tranxene)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| [[Diazepam|Diazepam (Valium)]]
| 20 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Diclazepam (Ro5-3448)
| ~42 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Estazolam (ProSom, Nuctalon)
| 10 - 24 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Etizolam|Etizolam (Etilaam, Etizola, Etizest, Depas)]]
| 4-12 hours
| 1mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Flubromazepam
| 106 hours
| 6 - 8 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flubromazolam
| Long
| .25mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Flunitrazepam|Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)]]
| 18 - 26 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 1 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flutoprazepam (Restas)
| 60 - 90 hours
| ~2.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Flurazepam (Dalmane)
| [40 - 250 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Halazepam (Paxipam)
| [30 - 100 hours]
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Ketazolam (Anseren)
| 30 - 100 hours [36 - 200 hours]
| 15 - 30 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Loprazolam (Dormonoct)
| 6 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Lorazepam (Ativan)
| 10 - 20 hours
| 1 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Lormetazepam (Noctamid)
| 10 - 12 hours
| 1 - 2 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Midazolam (Dormicum)
| 1.6 - 8.3 hours
| 10mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Medazepam (Nobrium)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Nitrazepam (Mogadon)
| 15 - 38 hours
| 10 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Nordazepam (Nordaz)
| 36 - 200 hours
| 10 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Oxazepam (Serax)
| 4 - 15 hours
| 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Phenazepam
| 60 hours
| ~1 mg.
| Hypnotic
|-
| Prazepam (Centrax)
| [36 - 200 hours]
| 10 - 20 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Pyrazolam
| Short
| .83 mg
| Anxiolytic
|-
| Quazepam (Doral)
| 25 - 100 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Temazepam (Restoril)
| 8 - 22 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Triazolam (Halcion)
| 2 hours
| 0.5 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Non-benzodiazepines commonly referred to as Z-drugs
! Chemical name (brand name)
! Half-Life [Active Metabolites]
! Dose Equiv. of 10mg Diazepam (Oral)
! Class
|-
| Zaleplon (Sonata)
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| [[Zolpidem|Zolpidem (Ambien)]]
| 2 hours
| 20 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Zopiclone (Imovane)
| 5 - 6 hours
| 15 mg
| Hypnotic
|-
| Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
| 6 hours
| 3 mg
| Hypnotic
|}

= Effects =
== Positive ==

* Anti-Anxiety
* Sedative
* Muscle relaxant

== Negative ==

* High addiction potential
* Withdrawals can be fatal
* Risk of blackout
* Inability to drink
* Inability to drive
* Loss of balance
* Memory Loss
* Procrastination
* "Hangover"
* Long-term effects
* High addiction potential

= Harm Reduction =

* Avoid driving and operating machinery

* Recommended time (pauses) between using the substance

* Addiction potential - High

* Risk of blackouts

* Risk of death when mixed with alcohol or other drugs. '''An extremely high percentage of drug-related deaths are due to mixing benzos with other drugs, especially opiates and alcohol.'''

* Mental illness

* Heart issues

* CNS depressant when mixed with other drugs

== Research Chemicals ==

The main danger of the drugs in this class is the risk of blacking out or overdosing by mixing it with other CNS depressants.

Most of the research chemicals from this class are usually active under 10mg's. The best course of action with these substances is putting X amount of active chemical into X amount of your solvent of choice (Such as Propylene-Glycol or Ethanol) And using an oral syringe to get the dose you want. Granted a fair amount are sold are either in presses or on a blotter.

See the [[Research Chemicals]] page for more information.

= Chemistry and Pharmacology =
The term benzodiazepine is the chemical name for the heterocyclic ring system, which is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems. Under Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature, a diazepine is a heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms, five carbon atom and the maximum possible number of cumulative double bonds. The "benzo" prefix indicates the benzene ring fused onto the diazepine ring.
Benzodiazepine drugs are substituted 1,4-benzodiazepines, although the chemical term can refer to many other compounds that do not have useful pharmacological properties. Different benzodiazepine drugs have different side groups attached to this central structure. The different side groups affect the binding of the molecule to the GABAA receptor and so modulate the pharmacological properties. Many of the pharmacologically active "classical" benzodiazepine drugs contain the 5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one substructure.
Nonbenzodiazepines also bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA(A) receptor and possess similar pharmacological properties. While the nonbenzodiazepines are by definition structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines, both classes of drugs possess a common pharmacophore, which explains their binding to a common receptor site

[[File:benzo.png|500px]]

* 2-keto compounds:
::Chlordiazepoxide, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Flurazepam, Halazepam, Prazepam, and others.
* 3-hydroxy compounds:
::Lorazepam, Lormetazepam,Oxazepam, Temazepam
* 7-nitro compounds:
::Clonazepam, Flunitrazepam, Nimetazepam, Nitrazepam
* Triazolo compounds:
::Adinazolam, Alprazolam, Estazolam, Triazolam
* Imidazo compounds
::Climazolam, Loprazolam, Midazolam

= Images =

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
Image:Xanax.jpg|''(Purepac) alprazolam pills and prescription bottle''
Image:Alprazolam_solution.jpg|''Alprazolam solved in propylene glycol''
Image:Alpraz.jpg|''.5mg (Qualitest) alprazolam pills''
Image:Ativan.png|''Lorazepam (Ativan) pill''
</gallery>

= Links =
http://www.dr-bob.org/tips/bzd.html

[http://tripsit.me/history-of-etizolam History of Etizolam on Tripsit.me]

= Sources =

Madsen U, Bräuner-Osborne H, Greenwood JR, Johansen TN, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Liljefors T, Nielsen M, Frølund B (2005). "GABA and Glutamate receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential in CNS disorders". In Gad SC. Drug Discovery Handbook. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience/J. Wiley. pp. 797–907. ISBN 0-471-21384-5.
^ a b Panico, R.; Powell, W. H.; Richer, J. C., eds. (1993). A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds. IUPAC/Blackwell Science. pp. 40–3. ISBN 0-632-03488-2.; Moss GP (1998). "Nomenclature of fused and bridged fused ring systems (IUPAC Recommendations 1998)". Pure Appl Chem 70 (1): 143–216. doi:10.1351/pac199870010143.
Olsen RW, Betz H (2006). "GABA and glycine". In Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Brady S, Price DD (eds.). Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects (7th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 291–302. ISBN 0-12-088397-X.
Shorter E (2005). "Benzodiazepines". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–2. ISBN 0-19-517668-5.
Zavala F (1997). "Benzodiazepines, anxiety and immunity". Pharmacol Ther 75 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00055-7. PMID 9504140.
Narimatsu E, Niiya T, Kawamata M, Namiki A (2006). "[The mechanisms of depression by benzodiazepines, barbiturates and propofol of excitatory synaptic transmissions mediated by adenosine neuromodulation]". Masui (in Japanese) 55 (6): 684–91. PMID 16780077.
Juergens, MD, Steven M. "Understanding Benzodiazepines". California Society of Addiction Medicine. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Carlo, Pia; Renata Finollo, Anna Ledda, Giovanni Brambilla (January 1989). "Absence of liver DNA fragmentation in rats treated with high oral doses of 32 benzodiazepine drugs". Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 12 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1016/0272-0590(89)90059-6. PMID 2925017.

[[Category:Drug class]]